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Research | Open Access

Seasonal and regional differences in migration patterns and conservation status of Swan Geese (Anser cygnoides) in the East Asian Flyway

Iderbat Damba1,2,3,†, Junjian Zhang1,†, Kunpeng Yi1, Huashan Dou4, Nyambayar Batbayar5, Tseveenmyadag Natsagdorj5, Batmunkh Davaasuren5, Lei Cao1,2( ), Anthony David Fox6
State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
Institute of Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, 13330, Mongolia
Hulun Lake National Nature Reserve Administration, Inner Mongolia, 021008, China
Wildlife Sciences and Conservation Center of Mongolia, Union Building, B-701, UNESCO Str., Ulaanbaatar, 14210, Mongolia
Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

† Iderbat Damba and Junjian Zhang: Shared first authors

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Abstract

Background

The Swan Goose (Anser cygnoides) breeds across Mongolia and adjacent China and Russia and winters exclusively in China. It is globally threatened, showing long-term major range contractions and declining abundance, linked to habitat loss and degradation. We remain ignorant about the biogeographical subpopulation structure of the species and potential differences in their migration timing, stopovers and schedules, information that could be vital to effective conservation of different elements of the species population, which we address here with results from a telemetry study.

Methods

In 2017–2018, we attached GPS/GSM telemetry devices to 238 Swan Geese on moulting sites in three discrete parts of their summering area (Dauria International Protected Area, Central Mongolia and Western Mongolia), generating 104 complete spring and autumn migration episodes to compare migration speed and nature between birds of different summer provenances.

Results

Birds from all three breeding areas used almost completely separate migration routes to winter sympatrically in the Yangtze River floodplain. Although many features of the spring and autumn migrations of the three groups were similar, despite the significantly longer migration routes taken by Western Mongolian tagged birds, birds from Dauria Region arrived significantly later in winter due to prolonged staging in coastal areas and took longer to reach their breeding areas in spring. Among birds of all breeding provenances, spring migration was approximately twice as fast as autumn migration. Areas used by staging Swan Geese (mainly wetlands) in autumn and spring almost never fell within national level protected areas, suggesting major site safeguard is necessary to protect these critical areas.

Conclusions

This study showed the discreteness of migration routes taken by birds of different summer provenances and differences in their migratory patterns, highlighting key staging areas (Yalu River Estuary in China/North Korea for Dauria Region breeding birds, Daihai Lake for Central Mongolian and Ordos Basin for Western Mongolian birds). Based on this new knowledge of the biogeographical subpopulation structure of the Swan Goose, we need to combine data on subpopulation size, their distribution throughout the annual life cycle and conservation status, to develop more effective conservation strategies and measures to reverse population decline throughout the range.

Keywords

SegmentationAnser cygnoides GPS/GSM telemetryMigration parametersStopover durationSwan Geese

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Avian Research
Volume 12 Issue 1,
January 2021
Article number: 73
DOI: 10.1186/s40657-021-00308-y
Cite this article:
Damba I, Zhang J, Yi K, et al. Seasonal and regional differences in migration patterns and conservation status of Swan Geese (Anser cygnoides) in the East Asian Flyway. Avian Research, 2021, 12(1): 73. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40657-021-00308-y

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Received: 27 February 2021
Accepted: 28 November 2021
Published: 16 December 2021
© The Author(s) 2021.

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