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Review | Open Access

Fungal communities in bat guano, speleothem surfaces, and cavern water in Madai cave, Northern Borneo (Malaysia)

Ibrahem G. Wastia,b, Faisal Ali Anwarali Khanc, Henry Bernarda, Noor Haliza Hassana, Tom Fayled, Jaya Seelan Sathiya Seelana ( )
Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Faculty of Natural Science and Sustainability, University College Sabah Foundation, Sabah, Malaysia
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Abstract

The island of Borneo is a global biodiversity hotspot. However, its limestone caves are one of its least-studied ecosystems. We report for the first time the fungal species richness, diversity and abundance from Madai cave, situated in north-eastern Borneo. Environmental samples from inside the cave environment were collected (guano, speleothem, and cavern water) via opportunistic sampling. The dilution method was performed for isolation of fungi. Morphological characterisation and molecular analysis of the ITS region were utilised for the identification of isolates. Fifty-five pure cultures of fungi were attained, comprising 32 species from 15 genera, eight orders, and two divisions, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Ascomycetes dominated the fungal composition, accounting for 53 (96%) out of 55 total isolates. Penicillium spp. accounted for more than 47.1% of fungal abundance in all sample types. However, Aspergillus spp. had the highest occurrence rate, being isolated from all environmental samples except one. Purpureocillium lilacinum was isolated most frequently, appearing in five separate samples across all three substrates. Annulohypoxylon nitens, Ganoderma australe, Pyrrhoderma noxium, and Xylaria feejeensis were discovered and reported for the first time from the cave environment. This study provides additional data for further research on the mycoflora of Sabah’s various ecosystems, especially limestone caves.

Keywords

Biodiversityborneofungilimestone caveMadai

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Mycology
Volume 12 Issue 3,
September 2021
Pages 188-202
DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2021.1877204
Cite this article:
Wasti IG, Khan FAA, Bernard H, et al. Fungal communities in bat guano, speleothem surfaces, and cavern water in Madai cave, Northern Borneo (Malaysia). Mycology, 2021, 12(3): 188-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/21501203.2021.1877204

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Received: 26 June 2020
Accepted: 12 January 2021
Published: 25 January 2021
© 2021 The Author(s).

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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