AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
Powered by AMiner. Clicking this button will take you away from SciOpen.
Home Mycology Article
Article Link
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Submit Manuscript
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Review | Open Access

Rock-inhabiting fungi: terminology, diversity, evolution and adaptation mechanisms

Bingjie Liua,b, Rong Fua,b, Bing Wua, Xingzhong Liuc, Meichun Xianga,b( )
State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
Show Author Information

Abstract

Rock-inhabiting fungi (RIF) constitute an ecological group associated with terrestrial rocks. This association is generally restricted to the persistent colonisation of rocks and peculiar morphological features based on melanisation and slow growth, which endow RIF with significance in eukaryotic biology, special status in ecology, and exotic potential in biotechnology. There is a need to achieve a better understanding of the hidden biodiversity, antistress biology, origin and convergent evolution of RIF, which will facilitate cultural relic preservation, exploitation of the biogeochemical cycle of rock elements and biotechnology applications. This review focuses on summarising the current knowledge of rock-inhabiting fungi, with particular reference to terminology, biodiversity and geographic distribution, origin and evolution, and stress adaptation mechanisms. We especially teased out the definition through summing up the terms related to rock-inhabting fungi, and also provided a checklist of rock-inhabiting fungal taxa recorded following updated classification schemes.

Keywords

species diversityFungirock-inhabiting fungilithophilic fungilithotolerant fungiadaption mechanisms

References

 

Abdollahzadeh J, Groenewald J, Coetzee M, Wingfield M, Crous P. 2020. Evolution of lifestyles in Capnodiales. Stud Mycol. 95:381–414. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2020.02.004.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Ametrano CG, Grewe F, Crous PW, Goodwin SB, Liang C, Selbmann L, Lumbsch HT, Leavitt SD, Muggia L. 2019. Genome-scale data resolve ancestral rock-inhabiting lifestyle in Dothideomycetes (Ascomycota). IMA Fungus. 10(1):1–12. doi:10.1186/s43008-019-0018-2.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Araújo M, Viveiros R, Correia TR, Correia IJ, Bonifácio VD, Casimiro T, Aguiar-Ricardo A. 2014. Natural melanin: a potential pH-responsive drug release device. Int J Pharm. 469(1):140–145. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.04.051.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Ascaso C, Wierzchos J, de Los Ríos A. 1995. Cytological investigations of lithobiontic microorganisms in granitic rocks. Bot Acta. 108(6):474–481. doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.1995.tb00524.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Bentis CJ, Kaufman L, Golubic S. 2000. Endolithic fungi in reef-building corals (Order: Scleractinia) are common, cosmopolitan, and potentially pathogenic. Biol Bull. 198(2):254–260. doi:10.2307/1542528.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Beraldi-Campesi H. 2013. Early life on land and the first terrestrial ecosystems. Ecol Processes. 2(1):1–17.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Bogomolova E, Olkhovaya E, Panina L, Soukharjevsky S. 2003. Experimental study of influence of rocks and minerals chemical composition and surface structure over the lithobiontic fungi colonies morphology. Микология И Фитопатология. 37(3):1–13.
Google Scholar
 

Breitenbach R, Silbernagl D, Toepel J, Sturm H, Broughton WJ, Sassaki GL, Gorbushina AA. 2018. Corrosive extracellular polysaccharides of the rock-inhabiting model fungus Knufia petricola. Extremophiles. 22(2):165–175. doi:10.1007/s00792-017-0984-5.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Bruns TD, White TJ, Taylor JW. 1991. Fungal molecular systematics. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 22(1):525–564. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.22.110191.002521.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Bryan R, Jiang Z, Friedman M, Dadachova E. 2011. The effects of gamma radiation, UV and visible light on ATP levels in yeast cells depend on cellular melanization. Fungal Biol. 115(10):945–949. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2011.04.003.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Caneva G, Lombardozzi V, Ceschin S, Municchia AC, Salvadori O. 2014. Unusual differential erosion related to the presence of endolithic microorganisms (Martvili, Georgia). J Cult Heritage. 15(5):538–545. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2013.10.003.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Caretta G, Tosi S, Piontelli E, de Hoog G. 2006. Phialophora sessilis, a lithobiont fungus. Mycotaxon. 95:281–284.
Google Scholar
 

Casadevall A, Cordero RJ, Bryan R, Nosanchuk J, Dadachova E. 2017. Melanin, radiation, and energy transduction in fungi. Microbiol Spectr. 5(2):5.2.05. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0037-2016.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Chertov O, Gorbushina A, Deventer B. 2004. A model for microcolonial fungi growth on rock surfaces. Ecol Modell. 177(3–4):415–426. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.02.011.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Cole BJ, Tringe SG. 2021. Different threats, same response. Nat Plants. 7(5):544–545. doi:10.1038/s41477-021-00915-z.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Coleine C, Masonjones S, Selbmann L, Zucconi L, Onofri S, Pacelli C, Stajich JE. 2017. Draft genome sequences of the Antarctic endolithic fungi Rachicladosporium antarcticum CCFEE 5527 and Rachicladosporium sp. CCFEE 5018. Genome Announc. 5(27):e00397–00317. doi:10.1128/genomeA.00397-17.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Coleine C, Masonjones S, Sterflinger K, Onofri S, Selbmann L, Stajich JE. 2020. Peculiar genomic traits in the stress-adapted cryptoendolithic Antarctic fungus Friedmanniomyces endolithicus. Fungal Biol. 124(5):458–467. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2020.01.005.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Coleine C, Stajich JE, de Los Ríos A, Selbmann L. 2021. Beyond the extremes: rocks as ultimate refuge for fungi in drylands. Mycologia. 113(1):108–133. doi:10.1080/00275514.2020.1816761.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Coleine C, Stajich JE, Zucconi L, Onofri S, Pombubpa N, Egidi E, Franks A, Buzzini P, Selbmann L. 2018. Antarctic cryptoendolithic fungal communities are highly adapted and dominated by Lecanoromycetes and Dothideomycetes. Front Microbiol. 9:1392. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01392.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
Cooney DG, Emerson R. 1964. Thermophilic fungi. Vol. 27. San Francisco: WH Freeman.
 

Cordero RJ, Casadevall A. 2017. Functions of fungal melanin beyond virulence. Fungal Biol Rev. 31(2):99–112. doi:10.1016/j.fbr.2016.12.003.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Culka A, Jehlička J, Ascaso C, Artieda O, Casero CM, Wierzchos J. 2017. Raman microspectrometric study of pigments in melanized fungi from the hyperarid Atacama desert gypsum crust. J Raman Spectrosc. 48(11):1487–1493. doi:10.1002/jrs.5137.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Cunha MM, Franzen AJ, Seabra SH, Herbst MH, Vugman NV, Borba LP, de Souza W, Rozental S. 2010. Melanin in Fonsecaea pedrosoi: a trap for oxidative radicals. BMC Microbiol. 10(1):1–9. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-10-80.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Cuscó A, Catozzi C, Viñes J, Sanchez A, Francino O. 2018. Microbiota profiling with long amplicons using Nanopore sequencing: full-length 16S rRNA gene and the 16S-ITS-23S of the rrn operon. F1000Research. 7:1755. doi:10.12688/f1000research.16817.1.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Dadachova E, Bryan RA, Huang X, Moadel T, Schweitzer AD, Aisen P, Nosanchuk JD, Casadevall A. 2007. Ionizing radiation changes the electronic properties of melanin and enhances the growth of melanized fungi. PLoS One. 2(5):e457. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000457.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Dadachova E, Casadevall A. 2008. Ionizing radiation: how fungi cope, adapt, and exploit with the help of melanin. Curr Opin Microbiol. 11(6):525–531. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2008.09.013.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

de Hoog GS, Hermanides-Nijhof E. 1977. The black yeasts and allied Hyphomycetes. Stud Mycol. 15:1–222.
Google Scholar
 

de Leo F, Antonelli F, Pietrini AM, Ricci S, Urzì C. 2019. Study of the euendolithic activity of black meristematic fungi isolated from a marble statue in the Quirinale Palace’s Gardens in Rome, Italy. Facies. 65(2):1–10. doi:10.1007/s10347-019-0564-5.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Dornieden T, Gorbushina A, Krumbein W. 2000. Biodecay of cultural heritage as a space/time-related ecological situation—an evaluation of a series of studies. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation. 46(4):261–270. doi:10.1016/S0964-8305(00)00107-4.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Egidi E, de Hoog G, Isola D, Onofri S, Quaedvlieg W, de Vries M, Verkley G, Stielow JB, Zucconi L, Selbmann L. 2014. Phylogeny and taxonomy of meristematic rock-inhabiting black fungi in the Dothideomycetes based on multi-locus phylogenies. Fungal Divers. 65(1):127–165. doi:10.1007/s13225-013-0277-y.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Favero-Longo SE, Gazzano C, Girlanda M, Castelli D, Tretiach M, Baiocchi C, Piervittori R. 2011. Physical and chemical deterioration of silicate and carbonate rocks by meristematic microcolonial fungi and endolithic lichens (Chaetothyriomycetidae). Geomicrobiol J. 28(8):732–744. doi:10.1080/01490451.2010.517696.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Favero-Longo SE, Viles HA. 2020. A review of the nature, role and control of lithobionts on stone cultural heritage: weighing-up and managing biodeterioration and bioprotection. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 36(7):1–18. doi:10.1007/s11274-020-02878-3.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Flieger K, Knabe N, Toepel J. 2018. Development of an improved carotenoid extraction method to characterize the carotenoid composition under oxidative stress and cold temperature in the rock inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola A95. J Fungi. 4(4):124. doi:10.3390/jof4040124.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Freitas DF, Vieira-Da-Motta O, Mathias LDS, Franco RWDA, Gomes RDS, Vieira RAM, Rocha LOD, Olivares FL, Santos CDP. 2019. Synthesis and role of melanin for tolerating in vitro rumen digestion in Duddingtonia flagrans, a nematode-trapping fungus. Mycology. 10(4):229–242. doi:10.1080/21501203.2019.1631896.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gadd GM. 2017. Fungi, rocks, and minerals. Elements. 13(3):171–176. doi:10.2113/gselements.13.3.171.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gleason FH, Larkum AW, Raven JA, Manohar CS, Lilje O. 2019. Ecological implications of recently discovered and poorly studied sources of energy for the growth of true fungi especially in extreme environments. Fungal Ecol. 39:380–387. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2018.12.011.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Golubic S, Friedmann EI, Schneider J. 1981. The lithobiontic ecological niche, with special reference to microorganisms. J Sediment Res. 51(2):475–478.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gonçalves V, Cantrell C, Wedge D, Alves T, Zani C, Galante D, Rodrigues F, Schaefer C, Rosa C, Rosa L. 2014. Bioprospection of rock-inhabiting fungi from extreme environments. Planta Med. 80(10): PC26. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1382408.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gonçalves VN, Oliveira FS, Carvalho CR, Schaefer CE, Rosa CA, Rosa LH. 2017. Antarctic rocks from continental Antarctica as source of potential human opportunistic fungi. Extremophiles. 21(5):851–860. doi:10.1007/s00792-017-0947-x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gorbushina A. 2003. Microcolonial fungi: survival potential of terrestrial vegetative structures. Astrobiology. 3(3):543–554. doi:10.1089/153110703322610636.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gorbushina AA. 2007. Life on the rocks. Environ Microbiol. 9(7):1613–1631. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01301.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gorbushina AA, Andreas B, Schulte A. 2005. Microcolonial rock inhabiting fungi and lichen photobionts: evidence for mutualistic interactions. Mycol Res. 109(11):1288–1296. doi:10.1017/S0953756205003631.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gorbushina AA, Broughton WJ. 2009. Microbiology of the atmosphere-rock interface: how biological interactions and physical stresses modulate a sophisticated microbial ecosystem. Annu Rev Microbiol. 63:431–450. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.091208.073349.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
Gorbushina AA, Krumbein WE. 2000. Rock dwelling fungal communities: diversity of life styles and colony structure. In: Seckbach, J, editor. Journey to diverse microbial worlds. Dordrecht: Springer; p. 317–334.
Crossref
 

Gorbushina AA, Krumbein WE, Volkmann M. 2002. Rock surfaces as life indicators: new ways to demonstrate life and traces of former life. Astrobiology. 2(2):203–213. doi:10.1089/15311070260192273.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gorbushina A, Kotlova E, Sherstneva O. 2008. Cellular responses of microcolonial rock fungi to long-term desiccation and subsequent rehydration. Stud Mycol. 61:91–97. doi:10.3114/sim.2008.61.09.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gorbushina A, Krumbein W, Hamman C, Panina L, Soukharjevski S, Wollenzien U. 1993. Role of black fungi in color change and biodeterioration of antique marbles. Geomicrobiol J. 11(3–4):205–221. doi:10.1080/01490459309377952.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gostinčar C, Grube M, Gunde-Cimerman N. 2011. Evolution of fungal pathogens in domestic environments? Fungal Biol. 115(10):1008–1018. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2011.03.004.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
Gostinčar C, Gunde‐Cimerman N, Grube M. 2015. Polyextremotolerance as the fungal answer to changing environments. In: Bakermans C, editor. Microbial evolution under extreme conditions. Berlin: de Gruyter; p. 185–208.
Crossref
 

Gostinčar C, Muggia L, Grube M. 2012. Polyextremotolerant black fungi: oligotrophism, adaptive potential, and a link to lichen symbioses. Front Microbiol. 3:390. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00390.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gostinčar C, Stajich JE, Zupančič J, Zalar P, Gunde-Cimerman N. 2018a. Genomic evidence for intraspecific hybridization in a clonal and extremely halotolerant yeast. BMC Genomics. 19(1):1–12. doi:10.1186/s12864-018-4751-5.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gostinčar C, Zajc J, Lenassi M, Plemenitaš A, de Hoog S, Al-Hatmi AM, Gunde-Cimerman N. 2018b. Fungi between extremotolerance and opportunistic pathogenicity on humans. Fungal Divers. 93(1):195–213. doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0414-8.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gromov B. 1957. Microflora of rocky and primitive soils in certain northern regions of USSR. Mikrobiologiia. 26(1):52–59.
Google Scholar
 
Grube M, Muggia L, Gostinčar C. 2013. Niches and adaptations of polyextremotolerant black fungi. In: Seckbach, J, Oren, A, and Stan-Lotter, H, editors. Polyextremophiles. Dordrecht: Springer; p. 551–566.
Crossref
 

Gueidan C, Ruibal C, de Hoog G, Schneider H. 2011. Rock-inhabiting fungi originated during periods of dry climate in the late Devonian and middle Triassic. Fungal Biol. 115(10):987–996. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2011.04.002.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Gueidan C, Villaseñor CR, de Hoog G, Gorbushina A, Untereiner W, Lutzoni F. 2008. A rock-inhabiting ancestor for mutualistic and pathogen-rich fungal lineages. Stud Mycol. 61:111–119. doi:10.3114/sim.2008.61.11.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Heinen W, Lauwers A. 1986. Mold on the rocks: a lithobiontic fungus from the sediments of radioactive thermal waters in the Gastein Valley, Austria. Acta Bot Neerl. 35(3):367–372. doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.1986.tb01299.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Hubka V, Réblová M, Řehulka J, Selbmann L, Isola D, de Hoog SG, Kolařík M. 2014. Bradymyces gen. nov. (Chaetothyriales, Trichomeriaceae), a new ascomycete genus accommodating poorly differentiated melanized fungi. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 106(5):979–992. doi:10.1007/s10482-014-0267-4.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Isola D, Marzban G, Selbmann L, Onofri S, Laimer M, Sterflinger K. 2011. Sample preparation and 2-DE procedure for protein expression profiling of black microcolonial fungi. Fungal Biol. 115(10):971–977. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2011.03.001.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Isola D, Selbmann L, de Hoog GS, Fenice M, Onofri S, Prenafeta-Boldú FX, Zucconi L. 2013. Isolation and screening of black fungi as degraders of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons. Mycopathologia. 175(5–6):369–379. doi:10.1007/s11046-013-9635-2.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Isola D, Zucconi L, Onofri S, Caneva G, de Hoog G, Selbmann L. 2016. Extremotolerant rock inhabiting black fungi from Italian monumental sites. Fungal Divers. 76(1):75–96. doi:10.1007/s13225-015-0342-9.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

King Jr AD, Hocking AD, Pitt JI. 1979. Dichloran-rose bengal medium for enumeration and isolation of molds from foods. Appl Environ Microbiol. 37(5):959–964. doi:10.1128/aem.37.5.959-964.1979.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Kirtzel J, Siegel D, Krause K, Kothe E. 2017. Stone-eating fungi: mechanisms in bioweathering and the potential role of laccases in black slate degradation with the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune. Adv Appl Microbiol. 99:83–101.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Kiyuna T, An K-D, Kigawa R, Sano C, Sugiyama J. 2018. Two new Cladophialophora species, C. tumbae sp. nov. and C. tumulicola sp. nov., and chaetothyrialean fungi from biodeteriorated samples in the Takamatsuzuka and Kitora Tumuli. Mycoscience. 59(1):75–84. doi:10.1016/j.myc.2017.08.008.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Kuklinski P. 2009. Ecology of stone-encrusting organisms in the Greenland Sea—a review. Polar Res. 28(2):222–237. doi:10.1111/j.1751-8369.2009.00105.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
Lakk H, Krijgsheld P, Montalti M, Woesten H 2018. Fungal based biocomposite for habitat structures on the moon and mars. 69th International Astronautical Congress Bremen, Germany.
 

Lenassi M, Gostinčar C, Jackman S, Turk M, Sadowski I, Nislow C, Jones S, Birol I, Cimerman NG, Plemenitaš A. 2013. Whole genome duplication and enrichment of metal cation transporters revealed by de novo genome sequencing of extremely halotolerant black yeast Hortaea werneckii. PLoS One. 8(8):e71328. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071328.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Liberti D, Alfieri ML, Monti DM, Panzella L, Napolitano A. 2020. A melanin-related phenolic polymer with potent photoprotective and antioxidant activities for dermo-cosmetic applications. Antioxidants. 9(4):270. doi:10.3390/antiox9040270.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Luo Y, Wei X, Yang S, Gao Y-H, Luo Z-H. 2020. Fungal diversity in deep-sea sediments from the Magellan seamounts as revealed by a metabarcoding approach targeting the ITS2 regions. Mycology. 11(3):214–229. doi:10.1080/21501203.2020.1799878.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Lyu X, Shen C, Xie J, Fu Y, Jiang D, Hu Z, Tang L, Tang L, Ding F, Li K. 2015. A “footprint” of plant carbon fixation cycle functions during the development of a heterotrophic fungus. Sci Rep. 5(1):1–13. doi:10.1038/srep12952.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Martin-Sanchez PM, Nováková A, Bastian F, Alabouvette C, Saiz-Jimenez C. 2012. Two new species of the genus Ochroconis, O. lascauxensis and O. anomala isolated from black stains in Lascaux Cave, France. Fungal Biol. 116(5):574–589. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2012.02.006.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Mikhailyuk TI. 2008. Terrestrial lithophilic algae in a granite canyon of the Teteriv River (Ukraine). Biologia. 63(6):824–830. doi:10.2478/s11756-008-0104-1.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Miura A, Urabe J. 2017. Changes in epilithic fungal communities under different light conditions in a river: a field experimental study. Limnol Oceanogr. 62(2):579–591. doi:10.1002/lno.10445.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Moreno LF, Vicente VA, de Hoog S. 2018. Black yeasts in the omics era: achievements and challenges. Med Mycol. 56(suppl_1):S32–S41. doi:10.1093/mmy/myx129.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Nagano Y, Miura T, Tsubouchi T, Lima AO, Kawato M, Fujiwara Y, Fujikura K. 2020. Cryptic fungal diversity revealed in deep-sea sediments associated with whale-fall chemosynthetic ecosystems. Mycology. 11(3):263–278. doi:10.1080/21501203.2020.1799879.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
Nai C. 2014. Rock-inhabiting fungi studied with the aid of the model black fungus Knufia petricola A95 and other related strains. Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM).
 

Nai C, Wong HY, Pannenbecker A, Broughton WJ, Benoit I, de Vries RP, Gueidan C, Gorbushina AA. 2013. Nutritional physiology of a rock-inhabiting, model microcolonial fungus from an ancestral lineage of the Chaetothyriales (Ascomycetes). Fungal Genet Biol. 56:54–66. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2013.04.001.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Naranjo‐Ortiz MA, Gabaldón T. 2019. Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions. Biol Rev. 94(4):1443–1476. doi:10.1111/brv.12510.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Noack-Schönmann S, Bus T, Banasiak R, Knabe N, Broughton WJ, Den Dulk-Ras H, Hooykaas PJ, Gorbushina AA. 2014. Genetic transformation of Knufia petricola A95-a model organism for biofilm-material interactions. AMB Express. 4(1):1–6. doi:10.1186/s13568-014-0080-5.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Noack-Schönmann S, Spagin O, Gründer K-P, Breithaupt M, Günter A, Muschik B, Gorbushina A. 2014b. Sub-aerial biofilms as blockers of solar radiation: spectral properties as tools to characterise material-relevant microbial growth. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation. 86:286–293. doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.09.020.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Omelon CR. 2008. Endolithic microbial communities in polar desert habitats. Geomicrobiol J. 25(7–8):404–414. doi:10.1080/01490450802403057.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Onofri S, Barreca D, Selbmann L, Isola D, Rabbow E, Horneck G, de Vera J, Hatton J, Zucconi L. 2008. Resistance of Antarctic black fungi and cryptoendolithic communities to simulated space and Martian conditions. Stud Mycol. 61:99–109. doi:10.3114/sim.2008.61.10.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Onofri S, de La Torre R, de Vera J-P, Ott S, Zucconi L, Selbmann L, Scalzi G, Venkateswaran KJ, Rabbow E, Sánchez Iñigo FJ. 2012. Survival of rock-colonizing organisms after 1.5 years in outer space. Astrobiology. 12(5):508–516. doi:10.1089/ast.2011.0736.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Onofri S, de Vera J-P, Zucconi L, Selbmann L, Scalzi G, Venkateswaran KJ, Rabbow E, de La Torre R, Horneck G. 2015. Survival of Antarctic cryptoendolithic fungi in simulated Martian conditions on board the International Space Station. Astrobiology. 15(12):1052–1059. doi:10.1089/ast.2015.1324.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Onofri S, Selbmann L, de Hoog G, Grube M, Barreca D, Ruisi S, Zucconi L. 2007. Evolution and adaptation of fungi at boundaries of life. Adv Space Res. 40(11):1657–1664. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2007.06.004.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Onofri S, Selbmann L, Pacelli C, de Vera JP, Horneck G, Hallsworth JE, Zucconi L. 2018. Integrity of the DNA and cellular ultrastructure of cryptoendolithic fungi in space or Mars conditions: a 1.5-year study at the International Space Station. Life. 8(2):23. doi:10.3390/life8020023.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Onofri S, Selbmann L, Zucconi L, Pagano S. 2004. Antarctic microfungi as models for exobiology. Planet Space Sci. 52(1–3):229–237. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2003.08.019.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Onofri S, Zucconi L, Isola D, Selbmann L. 2014. Rock-inhabiting fungi and their role in deterioration of stone monuments in the Mediterranean area. Plant Biosyst. 148(2):384–391. doi:10.1080/11263504.2013.877533.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Pacelli C, Bryan RA, Onofri S, Selbmann L, Shuryak I, Dadachova E. 2017a. Melanin is effective in protecting fast and slow growing fungi from various types of ionizing radiation. Environ Microbiol. 19(4):1612–1624. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.13681.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Pacelli C, Bryan RA, Onofri S, Selbmann L, Zucconi L, Shuryak I, Dadachova E. 2018a. The effect of protracted X‐ray exposure on cell survival and metabolic activity of fast and slow growing fungi capable of melanogenesis. Environ Microbiol Rep. 10(3):255–263. doi:10.1111/1758-2229.12632.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Pacelli C, Bryan RA, Onofri S, Selbmann L, Zucconi L, Shuryak I, Dadachova E. 2018b. Survival and redox activity of Friedmanniomyces endolithicus, an Antarctic endemic black meristematic fungus, after gamma rays exposure. Fungal Biol. 122(12):1222–1227. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2018.10.002.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Pacelli C, Cassaro A, Maturilli A, Timperio AM, Gevi F, Cavalazzi B, Stefan M, Ghica D, Onofri S. 2020. Multidisciplinary characterization of melanin pigments from the black fungus Cryomyces antarcticus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 104:6385–6395. doi:10.1007/s00253-020-10666-0.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Pacelli C, Selbmann L, Zucconi L, Coleine C, de Vera J-P, Rabbow E, Böttger U, Dadachova E, Onofri S. 2019. Responses of the black fungus cryomyces antarcticus to simulated Mars and space conditions on rock analogs. Astrobiology. 19(2):209–220. doi:10.1089/ast.2016.1631.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Pacelli C, Selbmann L, Zucconi L, de Vera J-P, Rabbow E, Horneck G, de La Torre R, Onofri S. 2017b. BIOMEX experiment: ultrastructural alterations, molecular damage and survival of the fungus Cryomyces antarcticus after the experiment verification tests. Origins Life Evol Biospheres. 47(2):187–202. doi:10.1007/s11084-016-9485-2.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Pacelli C, Selbmann L, Zucconi L, Raguse M, Moeller R, Shuryak I, Onofri S. 2017c. Survival, DNA integrity, and ultrastructural damage in Antarctic cryptoendolithic eukaryotic microorganisms exposed to ionizing radiation. Astrobiology. 17(2):126–135. doi:10.1089/ast.2015.1456.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Palmer F, Emery D, Stemmler J, Staley J. 1987. Survival and growth of microcolonial rock fungi as affected by temperature and humidity. New Phytol. 107(1):155–162. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb04889.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Palmer F, Staley J, Ryan B. 1990. Ecophysiology of microcolonial fungi and lichens on rocks in Northeastern Oregon. New Phytol. 116(4):613–620. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1990.tb00546.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Palmer R, Friedmann E. 1988. 2.9 incorporation of inorganic carbon by Antarctic cryptoendolithic fungi. Polarforschung. 58(2/3):189–191.
Google Scholar
 
Perry RS, Gorbushina A, Engel MH, Kolb VM, Krumbein WE, Staley JT. 2004. Accumulation and deposition of inorganic and organic compounds by microcolonial fungi. Third European Workshop on Exo-Astrobiology Madrid, Spain.
 

Pinheiro AC, Mesquita N, Trovão J, Soares F, Tiago I, Coelho C, de Carvalho HP, Gil F, Catarino L, Piñar G. 2019. Limestone biodeterioration: a review on the Portuguese cultural heritage scenario. J Cult Heritage. 36:275–285. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2018.07.008.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Pombeiro-Sponchiado SR, Sousa GS, Andrade JC, Lisboa HF, Gonçalves RC. 2017. Production of melanin pigment by fungi and its biotechnological applications. Melanin. 47–75.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Prenafeta-Boldú FX, Roca N, Villatoro C, Vera L, de Hoog GS. 2019. Prospective application of melanized fungi for the biofiltration of indoor air in closed bioregenerative systems. J Hazard Mater. 361:1–9. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.059.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Réblová M, Hubka V, Thureborn O, Lundberg J, Sallstedt T, Wedin M, Ivarsson M. 2016. From the tunnels into the treetops: new lineages of black yeasts from biofilm in the Stockholm metro system and their relatives among ant-associated fungi in the Chaetothyriales. PLoS One. 11(10):e0163396. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163396.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Revankar SG. 2007. Dematiaceous fungi. Mycoses. 50(2):91–101. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2006.01331.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Revankar SG, Sutton DA. 2010. Melanized fungi in human disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 23(4):884–928. doi:10.1128/CMR.00019-10.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Ruibal C, Gueidan C, Selbmann L, Gorbushina A, Crous P, Groenewald J, Muggia L, Grube M, Isola D, Schoch C. 2009. Phylogeny of rock-inhabiting fungi related to Dothideomycetes. Stud Mycol. 64:123–133. doi:10.3114/sim.2009.64.06.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Ruibal C, Platas G, Bills G. 2008. High diversity and morphological convergence among melanised fungi from rock formations in the Central Mountain System of Spain. Persoonia. 21:93. doi:10.3767/003158508X371379.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Ruibal C, Platas G, Bills GF. 2005. Isolation and characterization of melanized fungi from limestone formations in Mallorca. Mycol Prog. 4(1):23–38. doi:10.1007/s11557-006-0107-7.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Ruibal C, Selbmann L, Avci S, Martin-Sanchez PM, Gorbushina AA. 2018. Roof-inhabiting cousins of rock-inhabiting fungi: novel melanized microcolonial fungal species from photocatalytically reactive subaerial surfaces. Life. 8(3):30. doi:10.3390/life8030030.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Scalzi G, Selbmann L, Zucconi L, Rabbow E, Horneck G, Albertano P, Onofri S. 2012. LIFE experiment: isolation of cryptoendolithic organisms from Antarctic colonized sandstone exposed to space and simulated Mars conditions on the International Space Station. Origins Life Evol Biospheres. 42(2):253–262. doi:10.1007/s11084-012-9282-5.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Scheerer S, Ortega‐Morales O, Gaylarde C. 2009. Microbial deterioration of stone monuments—an updated overview. Adv Appl Microbiol. 66:97–139.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Schumacher J, Gorbushina AA. 2020. Light sensing in plant-and rock-associated black fungi. Fungal Biol. 124(5):407–417. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2020.01.004.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Seiffert F, Bandow N, Bouchez J, Von Blanckenburg F, Gorbushina A. 2014. Microbial colonization of bare rocks: laboratory biofilm enhances mineral weathering. Procedia Earth Planet Sci. 10:123–129. doi:10.1016/j.proeps.2014.08.042.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Selbmann L, Benkő Z, Coleine C, de Hoog S, Donati C, Druzhinina I, Emri T, Ettinger CL, Gladfelter AS, Gorbushina AA, et al. 2020. Shed light in the DaRk LineagES of the fungal tree of life—STRES[J]. Life. 10(12):362. doi:10.3390/life10120362.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Selbmann L, de Hoog G, Mazzaglia A, Friedmann E, Onofri S. 2005. Fungi at the edge of life: cryptoendolithic black fungi from Antarctic desert. Stud Mycol. 51(1):1–32.
Google Scholar
 

Selbmann L, de Hoog G, Zucconi L, Isola D, Ruisi S, van Den Ende AG, Ruibal C, de Leo F, Urzì C, Onofri S. 2008. Drought meets acid: three new genera in a dothidealean clade of extremotolerant fungi. Stud Mycol. 61:1–20. doi:10.3114/sim.2008.61.01.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Selbmann L, Grube M, Onofri S, Isola D, Zucconi L. 2013. Antarctic epilithic lichens as niches for black meristematic fungi. Biology. 2(2):784–797. doi:10.3390/biology2020784.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Selbmann L, Isola D, Egidi E, Zucconi L, Gueidan C, de Hoog G, Onofri S. 2014. Mountain tips as reservoirs for new rock-fungal entities: saxomyces gen. nov. and four new species from the Alps. Fungal Divers. 65(1):167–182. doi:10.1007/s13225-013-0234-9.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Selbmann L, Pacelli C, Zucconi L, Dadachova E, Moeller R, de Vera J-P, Onofri S. 2018. Resistance of an Antarctic cryptoendolithic black fungus to radiation gives new insights of astrobiological relevance. Fungal Biol. 122(6):546–554. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2017.10.012.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Selbmann L, Zucconi L, Isola D, Onofri S. 2015. Rock black fungi: excellence in the extremes, from the Antarctic to space. Curr Genet. 61(3):335–345. doi:10.1007/s00294-014-0457-7.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Sert HB, Sterflinger K. 2010. A new Coniosporium species from historical marble monuments. Mycol Prog. 9(3):353–359. doi:10.1007/s11557-009-0643-z.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Sert HB, Suembuel H, Sterflinger K. 2007a. A new species of Capnobotryella from monument surfaces. Mycol Res. 111(10):1235–1241. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.06.011.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Sert HB, Suembuel H, Sterflinger K. 2007b. Sarcinomyces sideticae, a new black yeast from historical marble monuments in Side (Antalya, Turkey). Bot J Linn Soc. 154(3):373–380. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00658.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Sert HB, Suembuel H, Sterflinger K. 2011. Two new species of Capnobotryella from historical monuments. Mycol Prog. 10(3):333–339. doi:10.1007/s11557-010-0706-1.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Sert HB, Wuczkowski M, Sterflinger K. 2012. Capnobotryella isiloglui, a new rock-inhabiting fungus from Austria. Turk J Bot. 36(4):401–407.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Shirakawa MA, Zilles R, Mocelin A, Gaylarde CC, Gorbushina A, Heidrich G, Giudice MC, Del Negro GM, John VM. 2015. Microbial colonization affects the efficiency of photovoltaic panels in a tropical environment. J Environ Manage. 157:160–167. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.03.050.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Silva-Bailao MG, Da Silva KLP, Dos Anjos LRB, de Sousa Lima P, de Melo Teixeira M, de Almeida Soares CM, Bailão AM. 2018. Mechanisms of copper and zinc homeostasis in pathogenic black fungi. Fungal Biol. 122(6):526–537. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2017.12.002.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
Singleton I, Tobin JM. 1996. Fungal interactions with metals and radionuclides for environmental bioremediation. Fungi and environmental change: symposium of the British Mycological Society, held at Cranfield University; March 1994. Cambridge [England]; New York: Published for the British Mycological Society ….
Crossref
 
Smith DF, Casadevall A. 2019. The role of melanin in fungal pathogenesis for animal hosts. In: Rodrigues, M, editor. Fungal physiology and immunopathogenesis. Cham: Springer; p. 1–30.
Crossref
 

Staley JT, Palmer F, Adams JB. 1982. Microcolonial fungi: common inhabitants on desert rocks? Science. 215(4536):1093–1095. doi:10.1126/science.215.4536.1093.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Sterflinger K. 1998a. Ecophysiology of rock inhabiting black yeasts with special reference to temperature and osmotic stress. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 74:271–281. doi:10.1023/A:1001753131034.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Sterflinger K. 1998b. Temperature and NaCl-tolerance of rock-inhabiting meristematic fungi. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 74(4):271–281.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Sterflinger K, de Baere R, de Hoog G, de Wachter R, Krumbein WE, Haase G. 1997. Coniosporium perforans and C. apollinis, two new rock-inhabiting fungi isolated from marble in the Sanctuary of Delos (Cyclades, Greece). Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 72(4):349–363. doi:10.1023/A:1000570429688.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Sterflinger K, de Hoog G, Haase G. 1999. Phylogeny and ecology of meristematic ascomycetes. Stud Mycol. 43:5–22.
Google Scholar
 

Sterflinger K, Gorbushina AA. 1997. Morphological and molecular characterization of a rock inhabiting and rock decaying dematiaceous fungus isolated from antique monuments of Delos (Cyclades, Greece) and Chersonesus (Crimea, Ukraine). Syst Appl Microbiol. 20(2):329–335. doi:10.1016/S0723-2020(97)80080-X.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Sterflinger K, Hain M. 1999. In situ hybridization with rRNA targeted probes as a new tool for the detection of black yeasts and meristematic fungi. Stud Mycol. 43:23–30.
Google Scholar
 

Sterflinger K, Krumbein W. 1995. Multiple stress factors affecting growth of rock‐inhabiting black fungi. Bot Acta. 108(6):490–496. doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.1995.tb00526.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Sterflinger K, Lopandic K, Pandey RV, Blasi B, Kriegner A. 2014. Nothing special in the specialist? Draft genome sequence of Cryomyces antarcticus, the most extremophilic fungus from Antarctica. PLoS One. 9(10):e109908. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109908.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
Sterflinger K. 2006. Black yeasts and meristematic fungi: ecology, diversity and identification. In: Péter, G, Rosa, C, editors. Biodiversity and ecophysiology of yeasts. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; p. 501–514.
Crossref
 

Sterflinger K, Piñar G. 2013. Microbial deterioration of cultural heritage and works of art—tilting at windmills? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 97(22):9637–9646. doi:10.1007/s00253-013-5283-1.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Sterflinger K, Tesei D, Zakharova K. 2012. Fungi in hot and cold deserts with particular reference to microcolonial fungi. Fungal Ecol. 5(4):453–462. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2011.12.007.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Su C-J, Hsieh S-Y, Chiang MW-L, Pang K-L. 2020. Salinity, pH and temperature growth ranges of Halophytophthora isolates suggest their physiological adaptations to mangrove environments. Mycology. 11(3):256–262. doi:10.1080/21501203.2020.1714768.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Su L, Guo L, Hao Y, Xiang M, Cai L, Liu X. 2015. Rupestriomyces and Spissiomyces, two new genera of rock-inhabiting fungi from China. Mycologia. 107(4):831–844. doi:10.3852/14-305.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Sun W, Liu B, Fu R, Liu X, Xiang M. 2019. Two new rock-inhabiting species of Cyphellophora from karst habitats in China. Phytotaxa. 397(1):23–33. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.397.1.2.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Sun W, Su L, Yang S, Sun J, Liu B, Fu R, Wu B, Liu X, Cai L, Guo L. 2020. Unveiling the hidden diversity of rock-inhabiting fungi: chaetothyriales from China. J Fungi. 6(4):187. doi:10.3390/jof6040187.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Taylor JW, Jacobson DJ, Kroken S, Kasuga T, Geiser DM, Hibbett DS, Fisher MC. 2000. Phylogenetic species recognition and species concepts in fungi. Fungal Genet Biol. 31(1):21–32. doi:10.1006/fgbi.2000.1228.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Teixeira M, Moreno LF, Stielow B, Muszewska A, Hainaut M, Gonzaga L, Abouelleil A, Patané J, Priest M, Souza R. 2017. Exploring the genomic diversity of black yeasts and relatives (Chaetothyriales, Ascomycota). Stud Mycol. 86:1–28. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2017.01.001.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Tesei D, Marzban G, Zakharova K, Isola D, Selbmann L, Sterflinger K. 2012. Alteration of protein patterns in black rock inhabiting fungi as a response to different temperatures. Fungal Biol. 116(8):932–940. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2012.06.004.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Tesei D, Quartinello F, Guebitz GM, Ribitsch D, Nöbauer K, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Sterflinger K. 2020. Shotgun proteomics reveals putative polyesterases in the secretome of the rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia chersonesos. Sci Rep. 10(1):1–15. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-56847-4.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Tonon C, Breitenbach R, Voigt O, Turci F, Gorbushina AA, Favero-Longo SE. 2021. Hyphal morphology and substrate porosity-rather than melanization-drive penetration of black fungi into carbonate substrates. J Cult Heritage. 48:244–253. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2020.11.003.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Trovão J, Tiago I, Soares F, Paiva DS, Mesquita N, Coelho C, Catarino L, Gil F, Portugal A. 2019. Description of Aeminiaceae fam. nov., Aeminium gen. nov. and Aeminiumludgeri sp. nov. (Capnodiales), isolated from a biodeteriorated art-piece in the Old Cathedral of Coimbra, Portugal. MycoKeys. (45):57. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.45.31799.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
Urzì C, de Leo F, de Hoog S, Sterflinger K. 2000. Recent advances in the molecular biology and ecophysiology of meristematic stone-inhabiting fungi. In: Ciferri, O, Tiano, P, Mastromei, G, editors. Of microbes and art. Boston (MA): Springer; p. 3–19 doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4239-1_1.
Crossref
 

Urzì C, Wollenzien U, Criseo G, Krumbein WE. 1995. Biodiversity of the rock inhabiting microflora with special reference to black fungi and black yeasts. Microbial diversity and ecosystem function. 16:289–302
Google Scholar
 

Vahidzadeh E, Kalra AP, Shankar K. 2018. Melanin-based electronics: from proton conductors to photovoltaics and beyond. Biosens Bioelectron. 122:127–139. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2018.09.026.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Vasileiou T, Summerer L. 2020. A biomimetic approach to shielding from ionizing radiation: the case of melanized fungi. PLoS One. 15(4):e0229921. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229921.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Vázquez-Nion D, Rodríguez-Castro J, López-Rodríguez M, Fernández-Silva I, Prieto B. 2016. Subaerial biofilms on granitic historic buildings: microbial diversity and development of phototrophic multi-species cultures. Biofouling. 32(6):657–669. doi:10.1080/08927014.2016.1183121.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Voigt O, Knabe N, Nitsche S, Erdmann EA, Schumacher J, Gorbushina AA. 2020. An advanced genetic toolkit for exploring the biology of the rock-inhabiting black fungus Knufia petricola. Sci Rep. 10(1):1–14. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-79120-5.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Volkmann M, Whitehead K, Rütters H, Rullkötter J, Gorbushina AA. 2003. Mycosporine‐glutamicol‐glucoside: a natural UV‐absorbing secondary metabolite of rock‐inhabiting microcolonial fungi. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 17(9):897–902. doi:10.1002/rcm.997.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Wollenzien U, de Hoog G, Krumbein W, Uijthof J. 1997. Sarcinomyces petricola, a new microcolonial fungus from marble in the Mediterranean basin. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 71(3):281–288. doi:10.1023/A:1000157803954
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Wollenzien U, de Hoog G, Krumbein W, Urzi C. 1995. On the isolation of microcolonial fungi occurring on and in marble and other calcareous rocks. Sci Total Environ. 167(1–3):287–294. doi:10.1016/0048-9697(95)04589-S.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Wu B, Hussain M, Zhang W, Stadler M, Liu X, Xiang M. 2019. Current insights into fungal species diversity and perspective on naming the environmental DNA sequences of fungi. Mycology. 10(3):127–140. doi:10.1080/21501203.2019.1614106.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Zakharova K, Marzban G, de Vera J-P, Lorek A, Sterflinger K. 2014. Protein patterns of black fungi under simulated Mars-like conditions. Sci Rep. 4(1):1–7.
Crossref Google Scholar
 

Zakharova K, Tesei D, Marzban G, Dijksterhuis J, Wyatt T, Sterflinger K. 2013. Microcolonial fungi on rocks: a life in constant drought? Mycopathologia. 175(5–6):537–547. doi:10.1007/s11046-012-9592-1.
Crossref Google Scholar
 
Zhang Z-F, Pan Y-P, Liu Y, Li M. 2020. Pacific Biosciences Single-molecule Real-time (SMRT) Sequencing reveals high diversity of basal fungal lineages and stochastic processes controlled fungal community assembly in mangrove sediments.
Crossref
Mycology
Volume 13 Issue 1,
March 2022
Pages 1-31
DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2021.2002452
Cite this article:
Liu B, Fu R, Wu B, et al. Rock-inhabiting fungi: terminology, diversity, evolution and adaptation mechanisms. Mycology, 2022, 13(1): 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/21501203.2021.2002452

292

Views

24

Crossref

24

Web of Science

27

Scopus

Altmetrics
Received: 10 August 2021
Accepted: 30 October 2021
Published: 27 December 2021
© 2021 The Author(s).

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Return