Desert sand, a local raw material in Xinjiang of China, was used to partially replace natural sand. The uniaxial tensile test of ultra-high toughness cement-based composites was carried out with polyethylene fiber content and water-binder ratio as variables. The effects of different material components on the uniaxial tensile properties of desert sand polyethylene fiber ultra-high toughness cement-based composites were analyzed. Through the analysis of its uniaxial tensile stress-strain relationship, considering the changes of fiber content and water-binder ratio parameters, the least square method is used to perform regression analysis on its constitutive model. The nonlinear curve is used to represent the strengthening stage of the specimen, and the tensile constitutive model of desert sand polyethylene fiber ultra-high toughness cement-based composites is established. The results show that the tensile constitutive model proposed in this paper can better predict the tensile stress-strain relationship of PE-ECC, which is in good agreement with the experimental results.