AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
Powered by AMiner. Clicking this button will take you away from SciOpen.
Home Mycology Article
Article Link
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Submit Manuscript
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Review | Open Access

Adhesins in the virulence of opportunistic fungal pathogens of human

Amrita Kumari＄, Ankita H. Tripathi＄, Poonam Gautam, Rekha Gahtori, Amit Pande, Yogendra Singh, Taruna Madan( ), Santosh K. Upadhyay( )
Department of Biotechnology, Sir J.C. Bose Technical campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, India; ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India; Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (DCFR), Nainital, India; Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India; ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Mumbai, India

＄Contributed equally

Show Author Information

Abstract

Aspergillosis, candidiasis, and cryptococcosis are the most common cause of mycoses-related disease and death among immune-compromised patients. Adhesins are cell-surface exposed proteins or glycoproteins of pathogens that bind to the extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents or mucosal epithelial surfaces of the host cells. The forces of interaction between fungal adhesins and host tissues are accompanied by ligand binding, hydrophobic interactions and protein-protein aggregation. Adherence is the primary and critical step involved in the pathogenesis; however, there is limited information on fungal adhesins compared to that on the bacterial adhesins. Except a few studies based on screening of proteome for adhesin identification, majority are based on characterization of individual adhesins. Recently, based on their characteristic signatures, many putative novel fungal adhesins have been predicted using bioinformatics algorithms. Some of these novel adhesin candidates have been validated by in-vitro studies; though, most of them are yet to be characterised experimentally. Morphotype specific adhesin expression as well as tissue tropism are the crucial determinants for a successful adhesion process. This review presents a comprehensive overview of various studies on fungal adhesins and discusses the targetability of the adhesins and adherence phenomenon, for combating the fungal infection in a preventive or therapeutic mode.

Keywords

adhesionAdhesinadherence phenomenonhost–pathogen interactionmorphotypesGPI-anchored proteinsinfectious propagules

References

 

Abad A, Jv F-M, Bikandi J, Ramírez A, Margareto J, Sendino J, Fl H, Pontón J, Garaizar J, Rementeria A. 2010. What makes aspergillus fumigatus a successful pathogen? genes and molecules involved in invasive aspergillosis. Rev Iberoam Micol. 27(4): 155–182.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Aguirre J. 1993. Spatial and temporal controls of the aspergillus brlA developmental regulatory gene. Mol Microbiol. 8(2): 211–218. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01565.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Aikawa N, Kohno S, Shibuya K, Takesue Y, Maesaki S, Yoshida M, Tokimatsu I. 2005. Current status of diagnosis and treatment of invasive fungal infections in Japan: the influence of the new Japanese guidelines. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy. 11(6): 278–287. doi: 10.1007/s10156-005-0413-Z.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. 2002. Molecular Biology of the Cell. In: Chapter 16, The Cytoskeleton. 4th edition ed. New York: Garland Science; p. 889–962.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Andreotti PF, Monteiro da Silva JL, Am B, Cm S, Benard G, Cp S, MJ M-G. 2005. Isolation and partial characterization of a 30 kDa adhesin from paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Microbes and Infection. 7(5–6): 875–881. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.02.005.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Andriole VT. 1993. Infections with aspergillus species. Clin Infect Dis. 17(Suppl Supplement_2): S481–6. doi: 10.1093/clinids/17.Supplement_2.S481.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Annaix V, Bouchara JP, Larcher G, Chabasse D, Tronchin G. 1992. Specific binding of human fibrinogen fragment D to aspergillus fumigatus conidia. Infect Immun. 60(5): 1747–1755. doi: 10.1128/IAI.60.5.1747-1755.1992.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
B J W, J P F, Rea S, Kaufusi S, B E G, Spalding J. 2018. Epidemiology and clinical features of invasive fungal infection in a US health care network. Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 5(6): 187. US: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofy187.
Crossref
 

Baddley JW. 2011. Clinical risk factors for invasive aspergillosis. Medical Mycology. 49(S1): S7–S12. doi: 10.3109/13693786.2010.505204.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Badiee P, Hashemizadeh Z. 2014. Opportunistic invasive fungal infections: diagnosis & clinical management. Indian J Med Res. 139(2): 195–204.
Google Scholar
 

Baillie GS, Douglas LJ. 1999. Role of dimorphism in the development of Candida albicans biofilms. J Med Microbiol. 48(7): 671–679. doi: 10.1099/00222615-48-7-671.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Balish E, Warner T, Pierson CJ, Bock DM, Wagner RD. 2001. Oroesophageal candidiasis is lethal for transgenic mice with combined natural killer and T-cell defects. Medical Mycology. 39(3): 261–268. doi: 10.1080/mmy.39.3.261.268.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Banerjee B, Greenberger PA, Fink JN, Kurup VP. 1998. Immunological characterization of Asp f 2, a major allergen from aspergillus fumigatus associated with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Infect Immun. 66(11): 5175–5182. doi: 10.1128/IAI.66.11.5175-5182.1998.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Barbosa MS, Báo SN, Andreotti PF, de Faria FP, Felipe MS, dos Santos Feitosa L, MJ M-G, Cm S. 2006. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a cell surface protein involved in fungal adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins and interaction with cells. Infect Immun. 74(1): 382–389. doi: 10.1128/IAI.74.1.382-389.2006.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Barros PP, Ribeiro FC, Rossoni RD, Junqueira JC, Jorge AO. 2016. Influence of candida krusei and candida glabrata on candida albicans gene expression in in vitro biofilms. Arch Oral Biol. 64:92–101. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.01.005.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Bauer B, Schwienbacher M, Broniszewska M, Israel L, Heesemann J, Ebel F. 2010. Characterisation of the CipC-like protein AFUA_5G09330 of the opportunistic human pathogenic mould. Aspergillus Fumigatus Mycoses. 53(4): 296–304.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Beauvais A, Schmidt C, Guadagnini S, Roux P, Perret E, Henry C, Jp L. 2007. An extracellular matrix glues together the aerial-grown hyphae of aspergillus fumigatus. Cell Microbiol. 9(6): 1588–1600. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.00895.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Blango MG, Kniemeyer O, Aa. B. 2019. Conidial surface proteins at the interface of fungal infections. PLoS Pathog. 15(9): e1007939. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007939.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Bouchara JP, Sanchez M, Esnault K, Tronchin G. 1999. Interactions between aspergillus fumigatus and host matrix protein. Contributions to microbiologyContribMicrobiol. 2:167–181.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Brandhorst T, Wüthrich M, Finkel-Jimenez B, Klein B. 2003. A C-terminal EGF-like domain governs BAD1 localization to the yeast surface and fungal adherence to phagocytes, but is dispensable in immune modulation and pathogenicity of blastomyces dermatitidis. Mol Microbiol. 48(1): 53–65. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03415.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Brandhorst TT, Wüthrich M, Warner T, Klein B. 1999. Targeted gene disruption reveals an adhesin indispensable for pathogenicity of blastomyces dermatitidis. J Exp Med. 189(8): 1207–1216. doi: 10.1084/jem.189.8.1207.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Brown GD, Denning DW, Gow NAR, Levitz SM, Netea MG, White TC. 2012. Hidden killers: human fungal infections. Sci Transl Med. 4(165): 165rv13–165rv13. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004404.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Brückner S, Mösch HU. 2012. Choosing the right lifestyle: adhesion and development in saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 36(1): 25–58. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00275.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Busby TM, Miller KY, Miller BL. 1996. Suppression and enhancement of the aspergillus nidulans medusa mutation by altered dosage of the bristle and stunted genes. Genetics. 143(1): 155–163. doi: 10.1093/genetics/143.1.155.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Busscher HJ, Rinastiti M, Siswomihardjo W, van der Mei HC. 2010. Biofilm formation on dental restorative and implant materials. J Dent Res. 89(7): 657–665. doi: 10.1177/0022034510368644.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Buurman ET, Westwater C, Hube B, Brown AJ, Odds FC, Gow NA. 1998. Molecular analysis of CaMnt1p, a mannosyl transferase important for adhesion and virulence of Candida albicans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 95(13): 7670–7675. doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.13.7670.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Byrnes EJ, Bartlett KH, Perfect JR, Heitman J. 2011. Cryptococcus gattii: an emerging fungal pathogen infecting humans and animals. Microbes and Infection. 13(11): 895–907. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.05.009.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
C. gattii Infection Statistics. Centers for disease control and prevention, national center for emerging and zoonotic infectious diseases (NCEZID), division of foodborne, waterborne, and environmental diseases (DFWED). (Accessed on 5th September 2018) https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/cryptococcosis-gattii/statistics.html.
 
C. neoformans Infection Statistics. Centers for disease control and prevention, national center for emerging and zoonotic infectious diseases (NCEZID), division of foodborne, waterborne, and environmental diseases (DFWED). (Accessed on 5th September 2018) https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/cryptococcosis-neoformans/statistics.html.
 

Cabral V, Znaidi S, Walker LA, Martin-Yken H, Dague E, Legrand M, Lee K, Chauvel M, Firon A, Rossignol T, et al. 2014. Targeted changes of the cell wall proteome influence candida albicans ability to form single- and multi-strain biofilms. PLoS Pathog. 10(12):e1004542. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004542.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Calderone RA. 1993. Molecular interactions at the interface of candida albicans and host cells. Arch Med Res. 24(3):275–279.
Google Scholar
 

Calvo B, Melo ASA, Perozo-Mena A, Hernandez M, Francisco EC, Hagen F, Colombo AL. 2016. First report of candida auris in America: clinical and microbiological aspects of 18 episodes of candidemia. Journal of Infection. 73(4):369–374. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2016.07.008.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Cao L, Chan CM, Lee C, Wong SS, Yuen KY. 1998. MP1 encodes an abundant and highly antigenic cell wall mannoprotein in the pathogenic fungus penicillium marneffei. Infect Immun. 66(3):966–973. doi:10.1128/IAI.66.3.966-973.1998.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Castaño I, Pan SJ, Zupancic M, Hennequin C, Dujon B, Cormack BP. 2005. Telomere length control and transcriptional regulation of subtelomeric adhesins in candida glabrata. Mol Microbiol. 55(4):1246–1258. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04465.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Chaffin WL, López-Ribot JL, Casanova M, Gozalbo D, Martínez JP. 1998. Cell wall and secreted proteins of candida albicans: identification, function, and expression. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews: MMBR. 62(1):130–180.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Chandra J, Kuhn DM, Mukherjee PK, Hoyer LL, McCormick T, Ghannoum MA. 2001. Biofilm formation by the fungal pathogen candida albicans: development, architecture, and drug resistance. J Bacteriol. 183(18):5385–5394. doi:10.1128/JB.183.18.5385-5394.2001.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Chaudhuri R, Ansari FA, Raghunandanan MV, Ramachandran S. 2011. FungalRV: adhesin prediction and immunoinformatics portal for human fungal pathogens. BMC Genomics. 12(1):1–14. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-12-192.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Chowdhary A, Anil Kumar V, Sharma C, Prakash A, Agarwal K, Babu R, Meis JF. 2014. Multidrug-resistant endemic clonal strain of candida auris in India. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 33(6):919–926. doi:10.1007/s10096-013-2027-1.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Chowdhary A, Sharma C, Duggal S, Agarwal K, Prakash A, Singh PK, Meis JF. 2013. New clonal strain of candida auris, Delhi, India. Emerg Infect Dis. 19(10):1670–1673. doi:10.3201/eid1910.130393.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Clutterbuck AJ. 1969. A mutational analysis of conidial development in aspergillus nidulans. Genetics. 63(2):317–327. doi:10.1093/genetics/63.2.317.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Cm B, Hostetter MK. 1993. Distinct mechanisms of epithelial adhesion for candida albicans and candida tropicalis. Identification of the participating ligands and development of inhibitory peptides. J Clin Invest. 92(4):1840–1849. doi:10.1172/JCI116775.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Cormack BP, Ghori N, Falkow S. 1999. An adhesin of the yeast pathogen candida glabrata mediating adherence to human epithelial cells. Science (New York, N Y). 285(5427):578–582. doi:10.1126/science.285.5427.578.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Damveld RA, Arentshorst M, VanKuyk PA, Klis FM, van den Hondel CA, Ram AF. 2005. Characterisation of CwpA, a putative glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell wall mannoprotein in the filamentous fungus aspergillus niger. Fungal Genetics and Biology : FG & B. 42(10):873–885. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2005.06.006.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Davies JM, Stacey AJ, Gilligan CA. 1999. Candida albicans hyphal invasion: thigmotropism or chemotropism?. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 171(2):245–249. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13439.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

de Groot PW, De Boer AD, Cunningham J, Dekker HL, de Jong L, Hellingwerf KJ, de Koster C, Klis FM. 2004. Proteomic analysis of candida albicans cell walls reveals covalently bound carbohydrate-active enzymes and adhesins. Eukaryotic Cell. 3(4):955–965. doi:10.1128/EC.3.4.955-965.2004.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

de Groot PW, Kraneveld EA, Yin QY, Dekker HL, Gross U, Crielaard W, de Koster CG, Bader O, Klis FM, Weig M. 2008. The cell wall of the human pathogen candida glabrata: differential incorporation of novel adhesin-like wall proteins. Eukaryotic Cell. 7(11):1951–1964. doi:10.1128/EC.00284-08.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

de Oliveira HC, JDF DS, Scorzoni L, Marcos CM, Rossi SA, Ac DPES, Pa A, Ra DS, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes-Giannini MJ. 2015. Importance of adhesins in virulence of paracoccidioides spp. Front Microbiol. 6:303.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Degregorio MW, Lee WMF, Ries CA. 1982. Candida infections in patients with acute leukemia: ineffectiveness of nystatin prophylaxis and relationship between oropharyngeal and systemic candidiasis. Cancer. 50(12):2780–2784. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19821215)50:12<2780::AIDCNCR2820501215>3.0.CO;2-P.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Denning D, Pleuvry A, Cole D. 2011. Global burden of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis as a sequel to pulmonary tuberculosis. Bull World Health Organ. 89(12):864–872. doi:10.2471/BLT.11.089441.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Desai C, Mavrianos J, Chauhan N. 2011. Candida glabrata Pwp7p and Aed1p are required for adherence to human endothelial cells. FEMS Yeast Res. 11(7):595–601. doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2011.00743.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Diderrich R, Kock M, Maestre-Reyna M, Keller P, Steuber H, Rupp S, Essen LO, Mösch HU. 2015. Structural hot spots determine functional diversity of the candida glabrata epithelial adhesin family. J Biol Chem. 290(4):19597–19613. doi:10.1074/jbc.M115.655654.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Domergue R, Castaño I, De Las Peñas A, Zupancic M, Lockatell V, Hebel JR, Johnson D, Cormack BP. 2005. Nicotinic acid limitation regulates silencing of candida adhesins during UTI. Science (New York, N Y). 308(5723):866–870. doi:10.1126/science.1108640.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Edman JC, Kovacs JA, Masur H, Santi DV, Elwood HJ, Sogin ML. 1988. Ribosomal RNA sequence shows pneumocystis carinii to be a member of the fungi. Nature. 334(6182):519–522. doi:10.1038/334519a0.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Emara M, Ahmad S, Khan Z, Joseph L, Al-Obaid I, Purohit P, Bafna R. 2015. Candida auris candidemia in Kuwait, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 21(6):1091–1092. doi:10.3201/eid2106.150270.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Ene IV, Bennett RJ. 2009. Hwp1 and related adhesins contribute to both mating and biofilm formation in candida albicans. Eukaryotic Cell. 8(12):1909–1913. doi:10.1128/EC.00245-09.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Esquenazi D, Alviano CS, de Souza W, Rozental S. 2004. The influence of surface carbohydrates during in vitro infection of mammalian cells by the dermatophyte trichophyton rubrum. Res Microbiol. 155(3):144–153. doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2003.12.002.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Esquenazi D, De Souza W, Sales Alviano C, Rozental S. 2003. The role of surface carbohydrates on the interaction of microconidia of trichophyton mentagrophytes with epithelial cells. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 35(2):113–123. doi:10.1016/S0928-8244(03)00007-5.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Fanning S, Mitchell AP. 2012. Fungal biofilms. PLoS Pathog. 8(4):e1002585. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002585.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Fei MW, Kim EJ, Sant CA, Jarlsberg LG, Davis JL, Swartzman A, Huang L. 2009. Predicting mortality from HIV-associated pneumocystis pneumonia at illness presentation: an observational cohort study. Thorax. 64(12):1070–1076. doi:10.1136/thx.2009.117846.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Fisher D, Burrow J, Lo D, Currie B. 1993. Cryptococcus neoformans in tropical northern Australia: predominantly variant gattii with good outcomes. Aust N Z J Med. 23(6):678–682. doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1993.tb04726.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Flanagan PR, Liu NN, Fitzpatrick DJ, Hokamp K, Köhler JR, Moran GP. 2017. The candida albicans TOR-activating GTPases Gtr1 and Rhb1 coregulate starvation responses and biofilm formation. Msphere. 2(6). doi:10.1128/mSphere.00477-17.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Fries BC, Taborda CP, Serfass E, Casadevall A. 2001. Phenotypic switching of cryptococcus neoformans occurs in vivo and influences the outcome of infection. J Clin Invest. 108(11):1639–1648. doi:10.1172/JCI13407.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Fu Y, Rieg G, Fonzi WA, Belanger PH, Edwards JE, Filler SG. 1998. Expression of the candida albicans gene ALS1 in saccharomyces cerevisiae induces adherence to endothelial and epithelial cells. Infect Immun. 66(4):1783–1786. doi:10.1128/IAI.66.4.1783-1786.1998.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Garcia‐Vidal C, Upton A, Kirby KA, Marr KA. 2008. Epidemiology of invasive mold infections in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: biological risk factors for infection according to time after transplantation. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 47(8):1041–1050. doi:10.1086/591969.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gaur NK, Klotz SA, Henderson RL. 1999. Overexpression of the candida albicans ALA1 gene in saccharomyces cerevisiae results in aggregation following attachment of yeast cells to extracellular matrix proteins, adherence properties similar to those of candida albicans. Infect Immun. 67(11):6040–6047. doi:10.1128/IAI.67.11.6040-6047.1999.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gaur NK, Smith RL, Klotz SA. 2002. Candida albicans and saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing ALA1/ALS5 adhere to accessible threonine, serine, or alanine patches. Cell Commun Adhes. 9(1):45–57. doi:10.1080/15419060212187.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gibbons JG, Beauvais A, Beau R, McGary KL, Latgé JP, Rokas A. 2012. Global transcriptome changes underlying colony growth in the opportunistic human pathogen aspergillus fumigatus. Eukaryotic Cell. 11(1):68–78. doi:10.1128/EC.05102-11.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gil ML, Peñalver MC, Lopez-Ribot JL, O’Connor JE, Martinez JP. 1996. Binding of extracellular matrix proteins to aspergillus fumigatus conidia. Infect Immun. 64(12):5239–5247. doi:10.1128/IAI.64.12.5239-5247.1996.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gil-Navarro I, Gil ML, Casanova M, O'Connor JE, Martinez JP & Gozalbo D. 1997. The glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Candida albicans is a surface antigen. Journal of Bacteriology, 179(16), 4992–4999.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Goldman D, Lee SC, Casadevall A. 1994. Pathogenesis of pulmonary cryptococcus neoformans infection in the rat. Infect Immun. 62(11):4755–4761. doi:10.1128/IAI.62.11.4755-4761.1994.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gong J, Bing J, Guan G, Nobile CJ, Huang G. 2020. The Als3 cell wall adhesin plays a critical role in human serum amyloid A1-induced cell death and aggregation in candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 64(6). doi:10.1128/AAC.00024-20.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gonzalez CE, Rinaldi MG, Sugar AM. 2002. Zygomycosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 16(4):895–914. doi:10.1016/S0891-5520(02)00037-5.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Goodwin RA, Shapiro JL, Thurman GH, Thurman SS, Des Prez RM. 1980. Disseminated histoplasmosis: clinical and pathologic correlations. Medicine. 59(1):1–33. doi:10.1097/00005792-198001000-00001.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gow NAR, Brown AJP, Odds FC. 2002. Fungal morphogenesis and host invasion. Curr Opin Microbiol. 5(4):366–371. doi:10.1016/S1369-5274(02)00338-7.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gozalbo D, Gil-Navarro I, Azorín I, Renau-Piqueras J, Martínez JP, Gil ML. 1998. The cell wall-associated glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of candida albicans is also a fibronectin and laminin binding protein. Infect Immun. 66(5):2052–2059. doi:10.1128/IAI.66.5.2052-2059.1998.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gp D, Hostetter MK. 1996. Evidence for a beta 1 integrin fibronectin receptor in candida tropicalis. J Infect Dis. 174(1):127–132. doi:10.1093/infdis/174.1.127.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gravelat FN, Beauvais A, Liu H, Lee MJ, Snarr BD, Chen D, Xu W, Kravtsov I, Hoareau CM, Vanier G, et al. 2013. Aspergillus galactosaminogalactan mediates adherence to host constituents and conceals hyphal β-glucan from the immune system. PLoS Pathog. 9(8):e1003575. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003575.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gravelat FN, Ejzykowicz DE, Chiang LY, Chabot JC, Urb M, Macdonald KD, al-Bader N, Filler SG, Sheppard DC. 2010. Aspergillus fumigatus MedA governs adherence, host cell interactions and virulence. Cell Microbiol. 12(4):473–488. doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01408.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Guinea J, Torres-Narbona M, Gijón P, Muñoz P, Pozo F, Peláez T, Bouza E. 2010. Pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: incidence, risk factors, and outcome. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 16(7):870–877. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03015.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Guo B, Styles CA, Feng Q, Fink GR. 2000. A saccharomyces gene family involved in invasive growth, cell-cell adhesion, and mating. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 97(22):12158–12163. doi:10.1073/pnas.220420397.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gyawali R, Upadhyay S, Way J, Lin X. 2017. A family of secretory Proteins is associated with different morphotypes in cryptococcus neoformans. Appl Environ Microbiol. 83(5):e02967–16. doi:10.1128/AEM.02967-16.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Hajjeh RA, Sofair AN, Harrison LH, Lyon GM, Arthington-Skaggs BA, Mirza SA, Warnock DW. 2004. Incidence of bloodstream infections due to Candida species and in vitro susceptibilities of isolates collected from 1998 to 2000 in a population-based active surveillance program. J Clin Microbiol. 42(4):1519–1527. doi:10.1128/JCM.42.4.1519-1527.2004.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Hamilton AJ, Jeavons L, Youngchim S, Vanittanakom N. 1999. Recognition of fibronectin by penicillium marneffei conidia via a sialic acid-dependent process and its relationship to the interaction between conidia and laminin. Infect Immun. 67(10):5200–5205. doi:10.1128/IAI.67.10.5200-5205.1999.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Hamilton AJ, Jeavons L, Youngchim S, Vanittanakom N, Hay RJ. 1998. Sialic Acid-dependent recognition of Laminin byPenicillium marneffei conidia. Infect Immun. 66(10):6024–6026. doi:10.1128/IAI.66.12.6024-6026.1998.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Hayek P, Dib L, Yazbeck P, Beyrouthy B, Khalaf RA. 2010. Characterization of Hwp2, a candida albicans putative GPI-anchored cell wall protein necessary for invasive growth. Microbiol Res. 165(12):250–258. doi:10.1016/j.micres.2009.03.006.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Hazen KC, Brawner DL, Riesselman MH, Jutila MA, Cutler JE. 1991. Differential adherence of hydrophobic and hydrophilic candida albicans yeast cells to mouse tissues. Infect Immun. 59(3):907–912. doi:10.1128/iai.59.3.907-912.1991.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Henriques M, Azeredo J, Oliveira R. 2006. Candida albicans and candida dubliniensis: comparison of biofilm formation in terms of biomass and activity. Br J Biomed Sci. 63(1):5–11. doi:10.1080/09674845.2006.11732712.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Hope WW, Kruhlak MJ, Lyman CA, Petraitiene R, Petraitis V, Francesconi A, Walsh TJ. 2007. Pathogenesis of aspergillus fumigatus and the kinetics of galactomannan in an in vitro model of early invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: implications for antifungal therapy. J Infect Dis. 195(3):455–466. doi:10.1086/510535.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Hostetter MK. 2000. RGD-mediated adhesion in fungal pathogens of humans, plants and insects. Curr Opin Microbiol. 3(4):344–348. doi:10.1016/S1369-5274(00)00101-6.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Hoyer LL. 2001. The ALS gene family of candida albicans. Trends Microbiol. 9(4):176–180. doi:10.1016/S0966-842X(01)01984-9.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Hube B, Naglik J. 2001. Candida albicans proteinases: resolving the mystery of a gene family. Microbiology. 147(8):1997–2005. doi:10.1099/00221287-147-8-1997.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Hung CY, Yu JJ, Seshan KR, Reichard U, Cole GT. 2002. A parasitic phase-specific adhesin of coccidioides immitis contributes to the virulence of this respiratory fungal pathogen. Infect Immun. 70(7):3443–3456. doi:10.1128/IAI.70.7.3443-3456.2002.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Ibrahim AS, Spellberg BJ, Avanesian V, Fu Y, Edwards JE. 2006. The anti-candida vaccine based on the recombinant N-terminal domain of Als1p is broadly active against disseminated candidiasis. Infect Immun. 74(5):3039–3041. doi:10.1128/IAI.74.5.3039-3041.2006.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Ibrahim AS, Spellberg BJ, Avenissian V, Fu Y, Filler SG, Edwards JE. 2005. Vaccination with recombinant N-terminal domain of Als1p improves survival during murine disseminated candidiasis by enhancing cell-mediated, not humoral, immunity. Infect Immun. 73(2):999–1005. doi:10.1128/IAI.73.2.999-1005.2005.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Iraqui I, Garcia-Sanchez S, Aubert S, Dromer F, Ghigo JM, d’Enfert C, Janbon G. 2005. The Yak1p kinase controls expression of adhesins and biofilm formation in candida glabrata in a Sir4p-dependent pathway. Mol Microbiol. 55(4):1259–1271. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04475.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Jesus MD, Am N, Sk C, Ir L, Nong S, Ca S, Sm L, Casadevall A. 2010. Glucuronoxylomannan, galactoxylomannan, and mannoprotein occupy spatially separate and discrete regions in the capsule of cryptococcus neoformans. Virulence. 1(6):500–508. doi:10.4161/viru.1.6.13451.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Jimenez-Lucho V, Ginsburg V, HC K. 1990. Cryptococcus neoformans, candida albicans, and other fungi bind specifically to the glycosphingolipid lactosylceramide (gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1Cer), a possible adhesion receptor for yeasts. Infect Immun. 58(7):2085–2090. doi:10.1128/IAI.58.7.2085-2090.1990.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

JS F, Mitchell AP. 2011. Genetic control of candida albicans biofilm development. Nat Rev Microbiol. 9(2):109–118. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2475.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Kamai Y, Lossinsky AS, Liu H, Sheppard DC, Filler SG. 2009. Polarized response of endothelial cells to invasion by aspergillus fumigatus. Cell Microbiol. 11(1):170–182. doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01247.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Kapteyn JC, Hoyer LL, Hecht JE, Müller WH, Andel A, Verkleij AJ, Makarow M, Van Den Ende H, Klis FM. 2000. The cell wall architecture of candida albicans wild-type cells and cell wall-defective mutants. Mol Microbiol. 35(3):601–611. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01729.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Kartasova T, van Muijen GN, van Pelt-Heerschap H, van de Putte P. 1988. Novel protein in human epidermal keratinocytes: regulation of expression during differentiation. Mol Cell Biol. 8(5):2204–2210. doi:10.1128/mcb.8.5.2204-2210.1988.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Kaur R, Domergue R, Zupancic ML, Cormack BP. 2005. A yeast by any other name: candida glabrata and its interaction with the host. Curr Opin Microbiol. 8(4):378–384. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2005.06.012.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Kaur S, Singh S. 2014. Biofilm formation by aspergillus fumigatus. Medical Mycology. 52(1):2–9. doi:10.3109/13693786.2013.819592.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Kempf M, Apaire-Marchais V, Saulnier P, Licznar P, Lefrançois C, Robert R, Cottin J. 2007. Disruption of candida albicans IFF4 gene involves modifications of the cell electrical surface properties. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 58(2):250–255. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2007.03.017.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Khuu D, Shafir S, Bristow B, Sorvillo F. 2014. Blastomycosis mortality rates, United States, 1990–2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 20(11):1789–1794. doi:10.3201/eid2011.131175.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Kidd SE, Hagen F, Tscharke RL, Huynh M, Bartlett KH, Fyfe M, Meyer W. 2004. A rare genotype of cryptococcus gattii caused the cryptococcosis outbreak on Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101(49):17258–17263. doi:10.1073/pnas.0402981101.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

KJ K-C, Varma A. 2006. Do major species concepts support one, two or more species within cryptococcus neoformans?. FEMS Yeast Res. 6(4):574–587. doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2006.00088.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Klein BS, Tebbets B. 2007. Dimorphism and virulence in fungi. Curr Opin Microbiol. 10(4):314–319. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2007.04.002.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Klemm P, Schembri MA. 2000. Bacterial adhesins: function and structure. International Journal of Medical Microbiology. 290(1):27–35. doi:10.1016/S1438-4221(00)80102-2.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Klis FM, de Groot P, Hellingwerf K. 2001. Molecular organization of the cell wall of candida albicans. Medical Mycology. 39(Suppl 1):1–8. doi:10.1080/mmy.39.1.1.8-0.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Klotz SA, Hein RC, Smith RL, & Rouse JB. 1994. The fibronectin adhesin of Candida albicans. Infection and immunity. 62(10):4679–4681.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Kotani T, Katayama S, Miyazaki Y, Fukuda S, Sato Y, Ohsugi K. 2017. Risk factors for the mortality of pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in non-HIV patients who required mechanical ventilation: a retrospective case series study. Biomed Res Int. 1–7. doi:10.1155/2017/7452604.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Kozik A, Karkowska-Kuleta J, Zajac D, Bochenska O, Kedracka-Krok S, Jankowska U, Rapala-Kozik M. 2015. Fibronectin-, vitronectin- and laminin-binding proteins at the cell walls of candida parapsilosis and candida tropicalis pathogenic yeasts. BMC Microbiol. 15(1):197. doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0531-4.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Krishnan S, Manavathu EK, Chandrasekar P. 2009. Aspergillus flavus : an emerging non- fumigatus aspergillus species of significance. Mycoses. 52(3):206–222. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2008.01642.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Kular JK, Basu S, Sharma RI. 2014. The extracellular matrix: structure, composition, age-related differences, tools for analysis and applications for tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng. 5:2041731414557112. doi:10.1177/2041731414557112.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Kumar P, Yang M, Bc H, Ml S, Tl D. 2011. Emerging themes in cryptococcal capsule synthesis. Curr Opin Struct Biol. 21(5):597–602. doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2011.08.006.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Kutty G, England KJ, & Kovacs JA. 2013. Expression of Pneumocystis jirovecii major surface glycoprotein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Journal of infectious diseases, 208(1), 170–179. doi:10.1093/infdis/jit131.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Latgé JP. 1999. Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 12(2):310–350.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Latgé JP. 2003. Aspergillus fumigatus, a saprotrophic pathogenic fungus. Mycologist. 17(2):56–61. doi:10.1017/S0269915X0300209X.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Lau SK, Tse H, Chan JS, Zhou AC, Curreem SO, Lau CC, Yuen KY, Woo PC. 2013. Proteome profiling of the dimorphic fungus penicillium marneffei extracellular proteins and identification of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as an important adhesion factor for conidial attachment. FEBS J. 280(24):6613–6626. doi:10.1111/febs.12566.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Lee WG, Shin JH, Uh Y, Kang MG, Kim SH, Park KH, Jang HC. 2011. First three reported cases of nosocomial fungemia caused by candida auris. J Clin Microbiol. 49(9):3139–3142. doi:10.1128/JCM.00319-11.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Levdansky E, Kashi O, Sharon H, Shadkchan Y, Osherov N. 2010. The aspergillus fumigatus cspA gene encoding a repeat-rich cell wall protein is important for normal conidial cell wall architecture and interaction with host cells. Eukaryotic Cell. 9(9):1403–1415. doi:10.1128/EC.00126-10.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Li F, Palecek SP. 2003. EAP1, a candida albicans gene involved in binding human epithelial cells. Eukaryotic Cell. 2(6):1266–1273. doi:10.1128/EC.2.6.1266-1273.2003.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Liebmann B, Gattung S, Jahn B, Brakhage AA. 2003. cAMP signaling in aspergillus fumigatus is involved in the regulation of the virulence gene pksP and in defense against killing by macrophages. Molecular Genetics and Genomics: MGG. 269(3):420–435. doi:10.1007/s00438-003-0852-0.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Lima OC, Figueiredo CC, Previato JO, Mendonça-Previato L, Morandi V, Lopes Bezerra LM. 2001. Involvement of fungal cell wall components in adhesion of sporothrix schenckii to human fibronectin. Infect Immun. 69(11):6874–6880. doi:10.1128/IAI.69.11.6874-6880.2001.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Limongi CL, Alviano CS, De Souza W, Rozental S. 2001. Isolation and partial characterization of an adhesin from fonsecaea pedrosoi. Medical Mycology. 39(5):429–437. doi:10.1080/mmy.39.5.429.437.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Lin CJ, Sasse C, Gerke J, Valerius O, Irmer H, Frauendorf H, Heinekamp T, Strasburger M, Tran VT, Herzog B, et al. 2015. Transcription factor soma is required for adhesion, development and virulence of the human pathogen aspergillus fumigatus. PLoS Pathog. 11(11):e1005205. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005205.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Litvintseva AP, Thakur R, Reller LB, Mitchell TG. 2005. Prevalence of clinical isolates of cryptococcus gattii serotype C among patients with AIDS in Sub‐Saharan Africa. J Infect Dis. 192(5):888–892. doi:10.1086/432486.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Liu H, Lee MJ, Solis NV, Phan QT, Swidergall M, Ralph B, Filler SG. 2016. Aspergillus fumigatus CalA binds to integrin α 5 β 1 and mediates host cell invasion. Nature Microbiology. 2(2):1–10.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Liu TB, Perlin DS, Xue C. 2012. Molecular mechanisms of cryptococcal meningitis. Virulence. 3(2):173–181. doi:10.4161/viru.18685.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Lockhart SR, Etienne KA, Vallabhaneni S, Farooqi J, Chowdhary A, N P G, Litvintseva AP. 2017. Simultaneous emergence of multidrug-resistant candida auris on 3 Continents confirmed by whole-genome sequencing and epidemiological analyses. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 64(2):134–140. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw691.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Long KH, Gomez FJ, Morris RE, Newman SL. 2003. Identification of heat shock protein 60 as the ligand on histoplasma capsulatum that mediates binding to CD18 receptors on human macrophages. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md : 1950). 170(1):487–494. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.170.1.487.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

López-Ribot JL, Casanova M, Monteagudo C, Sepúlveda P, Martínez JP. 1994. Evidence for the presence of a high-affinity laminin receptor-like molecule on the surface of Candida albicans yeast cells. Infection and Immunity. 62(2):742–6. doi: 10.1128/iai.62.2.742-746.1994. PMID: 8300236; PMCID: PMC186171.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

M JS M-G, Soares CP, Jlm DS, Andreotti PF. 2005. Interaction of pathogenic fungi with host cells: molecular and cellular approaches. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 45(3):383–394. doi:10.1016/j.femsim.2005.05.014.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Maestre-Reyna M, Diderrich R, Veelders MS, Eulenburg G, Kalugin V, Brückner S, Keller P, Rupp S, Mösch HU, Essen LO. 2012. Structural basis for promiscuity and specificity during candida glabrata invasion of host epithelia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109(42):16864–16869. doi:10.1073/pnas.1207653109.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Magobo RE, Corcoran C, Seetharam S, Govender NP. 2014. Candida auris –associated candidemia, South Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 20(7). doi:10.3201/eid2007.131765.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Mansharamani NG, Garland R, Delaney D, Koziel H. 2003. Management and outcome patterns for adult pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 1985 to 1995. Chest. 118(3):704–711. doi:10.1378/chest.118.3.704.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Martin-Yken H, Bedekovic T, Brand AC, Richard ML, Znaidi S, d’Enfert C, Dague E. 2018. A conserved fungal hub protein involved in adhesion and drug resistance in the human pathogen </R>candida albicans. Cell Surface (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 4:10–19. doi:10.1016/j.tcsw.2018.10.002.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
Mayer FL, Wilson D, Hube B. 2013. A possible mechanism of dissemination. J Clin Invest. 96(2): 1010–1017. Candida albicans pathogenicity mechanisms. Virulence. 4(2): 119–128. McMahon JP, Wheat J, Sobel ME, Pasula R, Downing JF, & Martin WJ.1995. Murine laminin binds to Histoplasma capsulatum.
Crossref
 

McMahon JP, Wheat J, Sobel ME, Pasula R, Downing JF, Martin WJ 2nd.1995. Murine laminin binds to Histoplasma capsulatum. A possible mechanism of dissemination. J Clin Invest. 96(2):1010–7. doi: 10.1172/JCI118086. PMID: 7635937; PMCID: PMC286381
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Mendes-Giannini MJ, Taylor ML, Bouchara JB, Burger E, Calich VL, Escalante ED, Hanna SA, Lenzi HL, Machado MP, Miyaji M, et al. 2000. Pathogenesis II: fungal responses to host responses: interaction of host cells with fungi. Medical Mycology. 38(Suppl s1):113–123. doi:10.1080/mmy.38.s1.113.123.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Merkel GJ, Scofield BA. 1993. Conditions affecting the adherence of cryptococcus neoformans to rat glial and lung cells in vitro. Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology: Bi-monthly Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 31(1):55–64. doi:10.1080/02681219380000061.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Merkel GJ, Scofield BA. 1997. The in vitro interaction of cryptococcus neoformans with human lung epithelial cells. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 19(3):203–213. doi:10.1111/j.1574-695X.1997.tb01089.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
Money NP. 2001. Biomechanics of invasive hyphal growth. In: Howard RJ, editor. The Mycota VIII. Gow NA (Berlin): Springer-Verlag; p. 3–17.
Crossref
 

Monod M, Paris S, Sanglard D, Jaton-Ogay K, Bille J, Latge JP. 1993. Isolation and characterization of a secreted metalloprotease of Aspergillus fumigatus. Infection and immunity. 61(10):4099–4104. doi:10.1128/IAI.61.10.4099-4104.1993.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Morgan J. 2005. Global trends in candidemia: review of reports from 1995-2005. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 7(6):429–439. doi:10.1007/s11908-005-0044-7.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Moutaouakil M, Monod M, Prevost MC, Bouchara JP, Paris S, Latge JP. 1993. Identification of the 33-kDa alkaline protease of Aspergillus fumigatus in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Medical microbiologyJ Med Microbiol. 39(5):393–399. doi:10.1099/00222615-39-5-393.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Müller FM, Seidler M, Beauvais A. 2011. Aspergillus fumigatus biofilms in the clinical setting. Medical Mycology. 49(Suppl S1):S96–S100. doi:10.3109/13693786.2010.502190.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Murciano C, Moyes DL, Runglall M, Tobouti P, Islam A, Hoyer LL, Naglik JR. 2012. Evaluation of the role of candida albicans agglutinin-like sequence (Als) proteins in human oral epithelial cell interactions. PloS One. 7(3):e33362. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033362.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Naglik JR, Rodgers CA, Shirlaw PJ, Dobbie JL, Fernandes-Naglik LL, Greenspan D, Agabian N, Challacombe SJ. 2003. Differential expression of candida albicans secreted aspartyl proteinase and phospholipase B genes in humans correlates with active oral and vaginal infections. J Infect Dis. 188(3):469–479. doi:10.1086/376536.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Nam HS, Jeon K, Um SW, Suh GY, Chung MP, Kim H, Koh WJ. 2010. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis: a review of 43 cases. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 14(6):e479–e482. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2009.07.011.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Nath A. 2019. Prediction and molecular insights into fungal adhesins and adhesin like proteins. Comput Biol Chem. 80:333–340. doi:10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.05.001.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Nobile CJ, Andes DR, Nett JE, Smith FJ, Yue F, Phan QT, Edwards JE, Filler SG, Mitchell AP. 2006a. Critical role of Bcr1-dependent adhesins in C. albicans biofilm formation in vitro and in vivo. PLoS Pathog. 2(7):e63. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0020063.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Nobile CJ, Mitchell AP. 2005. Regulation of cell-surface genes and biofilm formation by the C. albicans transcription factor Bcr1p. Current Biology: CB. 15(12):1150–1155. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.05.047.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Nobile CJ, Mitchell AP. 2006. Genetics and genomics of candida albicans biofilm formation. Cell Microbiol. 8(9):1382–1391. doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00761.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Nobile CJ, Nett JE, Andes DR, Mitchell AP. 2006b. Function of candida albicans adhesin Hwp1 in biofilm formation. Eukaryotic Cell. 5(10):1604–1610. doi:10.1128/EC.00194-06.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Nobile CJ, Schneider HA, Nett JE, Sheppard DC, Filler SG, Andes DR, Mitchell AP. 2008. Complementary adhesin function in C. albicans biofilm formation. Current Biology: CB. 18(14):1017–1024. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.034.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Paul LJ. 2007. The cell wall: a carbohydrate armour for the fungal cell. Mol Microbiol. 66(2):279–290. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05872.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Peñalver MC, O’Connor JE, Martinez JP, Gil ML. 1996. Binding of human fibronectin to aspergillus fumigatus conidia. Infect Immun. 64(4):1146–1153. doi:10.1128/IAI.64.4.1146-1153.1996.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Pendrak ML, Klotz SA. 1995. Adherence of candida albicans to host cells. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 129(2–3):103–113. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07566.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Pérez A, Pedrós B, Murgui A, Casanova M, López-Ribot JL, Martínez JP. 2006. Biofilm formation by candida albicans mutants for genes coding fungal proteins exhibiting the eight-cysteine-containing CFEM domain. FEMS Yeast Res. 6(7):1074–1084. doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2006.00131.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Perfect JR. 1989. Cryptococcosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 3(1):77–102. doi:10.1016/S0891-5520(20)30248-8.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Perlroth J, Choi B, Spellberg B. 2007. Nosocomial fungal infections: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Medical Mycology. 45(4):321–346. doi:10.1080/13693780701218689.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ. 2004a. Rare and emerging opportunistic fungal pathogens: concern for resistance beyond candida albicans and aspergillus fumigatus. J Clin Microbiol. 42(10):4419–4431. doi:10.1128/JCM.42.10.4419-4431.2004.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, & International Fungal Surveillance Participant Group. 2004b. Twelve years of fluconazole in clinical practice: global trends in species distribution and fluconazole susceptibility of bloodstream isolates of candida. Clinical Microbiology and Infection?: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 10(Suppl 1):11–23. doi:10.1111/j.1470-9465.2004.t01-1-00844.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ. 2007. Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: a persistent public health problem. Clin Microbiol Rev. 20(2–3):133–163. doi:10.1128/CMR.00029-06.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Pinto MR, de Sá AC, Limongi CL, Rozental S, Santos AL, Barreto-Bergter E. 2004. Involvement of peptidorhamnomannan in the interaction of pseudallescheria boydii and HEp2 cells. Microbes and Infection. 6(14):1259–1267. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2004.07.006.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Prusty R, Grisafi P, Fink GR. 2004. The plant hormone indoleacetic acid induces invasive growth in saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 101(12):4153–4157. doi:10.1073/pnas.0400659101.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Pwj DG, Bader O, De Boer AD, Weig M, Chauhan N. 2013. Adhesins in human fungal pathogens: glue with plenty of stick. Eukaryotic Cell. 12(4):470–481. doi:10.1128/EC.00364-12.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Ramage G, Rajendran R, Gutierrez-Correa M, Jones B, Williams C. 2011. Aspergillus biofilms: clinical and industrial significance. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 324(2):89–97. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02381.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Ramana J, Gupta D. 2010. FaaPred: a SVM-based prediction method for fungal adhesins and adhesin-like proteins. PLoS One. 5(3):e9695. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009695.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Rees JR, Pinner RW, Hajjeh RA, Brandt ME, Reingold AL. 1998. The epidemiological features of invasive mycotic infections in the San Francisco Bay area, 1992–1993: results of population-based laboratory active surveillance. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 27(5):1138–1147. doi:10.1093/clinids/27.5.1138.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Reichard U, Eiffert H, Ruchel R. 1994. Purification and characterization of an extracellular aspartic proteinase from aspergillus fumigatus. Journal of Medical and Veterinary mycologyJ Med Vet Mycol. 32:(6):427–436. doi:10.1080/02681219480000581.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Reynolds TB, Fink GR. 2001. Bakers’ yeast, a model for fungal biofilm formation. Science (New York, N Y). 291(5505):878–881. doi:10.1126/science.291.5505.878.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Robold AV, Hardham AR. 2005. During attachment phytophthora spores secrete proteins containing thrombospondin type 1 repeats. Curr Genet. 47(5):307–315. doi:10.1007/s00294-004-0559-8.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Rodrigues ML, dos Reis FC, Puccia R, Travassos LR, Alviano CS. 2003. Cleavage of human fibronectin and other basement membrane-associated proteins by a cryptococcus neoformans serine proteinase. Microb Pathog. 34(2):65–71. doi:10.1016/S0882-4010(02)00195-X.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Rodrigues ML, Nimrichter L. 2012. In good company: association between fungal glycans generates molecular complexes with unique functions. Front Microbiol. 3:249. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00249.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
Rolston KVI, Bodey GP. 2003. Fungal Infections. In: Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, et al., editors. Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine. 6th edition. Hamilton (ON): BC Decker. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK13518/
 

Rosiana S, Zhang L, G H K, A V R, Uthayakumar D, Sukumaran A, Geddes-McAlister J, N V K, Shapiro RS. 2021. Comprehensive genetic analysis of adhesin proteins and their role in virulence of candida albicans. Genetics. 217(2):iyab003. doi:10.1093/genetics/iyab003.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Sa K, Rc H, RL S, JB R. 1994. The fibronectin adhesin of candida albicans. Infect Immun. 62(1):4679–4681. doi:10.1128/IAI.62.10.4679-4681.1994.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Sa K, RL S, BW S. 1992. Effect of an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-containing peptide on hematogenous candidal infections in rabbits. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 36(1):132–136. doi:10.1128/AAC.36.1.132.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Saccente M, Woods GL. 2010. Clinical and laboratory update on blastomycosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 23(2):367–381. doi:10.1128/CMR.00056-09.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Sachdeva G, Kumar K, Jain P, Ramachandran S. 2005. SPAAN: a software program for prediction of adhesins and adhesin-like proteins using neural networks. Bioinformatics. 21(4):483–491. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bti028.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Sahni N, Yi S, Daniels KJ, Srikantha T, Pujol C, Soll DR. 2009. Genes selectively up-regulated by pheromone in white cells are involved in biofilm formation in candida albicans. PLoS Pathog. 5(10):e1000601. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000601.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Sampermans S, Mortier J, Soares EV. 2005. Flocculation onset in saccharomyces cerevisiae: the role of nutrients. J Appl Microbiol. 98(2):525–531. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02486.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Schoffelmeer EA, Vossen JH, Van Doorn AA, Cornelissen BJ, Haring MA. 2001. FEM1, a Fusarium oxysporum glycoprotein that is covalently linked to the cell wall matrix and is conserved in filamentous fungi. Molecular Genetics and Genomics: MGG. 265(1):143–152.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Seaton RA. 1996. The management of cryptococcal meningitis in papua new guinea. P N G Med J. 39(6):67–73.
Google Scholar
 

Sharkey LL, McNemar MD, Saporito-Irwin SM, Sypherd PS, Fonzi WA. 1999. HWP1 functions in the morphological development of candida albicans downstream of EFG1, TUP1, and RBF1. J Bacteriol. 181(17):5273–5279. doi:10.1128/JB.181.17.5273-5279.1999.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Sheppard DC. 2011. Molecular mechanism of aspergillus fumigatus adherence to host constituents. Curr Opin Microbiol. 14(4):375–379. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2011.07.006.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Shourian M, Qureshi ST. 2019. Resistance and tolerance to cryptococcal infection: an intricate balance that controls the development of disease. Front Immunol. 10:66. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00066.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Silva S, Negri M, Henriques M, Oliveira R, Williams DW, Azeredo J. 2011. Adherence and biofilm formation of non-Candida albicans candida species. Trends Microbiol. 19(5):241–247. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2011.02.003.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Silva S, Negri M, Henriques M, Oliveira R, Williams DW, Azeredo J. 2012. Candida glabrata, candida parapsilosis and candida tropicalis: biology, epidemiology, pathogenicity and antifungal resistance. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 36(2):288–305. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00278.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Sirisanthana T, Supparatpinyo K. 1998. Epidemiology and management of penicilliosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 3(1):48–53. doi:10.1016/S1201-9712(98)90095-9.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Spellberg BJ, Ibrahim AS, Avenissian V, Filler SG, Myers CL, Fu Y, Edwards JE Jr. 2005. The anti-Candida albicans vaccine composed of the recombinant N terminus of Als1p reduces fungal burden and improves survival in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice. Infect Immun. 73(9):6191–6193. doi:10.1128/IAI.73.9.6191-6193.2005.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Staab JF, Bradway SD, Fidel PL, Sundstrom P. 1999. Adhesive and mammalian transglutaminase substrate properties of candida albicans Hwp1. Science (New York, N Y). 283(5407):1535–1538. doi:10.1126/science.283.5407.1535.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Staab JF, Ferrer CA, Sundstrom P. 1996. Developmental expression of a tandemly repeated, proline-and glutamine-rich amino acid motif on hyphal surfaces on candida albicans. J Biol Chem. 271(11):6298–6305. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.11.6298.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Sundstrom P. 1999. Adhesins in candida albicans. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2(4):353–357. doi:10.1016/S1369-5274(99)80062-9.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Sundstrom P. 2002. Adhesion in candida spp. Cell Microbiol. 4(8):461–469. doi:10.1046/j.1462-5822.2002.00206.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Teixeira PA, Penha LL, Mendonça-Previato L, Previato JO. 2014. Mannoprotein MP84 mediates the adhesion of cryptococcus neoformans to epithelial lung cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 4:106. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2014.00106.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Thau N, Monod M, Crestani B, Rolland C, Tronchin G, Latgé JP, Paris S. 1994. rodletless mutants of aspergillus fumigatus. Infect Immun. 62(10):4380–4388. doi:10.1128/IAI.62.10.4380-4388.1994.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Tian X, Lin X. 2013. Matricellular protein Cfl1 regulates cell differentiation. Commun Integr Biol. 6(6):e26444. doi:10.4161/cib.26444.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Tronchin G, Esnault K, Renier G, Filmon R, Chabasse D, Bouchara JP. 1997. Expression and identification of a laminin-binding protein in aspergillus fumigatus conidia. Infect Immun. 65(1):9–15. doi:10.1128/IAI.65.1.9-15.1997.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Tronchin G, Pihet M, Lopes-Bezerra LM, Bouchara JP. 2008. Adherence mechanisms in human pathogenic fungi. Medical Mycology. 46(8):749–772. doi:10.1080/13693780802206435.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Tv K, Jadoun J, Mittelman L, Hirschberg K, OsherovN. 2004. Involvement of secreted aspergillus fumigatus proteases in disruption of the actin fiber cytoskeleton and loss of focal adhesion sites in infected A549 lung pneumocytes. J Infect Dis. 189(11):1965–1973. doi:10.1086/420850.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Upadhyay SK, Basir SF & Madan T. 2008. Characterization of cell wall galactomannoprotein (Mp1) as a potential adhesin of Aspergillus fumigatus. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 121(2), S14.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Upadhyay SK, Mahajan L, Ramjee S, Singh Y, Basir SF, Madan T. 2009. Identification and characterization of a laminin-binding protein of aspergillus fumigatus: extracellular thaumatin domain protein (AfCalAp). J Med Microbiol. 58(6):714–722. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.005991-0.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Valsecchi I, Dupres V, Stephen-Victor E, Guijarro J, Gibbons J, Beau R, Beauvais A. 2017. Role of hydrophobins in aspergillus fumigatus. Journal of Fungi. 4(1):2. doi:10.3390/jof4010002.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Vartivarian SE, Reyes GH, Jacobson ES, James PG, Cherniak R, Mumaw VR, Tingler MJ. 1989. Localization of mannoprotein in cryptococcus neoformans. J Bacteriol. 171(12):6850–6852. doi:10.1128/jb.171.12.6850-6852.1989.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Verstrepen KJ, Derdelinckx G, Verachtert H, Delvaux FR. 2003. Yeast flocculation: what brewers should know. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 61(3):197–205. doi:10.1007/s00253-002-1200-8.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Verstrepen KJ, Klis FM. 2006. Flocculation, adhesion and biofilm formation in yeasts. Mol Microbiol. 60(1):5–15. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05072.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Verstrepen KJ, Reynolds TB, Fink GR. 2004. Origins of variation in the fungal cell surface. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2(7):533–540. doi:10.1038/nrmicro927.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Vicentini AP, Gesztesi JL, Franco MF, de Souza W, de Moraes JZ, Travassos LR, Lopes JD. 1994. Binding of paracoccidioides brasiliensis to laminin through surface glycoprotein gp43 leads to enhancement of fungal pathogenesis. Infect Immun. 62(4):1465–1469. doi:10.1128/IAI.62.4.1465-1469.1994.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Wächtler B, Wilson D, Haedicke K, Dalle F, Hube B. 2011. From attachment to damage: defined genes of candida albicans mediate adhesion, invasion and damage during interaction with oral epithelial cells. PloS One. 6(2):e17046. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017046.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
Walzer PD, Evans HE, Copas AJ, Edwards SG, Grant AD, Miller RF. 2008. Early predictors of mortality from Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients: 1985–2006. Clin Infect Dis.15;46(4): 625–33. doi: 10.1086/526778.PMID:18190281;PMCID:PMC2735405.
Crossref
 

Wang L, Tian X, Gyawali R, Lin X. 2013. Fungal adhesion protein guides community behaviors and autoinduction in a paracrine manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 110(28):11571–11576. doi:10.1073/pnas.1308173110.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Wang L, Zhai B, Lin X. 2012. The link between morphotype transition and virulence in cryptococcus neoformans. PLoS Pathog. 8(6):e1002765. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002765.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Wang Y, Liu T, Gong H, Zhou Q, Wang Y, Sun S, Xie L. 2007. Gene profiling in murine corneas challenged with aspergillus fumigatus. Mol Vis. 13:1226–1233.
Google Scholar
 

Warnock DW. 2007. Trends in the epidemiology of invasive fungal infections. Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi. 48(1):1–12. doi:10.3314/jjmm.48.1.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Wasylnka JA, Moore MM. 2000. Adhesion of aspergillus species to extracellular matrix proteins: evidence for involvement of negatively charged carbohydrates on the conidial surface. Infection and immunityInfect Immun. 68(6):3377–3384. doi:10.1128/IAI.68.6.3377-3384.2000.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Wasylnka JA, Moore MM. 2002. Uptake of aspergillus fumigatus conidia by phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells in vitro: quantitation using strains expressing green fluorescent protein. Infection and immunity. 70(6):3156–3163. doi:10.1128/IAI.70.6.3156-3163.2002.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Westwater C, Schofield DA, Nicholas PJ, Paulling EE, Balish E. 2007. Candida glabrata and candida albicans; dissimilar tissue tropism and infectivity in a gnotobiotic model of mucosal candidiasis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 51(1):134–139. doi:10.1111/j.1574-695X.2007.00287.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Williamson PR. 2017. The relentless march of cryptococcal meningitis. The Lancet Infectious DiseasesLancet Infect Dis. 17(8):790–791. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30245-1.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Zhao X, Oh SH, Cheng G, Green CB, Nuessen JA, Yeater K, Leng RP, Brown A, Hoyer LL. 2004. ALS3 and ALS8 represent a single locus that encodes a candida albicans adhesin; functional comparisons between Als3p and Als1p. Microbiology (Reading, England). 150(8):2415–2428. doi:10.1099/mic.0.26943-0.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Zhu W, Phan QT, Boontheung P, Solis NV, Loo JA, Filler SG. 2012. EGFR and HER2 receptor kinase signaling mediate epithelial cell invasion by candida albicans during oropharyngeal infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109(35):14194–14199. doi:10.1073/pnas.1117676109.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
Zordan R, Cormack B. 2012. Adhesins on Opportunistic Fungal Pathogens. In: Calderone RA, Clancy, CJ., ed. Candida and Candidiasis: ASM Press, Washington DC, 2nd Edition. ISBN-9781555817176, 1555817173. pp 243-259.
Crossref
 

Zupancic ML, Frieman M, Smith D, Alvarez RA, Cummings RD, Cormack BP. 2008. Glycan microarray analysis of candida glabrata adhesin ligand specificity. Mol Microbiol. 68(3):547–559. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06184.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
Mycology
Volume 12 Issue 4,
December 2021
Pages 296-324
DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2021.1934176
Cite this article:
Kumari A, Tripathi AH, Gautam P, et al. Adhesins in the virulence of opportunistic fungal pathogens of human. Mycology, 2021, 12(4): 296-324. https://doi.org/10.1080/21501203.2021.1934176

219

Views

14

Crossref

11

Web of Science

16

Scopus

Altmetrics
Received: 08 January 2021
Accepted: 18 May 2021
Published: 05 July 2021
© 2021 The Author(s).

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Return