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• We described the genotypic characterization of isoniazid-resistant and rifampicin-susceptible TB.
• China had a modest prevalence of isoniazid-resistant and rifampicin-susceptible TB.
• Our study found the low resistance rates for pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and fluoroquinolones in isoniazid-resistant and rifampicin-susceptible TB.
Patients with tuberculosis resistant to isoniazid but susceptible to rifampicin (Hr-Rs TB) remain a neglected demographic, despite a high disease burden and poor outcomes of these patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of isoniazid-resistance-related mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and resistance rates to drugs included in WHO-recommended regimens for Hr-Rs patients.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates (n = 4922) obtained from national tuberculosis drug-resistance surveillance were subjected to whole-genome sequencing to identify Hr-Rs strains. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were established for the Hr-Rs strains to determine the isoniazid resistance levels. We also identified drug-resistance-associated mutations for five drugs (fluoroquinolones, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, streptomycin, and amikacin) in the Hr-Rs strains.
Of the 4922 strains, 384 (7.8 %) were Hr-Rs. The subculture of seven strains failed, so 377 (98.2 %) strains underwent phenotypic MIC testing. Among the 384 genotypic Hr-Rs strains, 242 (63.0 %) contained thekatG Ser315Thr substitution; 115 (29.9 %) contained the -15C>T in the promoter region of the fabG1 gene; and 16 (4.2 %) contained Ser315Asn in the katG gene. Of the 239 strains with the Ser315Thr substitution, 229 (95.8 %) had MIC ≥ 2 μg/mL, and of the 114 strains with the -15C>T mutation, 103 (90.4 %) had 0.25 μg/mL ≤ MIC ≤ 1 μg/mL. The genotypic resistance rates were 0.8 % (3/384) for pyrazinamide, 2.3 % (9/384) for ethambutol and fluoroquinolones; 39.6 % (152/384) of the strains were resistant to streptomycin, but only 0.5 % (2/384) of the strains were resistant to amikacin.
Ser315Thr in katG was the predominant mutation conferring the Hr-Rs phenotype, followed by thefabG1 -15C>T mutation. The combination of rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and levofloxacin should be effective in the treatment of patients with Hr-Rs tuberculosis because the resistance rates for these drugs in China are low.
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