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Full Length Article | Open Access

Sox9 augments BMP2-induced chondrogenic differentiation by downregulating Smad7 in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)

Chen Zhaoa,b,, Wei Jianga, Nian Zhoua, Junyi Liaoa,b, Mingming Yanga, Ning Hua, Xi Lianga, Wei Xua, Hong Chena, Wei Liua,b, Lewis L. Shib, Leonardo Oliveirab, Jennifer Moriatis Wolfb, Sherwin Hob, Aravind Athivirahamb, H.M. Tsaic, Tong-Chuan Heb, Wei Huanga( )
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA

Peer review under responsibility of Chongqing Medical University.

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An erratum to this article is available online at:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2023.02.003

Abstract

Cartilage injuries caused by arthritis or trauma pose formidable challenges for effective clinical management due to the limited intrinsic proliferative capability of chondrocytes. Autologous stem cell-based therapies and transgene-enhanced cartilage tissue engineering may open new avenues for the treatment of cartilage injuries. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) induces effective chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and can thus be explored as a potential therapeutic agent for cartilage defect repair. However, BMP2 also induces robust endochondral ossification. Although the precise mechanisms through which BMP2 governs the divergence of chondrogenesis and osteogenesis remain to be fully understood, blocking endochondral ossification during BMP2-induced cartilage formation may have practical significance for cartilage tissue engineering. Here, we investigate the role of Sox9-donwregulated Smad7 in BMP2-induced chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. We find that overexpression of Sox9 leads to a decrease in BMP2-induced Smad7 expression in MSCs. Sox9 inhibits BMP2-induced expression of osteopontin while enhancing the expression of chondrogenic marker Col2a1 in MSCs. Forced expression of Sox9 in MSCs promotes BMP2-induced chondrogenesis and suppresses BMP2-induced endochondral ossification. Constitutive Smad7 expression inhibits BMP2-induced chondrogenesis in stem cell implantation assay. Mouse limb explant assay reveals that Sox9 expands BMP2-stimulated chondrocyte proliferating zone while Smad7 promotes BMP2-intitated hypertrophic zone of the growth plate. Cell cycle analysis indicates that Smad7 induces significant early apoptosis in BMP2-stimulated MSCs. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that Sox9 may facilitate BMP2-induced chondrogenesis by downregulating Smad7, which can be exploited for effective cartilage tissue engineering.

Keywords

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)Sox9Cartilage tissue engineeringBone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2)Chondrogenic differentiationEndochondral ossificationSmad7

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Genes & Diseases
Volume 4 Issue 4,
December 2017
Pages 229-239
DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2017.10.004
Cite this article:
Zhao C, Jiang W, Zhou N, et al. Sox9 augments BMP2-induced chondrogenic differentiation by downregulating Smad7 in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Genes & Diseases, 2017, 4(4): 229-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2017.10.004

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Received: 12 October 2017
Accepted: 19 October 2017
Published: 02 November 2017
© 2017, Chongqing Medical University.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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