Optimization of Multi-energy Microgrids with Waste Process Capacity for Electricity-hydrogen Charging Services

Jiajia Yan; Yun Teng; Zhe Chen

doi:10.17775/CSEEJPES.2021.05060

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Open Access

Optimization of Multi-energy Microgrids with Waste Process Capacity for Electricity-hydrogen Charging Services

Jiajia Yan, Yun Teng

(), Zhe Chen

Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China

Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg DK-9220, Denmark

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Abstract

The highway service area, with facilities for electricity-hydrogen charging, includes multi-energy load energy demands and domestic waste process demands. Based on these needs, a fully renewable energy based multi-energy microgrid with electricity-hydrogen charging services and waste process capacity is proposed. This paper studies the energy input and output characteristics of multi-energy conversion and storage devices, and establishes the model for electricity-hydrogen charging microgrid (EH-CMG). The multi-energy conversion, storage characteristics and multi-energy flow coordination in the EH-CMG are then studied. An optimization model and its algorithm solution, based on constraints such as the charging time of vehicles, the reliability of multi-energy load energy supply and the available grid regulation performance in the EH-CMG, are established. The proposed optimization of EH-CMG is illustrated with the actual multi-energy operation data of a highway service area in northwest China. The results demonstrate that the proposed EH-CMG and its optimization method can achieve economic benefits for a multi-energy system with the ability of waste process, electricity-hydrogen charging, and also provide better regulation characteristics for the power grid.

Keywords

Electricity-hydrogen charging microgrid renewable energy waste process capacity

References

[1]

C. M.

Martinez

, X. S.

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Cao

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, and M.

Wellers

, “Energy management in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: Recent progress and a connected vehicles perspective,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicula Technology, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 4534–4549, Jun. 2017.

A. Set and Indices
$k \in K$	Index and set of devices in waste treatment facility.
$t \in N_{T}$	Index and set of time period.
$i \in I$	Index and set of multi-energy conversion equipment.
B. Variables
$P_{P F, t}$	Power consumed by waste treatment facilities at time $t$ .
$P_{e q, k, t}$	Power consumed by the $k$ -th device for waste process at time $t$ .
$W_{t}$	Waste process amount at time $t$ .
$G_{P F, t}$	Gas output of waste pyrolysis and gasification treatment facilities at time $t$ .
$C_{E, t} / C_{H_{2}, t}$	Electricity and hydrogen charging income at time $t$ .
$P_{C P, t} / P_{H M, t}$	Charging capacity of charging piles and hydrogen quantity supplied by hydrogen dispenser at time $t$ .
$C_{M, t}$	Maintenance cost at time $t$ .
$P_{M, t}$	Cumulative value of energy supply as of time $t$ in a single maintenance cycle.
$C_{W D, t}$	Income from waste treatment at time $t$ .
$P_{W D, t}$	Amount of waste treated by pyrolysis furnace at time $t$ .
$C_{gas, t}$	Profit from the sale of remaining natural gas at time $t$ .
$P_{gas, t}$	Amount of the sale of natural gas at time $t$ .
$C_{R G, t}$	Profit obtained by EH-CMG regulating the grid at time $t$ .
$P_{R G, t}$	Regulated power of EH-CMG to the grid at time $t$ .
$P_{L-E, t} / P_{L-H_{2}, t} / P_{L-gas, t} / P_{L-H, t}$	Demand of electric/hydrogen/gas/heat loads at time $t$ .
$P_{W P, t} / P_{PV-H, t}$	Active power of wind power/ photovoltaic output at time $t$ .
$P_{H_{2} -E, t} / P_{gas-E, t} / P_{F-E, t} / P_{HP-E, t} / P_{PF-E, t}$	Active power consumed by hydrogen production/methanation/fuel cell/heat pump/pyrolysis furnace at time $t$ .
$P_{H_{2} -H_{2}, t}$	Hydrogen supply power of electric hydrogen production at time $t$ .
$P_{{F-H}_{2}, t}$	Hydrogen consumption power of fuel cell at time $t$ .
$P_{gas-gas, t} / P_{PF-gas, t}$	Gas supply power of methanation/pyrolysis furnace at time $t$ .
$P_{HP-H, t} / P_{gas-H, t}$	Heat power of heat pump and the methanation process at time $t$ .
$P_{S-H_{2}, t}^{r} / P_{S-gas, t}^{s} / P_{S-gas, t}^{r} / P_{S-H, t}^{s} / P_{S-H, t}^{r}$	Charging/discharging of hydrogen/gas/ heat storage devices at time $t$ .
$τ / y_{1} / y_{2} / g_{1} / g_{2} / h_{1} / h_{2}$	0/1 variable.
$P_{S, t}$	Total equivalent electric power provided by energy storage equipment at time $t$ .
$S_{s, t} / S_{r, t}$	Power of charging and discharging of the energy storage equipment at time $t$ .
$S_{W, t}$	Amount of waste remaining at time $t$ .
C. Parameters
$ℏ_{PF}$	Energy conversion coefficient of pyrolysis furnace.
$P_{out-E} / P_{out-H2} / P_{out-gas} / P_{out-H}$	Power/hydrogen/natural gas/thermal output.
$α_{1} / α_{2} / α_{3} / α_{4}$	Distribution coefficient of electric energy.
$ϕ_{H2} / ϕ_{gas} / ϕ_{HP} / ϕ_{F} / ϕ_{PF}$	Energy conversion efficiency.
$κ_{1} / κ_{2} / κ_{3} / κ_{4}$	Distribution coefficients of hydrogen generated in the electric hydrogen production.
$ξ_{1} / ξ_{2}$	Distribution coefficient of stored hydrogen.
$θ_{1} / θ_{2}$	Distribution coefficient of natural gas generated by hydrogen methanation.
$ψ$	Conversion coefficient of heat generated during the operation of methanation.
$σ_{1} / σ_{2}$	Distribution coefficient of natural gas generated by pyrolysis furnace.
$δ_{1} / δ_{2}$	Distribution coefficient of heat energy generated by heat pump.
$ϕ_{H-S} / ϕ_{H2-S} / ϕ_{gas-S}$	Operation efficiency of heat/hydrogen/ gas storage equipment.
$c_{C P} / c_{H M}$	Unit electricity/hydrogen prices.
$c_{M, t}$	Unit maintenance cost.
$c_{W D}$	Unit return from the treatment of waste by pyrolysis furnace.
$c_{gas}$	Unit return from the sale of natural gas.
$c_{I N} / c_{E X}$	Unit input/output electricity income obtained by the EH-CMG regulating the grid.
$P_{e} / P_{h 2} / P_{g} / P_{h}$	Probability of reliable energy supply of EH-CMG to electric/thermal/hydrogen/gas loads.
$\tilde{e} / \tilde{w} / \tilde{v} / {\tilde{h}}_{2} / \tilde{g} / \tilde{h}$	Prediction errors of wind power/photovoltaic output and electric/thermal/hydrogen/gas loads with normal distribution.
$P_{e o, t}^{\max} / P_{e o, t}^{\min} / P_{e i, t}^{\max} / P_{e i, t}^{\min}$	Upper and lower limits of the discharge/charging power that the EH-CMG can provide for grid regulation.
$P_{k}$	Total energy required by the $k$ -th vehicle.
$p_{k -avg}$	Average charging power of the $k$ -th vehicle in the charging time period.
$s_{k} / a_{k} / l_{k}$	Start time of the $k$ -th vehicle charging, and arrival/departure time of the vehicle.
$P_{a, k}$	Actual charging capacity of the $k$ -th vehicle.
$P_{t l, min} / P_{t l, max}$	Up/down power of the tie line between EH-CMG and the grid.
${\tilde{P}}_{W P}^{G B} / {\tilde{P}}_{P V}^{G B}$	Maximum power variation of wind power/photovoltaic specified in the national standards.
$P_{i, max} / P_{i, min}$	Upper/lower limits of output of multi-energy conversion equipment.
$S_{gas,max} / S_{gas,min} / S_{H2,max} / S_{H2,max} / S_{H,min} / S_{H,min}$	Upper/lower limits of gas/hydrogen/ heat storage capacity.
$S_{s, max} / S_{s, min} / S_{r, max} / S_{r, min}$	Upper/lower limits of charging/discharging of the energy storage equipment.
$P_{W, max}$	Maximum garbage capacity.
$P_{P F, max} / P_{P F, min}$	Upper/lower limits of gas output of pyrolysis furnace.

Description	Peak period	Flat period	Valley period
Electricity buying ($/(kW $\cdot$ h))	0.12	0.071	0.033
Electricity selling ($/(kW $\cdot$ h))	0.224	0.224	0.224
Regulation grid - output electricity ($/(kW $\cdot$ h))	1.15	1.02	0.92
Regulation grid - input electricity ($/(kW $\cdot$ h))	0.85	0.8	0.78
Gas buying ($/m3)	0.33	0.33	0.33
Gas selling ($/m3)	0.38	0.34	0.318
Hydrogen selling ($/kg)	9.63	9.63	9.63
Waste process ($/t)	88.43	88.43	88.43
Recycling waste ($/t)	82.49	82.49	82.49
Waste process subsidy ($/t)	42	42	42

Scenario	1	2	3	4	5
Fuel cell	$\times$	$\times$	$○$	$\times$	$○$
waste pyrolysis and gasification treatment facilities	$\times$	$\times$	$\times$	$○$	$○$
Hydrogen production	$○$	$○$	$○$	$○$	$○$
Methanation	$○$	$○$	$○$	$○$	$○$
Heat pump	$○$	$○$	$○$	$○$	$○$
Battery	$\times$	$○$	$\times$	$○$	$\times$
Hydrogen/he-at/gas storage devices	$○$	$○$	$○$	$○$	$○$

Description	Scenario 1 (spring/summer/winter)	Scenario 2 (spring/summer/winter)	Scenario 3 (spring/summer/winter)	Scenario 4 (spring/summer/winter)	Scenario 5 (spring/summer/winter)
Maintenance cost ($)	330/350/425	1,139/1,166/1,369	991/1,093/1,183	1,675/1,772/1,846	1,129/1,143/1,189
Electricity purchase cost ($)	46,635/50,964/46,064	14,945/16,960/16,131	4,929/6,172/5,801	15,659/18,107/16,831	0/0/0
Gas purchase cost ($)	335/442/407	314/378/300	285/314/242	0/0/0	0/0/0
Charging income ($)	109,830/115,645/104,148	109,830/115,645/104,148	109,830/115,645/104,148	109,830/115,645/104,148	109,830/115,645/104,148
Regulating the grid ($)	0/0/0	0/0/0	762/767/702	0/0/0	1,379/1,168/1,059
Waste disposal capacity (t)	0/0/0	0/0/0	0/0	46.32/49.67/47.61	93.15/98.34/94.12
Waste disposal cost ($)	2,257/2,486/2,386	3,229/3,272/3,129	3,029/3,186/2,929	-1,886/-2,415/-1,815	-2,715/-2,870/-3,400
Government subsidies ($)	0/0/0	0/0/0	0/0/0	1,945/2,086/2,000	3,912/4,130/3,953
Selling natural gas ($)	0/0/0	0/0/0	0/0/0	2,472/2,872/3,329	5,001/4,658/4,858
Total revenue ($)	60,273/61,403/54,866	90,203/93,869/83,219	101,358/105,647/94.695	98,799/103,139/92,615	121,708/127,328/116,229

Season	The optimal solution ($)	The worst solution($)	Average value ($)	Average solution time (s)
Spring	128,025	104,573	116,544	118.5
Summer	140,327	118,703	132,050	114.2
Winter	125,435	98,392	112,487	103.3