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Review Article | Open Access

Microbiome and intestinal pathophysiology in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19

Jilei Zhanga, Yongguo Zhanga, Yinglin Xiaa, Jun Suna,b,c,( )
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, IL 60612, USA
UIC Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA

Peer review under responsibility of Chongqing Medical University.

Show Author Information

Abstract

Long COVID, also known for post-acute sequelae of COVID-19, describes the people who have the signs and symptoms that continue or develop after the acute COVID-19 phase. Long COVID patients suffer from an inflammation or host responses towards the virus approximately 4 weeks after initial infection with the SARS CoV-2 virus and continue for an uncharacterized duration. Anyone infected with COVID-19 before could experience long-COVID conditions, including the patients who were infected with SARS CoV-2 virus confirmed by tests and those who never knew they had an infection early. People with long COVID may experience health problems from different types and combinations of symptoms over time, such as fatigue, dyspnea, cognitive impairments, and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, decreased or loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and dysgeusia). The critical role of the microbiome in these GI symptoms and long COVID were reported in clinical patients and experimental models. Here, we provide an overall view of the critical role of the GI tract and microbiome in the development of long COVID, including the clinical GI symptoms in patients, dysbiosis, viral–microbiome interactions, barrier function, and inflammatory bowel disease patients with long COVID. We highlight the potential mechanisms and possible treatment based on GI health and microbiome. Finally, we discuss challenges and future direction in the long COVID clinic and research.

Keywords

Gut microbiomeInflammatory bowel diseasesMetabolitesIntestinal barrierTight junctionsGastrointestinal symptomsGI tractLong COVID

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Genes & Diseases
Volume 11 Issue 3,
May 2024
Article number: 100978
DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.03.034
Cite this article:
Zhang J, Zhang Y, Xia Y, et al. Microbiome and intestinal pathophysiology in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Genes & Diseases, 2024, 11(3): 100978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2023.03.034

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Received: 04 February 2023
Revised: 14 March 2023
Accepted: 29 March 2023
Published: 19 June 2023
© 2024 The Authors.

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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