Biomass-derived Porous Carbon Materials for Supercapacitor Electrodes: A Review

Bi Z, Kong Q, Cao Y, Sun G, Su F, Wei X, Li X, Ahmad A, Xie L, Chen C C. Biomass-derived porous carbon materials with different dimensions for supercapacitor electrodes: a review. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2019, 7(27), 16028-16045.

Hao P, Zhao Z, Tian J, Li H, Sang Y, Yu G, Cai H, Liu H, Wong C P, Umar A. Hierarchical porous carbon aerogel derived from bagasse for high performance supercapacitor electrode. Nanoscale, 2014, 6(20), 12120-12129.

Salunkhe R R, Tang J, Kamachi Y, Nakato T, Kim J H, Yamauchi Y. Asymmetric supercapacitors using 3D nanoporous carbon and cobalt oxide electrodes synthesized from a single metal-organic framework. ACS Nano, 2015, 9 (6), 6288-6296.

Yan L, Yu J, Houston J, Flores N, Luo H. Biomass derived porous nitrogen doped carbon for electrochemical devices. Green Energy & Environment, 2017, 2(2), 84-99.

Hall P J, Mirzaeian M, Fletcher S I, Sillars F B, Rennie A J R, Shitta-Bey G O, Wilson G, Cruden A, Carter R. Energy storage in electrochemical capacitors: designing functional materials to improve performance. Energy & Environmental Science, 2010, 3(9), 1238-1251.

Kuperman A, Aharon I. Battery-ultracapacitor hybrids for pulsed current loads: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2011, 15(2), 981-992.

Huggins R A. Supercapacitors and electrochemical pulse sources. Solid State Ionics, 2000, 134(1-2), 179-195.

Yan X, Patterson D. Novel power management for high performance and cost reduction in an electric vehicle. Renewable Energy, 2001, 22(1-3), 177-183.

Azahan N A, Jamian J J, Noorden Z A, Baharudin, M A. An Impact of Controlling Energy Management System via Hybrid Battery-Supercapacitor in Electric Vehicles. Advanced Science Letters, 2017, 23(11), 11382-11386.

Bocklisch T. Hybrid energy storage systems for renewable energy applications. Energy Procedia, 2015, 73, 103-111.

Bonaccorso F, Colombo L, Yu G, Stoller M, Tozzini V, Ferrari A C, Ruoff R S, Pellegrini V. Graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems for energy conversion and storage. Science, 2015, DOI: 10.1126/science.1246501.

Deng J, Li M, Wang Y. Biomass-derived carbon: synthesis and applications in energy storage and conversion. Green Chemistry, 2016, 18(18), 4824-4854.

Choi D, Kumta P N. Nanocrystalline TiN derived by a two-step halide approach for electrochemical capacitors. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2006, 153(12), A2298-A2303.

Ruan C, Ai K, Lu L. Biomass-derived carbon materials for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. RSC Advances, 2014, 4(58), 30887-30895.

Noked M, Soffer A, Aurbach D. The electrochemistry of activated carbonaceous materials: past, present, and future. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 2011, 15(7-8), 1563.

González-García P. Activated carbon from lignocellulosics precursors: a review of the synthesis methods, characterization techniques and applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018, 82, 1393-1414.

Ioannidou O, Zabaniotou A. Agricultural residues as precursors for activated carbon production—A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2007, 11(9), 1966-2005.

Frackowiak E. Carbon materials for supercapacitor application. Physical chemistry chemical physics, 2007, 9 (15), 1774-1785.

Demirbas A. Agricultural based activated carbons for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions: a review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 167(1-3), 1-9.

Schröder E, Thomauske K, Weber C, Hornung A, Tumiatti V. Experiments on the generation of activated carbon from biomass. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2007, 79(1-2), 106-111.

Wang D, Geng Z, Li B, Zhang C. High performance electrode materials for electric double-layer capacitors based on biomass-derived activated carbons. Electrochimica Acta, 2015, 173, 377-384.

Wilson K, Yang H, Seo C W, Marshall W E. Select metal adsorption by activated carbon made from peanut shells. Bioresource Technology, 2006, 97(18), 2266-2270.

Zhao Y, Fang F, Xiao H M, Feng Q P, Xiong L Y, Fu S Y. Preparation of pore-size controllable activated carbon fibers from bamboo fibers with superior performance for xenon storage. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2015, 270, 528-534.

Correa C R, Otto T, Kruse A. Influence of the biomass components on the pore formation of activated carbon. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2017, 97, 53-64.

McKendry P. Energy production from biomass (part 1): overview of biomass. Bioresource Technology, 2002, 83(1), 37-46.

Kan T, Strezov V, Evans T J. Lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis: a review of product properties and effects of pyrolysis parameters. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, 57, 1126-1140.

Dhyani V, Bhaskar T. A comprehensive review on the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Renewable Energy, 2018, 129, 695-716.

Kataki R, Konwer D. Fuelwood characteristics of some indigenous woody species of north-east India. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2001, 20(1), 17-23.

Azeez A M, Meier D, Odermatt J, Willner T. Fast pyrolysis of African and European lignocellulosic biomasses using Py-GC/MS and fluidized bed reactor. Energy & Fuels, 2010, 24(3), 2078-2085.

Wang J, Nie P, Ding B, Dong S, Hao X, Dou H, Zhang X. Biomass derived carbon for energy storage devices. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2017, 5(6), 2411-2428.

Song C, Hu H, Zhu S, Wang G, Chen G. Nonisothermal catalytic liquefaction of corn stalk in subcritical and supercritical water. Energy & Fuels, 2004, 18(1), 90-96.

Vassilev S V, Baxter D, Andersen L K, Vassileva C G, Morgan T J. An overview of the organic and inorganic phase composition of biomass. Fuel, 2012, 94, 1-33.

Raveendran K, Ganesh A, Khilar K C. Influence of mineral matter on biomass pyrolysis characteristics. Fuel, 1995, 74 (12), 1812-1822.

Demirbaş A. Calculation of higher heating values of biomass fuels. Fuel, 1997, 76(5), 431-434.

Cardoso C R, Miranda M R, Santos K G, Ataíde C H. Determination of kinetic parameters and analytical pyrolysis of tobacco waste and sorghum bagasse. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2011, 92(2), 392-400.

Caballero J A, Conesa J A, Font R, Marcilla A. Pyrolysis kinetics of almond shells and olive stones considering their organic fractions. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 1997, 42(2), 159-175.

Khalil H P S A, Davoudpour Y, Islam M N, Mustapha A, Sudesh K, Dungani R, Jawaid M. Production and modification of nanofibrillated cellulose using various mechanical processes: a review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2014, 99, 649-665.

Requejo A, Peleteiro S, Rodríguez A, Garrote G, Parajó J C. Second-generation bioethanol from residual woody biomass. Energy & Fuels, 2011, 25(10), 4803-4810.

Ye D, Farriol X. Improving accessibility and reactivity of celluloses of annual plants for the synthesis of methylcellulose. Cellulose, 2005, 12(5), 507-515.

Gírio F M, Fonseca C, Carvalheiro F, Duarte L C, Marques S, Bogel-Łukasik R. Hemicelluloses for fuel ethanol: a review. Bioresource Technology, 2010, 101(13), 4775-4800.

Binder J B, Blank J J, Cefali A V, Raines R T. Synthesis of furfural from xylose and xylan. ChemSusChem, 2010, 3 (11), 1268-1272.

Li H L, Wang S Y, Wang W J, Ren J L. One-step heterogeneous catalytic process for the dehydration of xylan into furfural. BioResources, 2013, 8(3), 3200-3211.

Mood S H, Golfeshan A H, Tabatabaei M, Jouzani G S, Najafi G H, Gholami M, Ardjmand M. Lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol, a comprehensive review with a focus on pretreatment. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2013, 27, 77-93.

Mohan D, Pittman Jr C U, Steele P H. Pyrolysis of wood/biomass for bio-oil: a critical review. Energy & Fuels, 2006, 20(3), 848-889.

Kumar S M, Singh A, Jithu V P, Revuru A, Das A, Murali R A. Thermodynamic analysis of Torrefaction process. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 2016, 6(1), 245-249.

Ali I, Asim M, Khan T A. Low cost adsorbents for the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater. Journal of Environmental Management, 2012, 113, 170-183.

Lua A C, Lau F Y, Guo J. Influence of pyrolysis conditions on pore development of oil-palm-shell activated carbons. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2006, 76(1-2), 96-102.

Yang H, Yan R, Chen H, Lee D H, Zheng C. Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis. Fuel, 2007, 86(12-13), 1781-1788.

Bommier C, Xu R, Wang W, Wang X F, Wen D, Lu J, Ji X. Self-activation of cellulose: a new preparation methodology for activated carbon electrodes in electrochemical capacitors. Nano Energy, 2015, 13, 709-717.

Biswal M, Banerjee A, Deo M, Ogale S. From dead leaves to high energy density supercapacitors. Energy & Environmental Science, 2013, 6(4), 1249-1259.

Raymundo-Piñero E, Cadek M, Béguin F. Tuning carbon materials for supercapacitors by direct pyrolysis of seaweeds. Advanced Functional Materials, 2009, 19(7), 1032-1039.

Xia C, Shi S Q. Self-activation for activated carbon from biomass: theory and parameters. Green Chemistry, 2016, 18 (7), 2063-2071.

Chen Y D, Huang M J, Huang B, Chen X R. Mesoporous activated carbon from inherently potassium-rich pokeweed by in situ self-activation and its use for phenol removal. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2012, 98, 159-165.

Song L T, Wu Z Y, Liang H W, Fei Z, Yu Z Y, Xu Liang, Pan Z, Yu S H. Macroscopic-scale synthesis of nitrogendoped carbon nanofiber aerogels by template-directed hydrothermal carbonization of nitrogen-containing carbohydrates. Nano Energy, 2016, 19, 117-127.

Laginhas C, Nabais J M V, Titirici M M. Activated carbons with high nitrogen content by a combination of hydrothermal carbonization with activation. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2016, 226, 125-132.

Oomori T, Khajavi S H, Kimura Y, Adachi S, Matsuno R. Hydrolysis of disaccharides containing glucose residue in subcritical water. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 2004, 18(2), 143-147.

Jin F, Zhou Z, Moriya T, Kishida H, Higashijima H, Enomoto H. Controlling hydrothermal reaction pathways to improve acetic acid production from carbohydrate biomass. Environmental Science & Technology, 2005, 39(6), 1893- 1902.

Chheda J N, Román-Leshkov Y, Dumesic J A. Production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural by dehydration of biomass-derived mono-and poly-saccharides. Green Chemistry, 2007, 9(4), 342-350.

Chheda J N, Román-Leshkov Y, Dumesic J A. Production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural by dehydration of biomass-derived mono-and poly-saccharides. Green Chemistry, 2007, 9(4), 342-350.

Funke A, Ziegler F. Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass: a summary and discussion of chemical mechanisms for process engineering. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 2010, 4(2), 160-177.

Titirici M M, Antonietti M, Baccile N. Hydrothermal carbon from biomass: a comparison of the local structure from poly-to monosaccharides and pentoses/hexoses. Green Chemistry, 2008, 10(11), 1204-1212.

Hu B, Wang K, Wu L, Yu S H, Antonietti M, Titirici M M. Engineering carbon materials from the hydrothermal carbonization process of biomass. Advanced Materials, 2010, 22(7), 813-828.

Pari G, Darmawan S, Prihandoko B. Porous carbon spheres from hydrothermal carbonization and KOH activation on cassava and tapioca flour raw material. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2014, 20, 342-351.

Gong Y, Wang H, Wei Z, Xie L, Wang Y. An efficient way to introduce hierarchical structure into biomass-based hydrothermal carbonaceous materials. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2014, 2(10), 2435-2441.

Wei J, Iglesia E. Isotopic and kinetic assessment of the mechanism of reactions of CH₄ with CO₂ or H₂O to form synthesis gas and carbon on nickel catalysts. Journal of Catalysis, 2004, 22(2), 370-383.

Mi J, Wang X R, Fan R J, Qu W H, Li W C. Coconut-shellbased porous carbons with a tunable micro/mesopore ratio for high-performance supercapacitors. Energy & Fuels, 2012, 26(8), 5321-5329.

Wei L, Yushin G. Electrical double layer capacitors with activated sucrose-derived carbon electrodes. Carbon, 2011, 49(14), 4830-4838.

Reed A R, Williams P T. Thermal processing of biomass natural fibre wastes by pyrolysis. International Journal of Energy Research, 2004, 28(2), 131-145.

Amaya A, Medero N, Tancredi N, Silva H, Deiana C. Activated carbon briquettes from biomass materials. Bioresource Technology, 2007, 98(8), 1635-1641.

Toles C A, Marshall W E, Johns M M. Granular activated carbons from nutshells for the uptake of metals and organic compounds. Carbon, 1997, 35(9), 1407-1414.

Nasri N S, Hamza U D, Ismail S N, Ahmed M M, Mohsin R. Assessment of porous carbons derived from sustainable palm solid waste for carbon dioxide capture. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2014, 71, 148-157.

Nabais J M V, Laginhas C E C, Carrott P J M, Carrott M M L R. Production of activated carbons from almond shell. Fuel Processing Technology, 2011, 92(2), 234-240.

González J F, Román S, Encinar J M, Martínez G. Pyrolysis of various biomass residues and char utilization for the production of activated carbons. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2009, 85(1-2), 134-141.

Giraldo-Gutiérrez L, Moreno-Piraján J C. Pb(Ⅱ) and Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption from aqueous solution on activated carbons obtained from sugar cane husk and sawdust. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2008, 81(2), 278-284.

Cheng P, Li T, Yu H, Zhi L, Liu Z, Lei Z. Biomass-derived carbon fiber aerogel as a binder-free electrode for high-rate supercapacitors. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2016, 120(4), 2079-2086.

Huang W, Zhang H, Huang Y, Wang W, Wei S. Hierarchical porous carbon obtained from animal bone and evaluation in electric double-layer capacitors. Carbon, 2011, 49(3), 838-843.

Rosas J M, Ruiz-Rosas R, Rodríguez-Mirasol J, Cordero T. Kinetic study of the oxidation resistance of phosphoruscontaining activated carbons. Carbon, 2012, 50(4), 1523- 1537.

Hulicova-Jurcakova D, Puziy A M, Poddubnaya O I, Suárez-García F, Tascón J M, Lu G Q. Highly stable performance of supercapacitors from phosphorus-enriched carbons. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2009, 131(14), 5026-5027.

Lillo-Ródenas M A, Marco-Lozar J P, Cazorla-Amorós D, Linares-Solano A. Activated carbons prepared by pyrolysis of mixtures of carbon precursor/alkaline hydroxide. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2007, 80(1), 166-174.

Rufford T E, Hulicova-Jurcakova D, Zhu Z, Lu G Q. Nanoporous carbon electrode from waste coffee beans for high performance supercapacitors. Electrochemistry Communications, 2008, 10(10), 1594-1597.

Sevilla M, Fuertes A B. A green approach to high-performance supercapacitor electrodes: the chemical activation of hydrochar with potassium bicarbonate. Chem Sus Chem, 2016, 9(14), 1880-1888.

Yu X, Zhang K, Tian N, Qin A, Liao L, Du R, Wei C. Biomass carbon derived from sisal fiber as anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Materials Letters, 2015, 142, 193-196.

Gurten I I, Ozmak M, Yagmur E, Aktas Z. Preparation and characterisation of activated carbon from waste tea using K₂CO₃. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2012, 37, 73-81.

Maia D A S, Sapag K, Toso J P, López R H, Azevedo D C S, Cavalcante Jr C L, Zgrablich G. Characterization of activated carbons from peach stones through the mixed geometry model. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2010, 134(1-3), 181-188.

Vukčević M M, Kalijadis A M, Vasiljević T M, Babić B M, Laušević Z V, Laušević M D. Production of activated carbon derived from waste hemp (Cannabis sativa) fibers and its performance in pesticide adsorption. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2015, 214, 156-165.

Macedo J S, Otubo L, Ferreira O P, Gimenez I F, Mazali I O, Barreto L S. Biomorphic activated porous carbons with complex microstructures from lignocellulosic residues. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2008, 107(3), 276-285.

Silvestre-Albero A, Gonçalves M, Itoh T, Kaneko K, Endo M, Thommes M, Rodríguez-Reinoso F, Silvestre-Albero J. Well-defined mesoporosity on lignocellulosic-derived activated carbons. Carbon, 2012, 50(1), 66-72.

Marco-Lozar J P, Linares-Solano A, Cazorla-Amorós D. Effect of the porous texture and surface chemistry of activated carbons on the adsorption of a germanium complex from dilute aqueous solutions. Carbon, 2011, 49 (10), 3325-3331.

Mohamed A R, Mohammadi M, Darzi G N. Preparation of carbon molecular sieve from lignocellulosic biomass: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2010, 14(6), 1591-1599.

Zuo S, Yang J, Liu J. Effects of the heating history of impregnated lignocellulosic material on pore development during phosphoric acid activation. Carbon, 2010, 48(11), 3293-3295.

Lin G, Ma R, Zhou Y, Liu Q, Dong X, Wang J. KOH activation of biomass-derived nitrogen-doped carbons for supercapacitor and electrocatalytic oxygen reduction. Electrochimica Acta, 2018, 261, 49-57.

González-García P, Centeno T A, Urones-Garrote E, Ávila-Brande D, Otero-Díaz L C. Microstructure and surface properties of lignocellulosic-based activated carbons. Applied Surface Science, 2013, 265, 731-737.

El-Hendawy A N A. An insight into the KOH activation mechanism through the production of microporous activated carbon for the removal of Pb²⁺ cations. Applied Surface Science, 2009, 255(6), 3723-3730.

Khasri A, Bello O S, Ahmad M A. Mesoporous activated carbon from Pentace species sawdust via microwave-induced KOH activation: optimization and methylene blue adsorption. Research on Chemical Intermediates, 2018, 44 (10), 5737-5757.

Cao Q, Xie K C, Lv Y K, Bao W R. Process effects on activated carbon with large specific surface area from corn cob. Bioresource Technology, 2006, 97(1), 110-115.

Deng J, You Y, Sahajwalla V, Joshi R K. Transforming waste into carbon-based nanomaterials. Carbon, 2016, 96, 105-115.

Fang B, Kim J H, Kim M S, Yu J S. Hierarchical nanostructured carbons with meso-macroporosity: design, characterization, and applications. Accounts of Chemical Research, 2013, 46(7), 1397-1406.

Wang G, Zhang L, Zhang J. A review of electrode materials for electrochemical supercapacitors. Chemical Society Reviews, 2012, 41(2), 797-828.

Paraknowitsch J P, Thomas A. Doping carbons beyond nitrogen: an overview of advanced heteroatom doped carbons with boron, sulphur and phosphorus for energy applications. Energy & Environmental Science, 2013, 6 (10), 2839-2855.

Wu F C, Tseng R L, Hu C C, Wang C C. Effects of pore structure and electrolyte on the capacitive characteristics of steam- and KOH-activated carbons for supercapacitors. Journal of Power Sources, 2005, 144(1), 302-309.

Ma F, Song S, Wu G, Ma D. Facile self-templating large scale preparation of biomass-derived 3D hierarchical porous carbon for advanced supercapacitors. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2015, 3(35), 18154-18162.

Zhao J, Lai H, Lyu Z, Jiang Y, Xie K, Wang X, Wu Q, Yang L, Jin Z, Ma Y, et al. Hydrophilic hierarchical nitrogen-doped carbon nanocages for ultrahigh supercapacitive performance. Advanced Materials, 2015, 27(23), 3541-3545.

Wang J, Shen L, Nie P, Yun X, Xu Y, Dou H, Zhang X. N-doped carbon foam based three-dimensional electrode architectures and asymmetric supercapacitors. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2015, 3(6), 2853-2860.

Hulicova-Jurcakova D, Seredych M, Lu G Q, Bandosz T J. Combined effect of nitrogen-and oxygen-containing functional groups of microporous activated carbon on its electrochemical performance in supercapacitors. Advanced Functional Materials, 2009, 19(3), 438-447.

Lee Y H, Chang K H, Hu C C. Differentiate the pseudocapacitance and double-layer capacitance contributions for nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide in acidic and alkaline electrolytes. Journal of Power Sources, 2013, 227, 300-308.

He S, Hou H, Chen W. 3D porous and ultralight carbon hybrid nanostructure fabricated from carbon foam covered by monolayer of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes for high performance supercapacitors. Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 280, 678-686.

Zou K, Deng Y, Chen J, Qian Y, Yang Y, Li Y, Chen G. Hierarchically porous nitrogen-doped carbon derived from the activation of agriculture waste by potassium hydroxide and urea for high-performance supercapacitors. Journal of Power Sources, 2018, 378, 579-588.

Tang Z, Pei Z, Wang Z, Li H, Zeng J, Ruan Z, Huang Y, Zhu M, Xue Q, Yu J, et al. Highly anisotropic, multichannel wood carbon with optimized heteroatom doping for supercapacitor and oxygen reduction reaction. Carbon, 2018, 130, 532-543.

Yu G, Hu L, Liu N, Wang H, Vosgueritchian M, Yang Y, Cui Y, Bao Z. Enhancing the supercapacitor performance of graphene/MnO₂ nanostructured electrodes by conductive wrapping. Nano Letters, 2011, 11(10), 4438-4442.

Jin H, Li J, Yuan Y, Wang J, Lu J, Wang S. Recent Progress in Biomass-Derived Electrode Materials for High Volumetric Performance Supercapacitors. Advanced Energy Materials, 2018, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201801007.

Fang K, Chen J, Zhou X, Mei C, Tian Q, Xu J, Wong C P. Decorating biomass-derived porous carbon with Fe₂O₃ ultrathin film for high-performance supercapacitors. Electrochimica Acta, 2018, 261, 198-205.

Yang G, Park S J. MnO₂ and biomass-derived 3D porous carbon composites electrodes for high performance supercapacitor applications. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2018, 741, 360-367.