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Topical Review | Open Access

Towards atomic and close-to-atomic scale manufacturing

Fengzhou Fang1,2Nan Zhang2Dongming Guo3Kornel Ehmann4Benny Cheung5Kui Liu6Kazuya Yamamura7
Center of Micro/Nano Manufacturing Technology (MNMT), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
Center of Micro/Nano Manufacturing Technology (MNMT-Dublin), University College Dublin, Ireland
Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
State Key Laboratory of Ultra-Precision Machining Technology, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Singapore 638075
Department of Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Abstract

Human beings have witnessed unprecedented developments since the 1760s using precision tools and manufacturing methods that have led to ever-increasing precision, from millimeter to micrometer, to single nanometer, and to atomic levels. The modes of manufacturing have also advanced from craft-based manufacturing in the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages to precision-controllable manufacturing using automatic machinery. In the past 30 years, since the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope, humans have become capable of manipulating single atoms, laying the groundwork for the coming era of atomic and close-to-atomic scale manufacturing (ACSM). Close-to-atomic scale manufacturing includes all necessary steps to convert raw materials, components, or parts into products designed to meet the user’s specifications. The processes involved in ACSM are not only atomically precise but also remove, add, or transform work material at the atomic and close-to-atomic scales. This review discusses the history of the development of ACSM and the current state-of-the-art processes to achieve atomically precise and/or atomic-scale manufacturing. Existing and future applications of ACSM in quantum computing, molecular circuitry, and the life and material sciences are also described. To further develop ACSM, it is critical to understand the underlying mechanisms of atomic-scale and atomically precise manufacturing; develop functional devices, materials, and processes for ACSM; and promote high throughput manufacturing.

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International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing
Pages 012001-012001
Cite this article:
Fang F, Zhang N, Guo D, et al. Towards atomic and close-to-atomic scale manufacturing. International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing, 2019, 1(1): 012001. https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-7990/ab0dfc
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