AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
Powered by AMiner. Clicking this button will take you away from SciOpen.
Home Cancer Biology & Medicine Article
PDF (1.3 MB)
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Submit Manuscript AI Chat Paper
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Review | Open Access

The role and its mechanism of intermittent fasting in tumors: friend or foe?

Xu Zhao1,2, Jing Yang1,2, Ruoyu Huang1,2, Mengmeng Guo1,2, Ya Zhou1 ( ), Lin Xu1,2 ( )
Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy & Base for Talents in Biotherapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi 563000, China
Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
Show Author Information

Abstract

Intermittent fasting (IF) is becoming a prevailing topic worldwide, as it can cause changes in the body's energy metabolism processes, improve health, and affect the progression of many diseases, particularly in the circumstance of oncology. Recent research has shown that IF can alter the energy metabolism of tumor cells, thereby inhibiting tumor growth and improving antitumor immune responses. Furthermore, IF can increase cancer sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiotherapy and reduce the side effects of these traditional anticancer treatments. IF is therefore emerging as a promising approach to clinical cancer treatment. However, the balance between long-term benefits of IF compared with the harm from insufficient caloric intake is not well understood. In this article, we review the role of IF in tumorigenesis and tumor therapy, and discuss some scientific problems that remain to be clarified, which might provide some assistance in the application of IF in clinical tumor therapy.

Keywords

immunotherapytumorenergy metabolismimmune escapeIntermittent fasting

References

1

Turbitt WJ, Demark-Wahnefried W, Peterson CM, Norian LA. Targeting glucose metabolism to enhance immunotherapy: emerging evidence on intermittent fasting and calorie restriction mimetics. Front Immunol. 2019; 10: 1402.
Crossref Google Scholar
2

Rangan P, Choi I, Wei M, Navarrete G, Guen E, Brandhorst S, et al. Fasting-mimicking diet modulates microbiota and promotes intestinal regeneration to reduce inflammatory bowel disease pathology. Cell Rep. 2019; 26: 2704-19. e6.
Crossref Google Scholar
3

Capó X, Martorell M, Ferrer MD, Sureda A, Pons V, Domingo JC, et al. Calorie restriction improves physical performance and modulates the antioxidant and inflammatory responses to acute exercise. Nutrients. 2020; 12: 930.
Crossref Google Scholar
4

Yancy WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, Bakst RP, Westman EC. A lowcarbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2004; 140: 769-77.
Crossref Google Scholar
5

Wilhelmi de Toledo F, Grundler F, Sirtori CR, Ruscica M. Unravelling the health effects of fasting: a long road from obesity treatment to healthy life span increase and improved cognition. Ann Med. 2020; 52: 147-61.
Crossref Google Scholar
6

Anton SD, Moehl K, Donahoo WT, Marosi K, Lee SA, Mainous AG, et al. Flipping the metabolic switch: understanding and applying the health benefits of fasting. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2018; 26: 254-68.
Crossref Google Scholar
7

Mattson MP, Longo VD, Harvie M. Impact of intermittent fasting on health and disease processes. Ageing Res Rev. 2017; 39: 46-58.
Crossref Google Scholar
8

Longo VD, Panda S. Fasting, circadian rhythms, and time-restricted feeding in healthy lifespan. Cell Metab. 2016; 23: 1048-59.
Crossref Google Scholar
9

Moreschi C. Beziehungen zwischen Ernahrung und Tumorwachstum. Zeitschrift fur Immunitatsforsch. 1909; 2: 661-75.
Google Scholar
10

Weindruch R, Sohal RS. Caloric intake and aging. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 986-94.
Crossref Google Scholar
11

Prokopenko LG, Nikolaeva IA, Baĭburin FIa, Kotel'nikova LV. The immunomodulating action of intermittent fasting under temperature, toxic and food loads. PatolFiziolEkspTer. 1998: 15-7.
Google Scholar
12

Descamps O, Riondel J, Ducros V, Roussel AM. Mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species and incidence of ageassociated lymphoma in OF1 mice: effect of alternate-day fasting. Mech Ageing Dev. 2005; 126: 1185-91.
Crossref Google Scholar
13

Harvie M, Howell A. Energy restriction and the prevention of breast cancer. Proc Nutr Soc. 2012; 71: 263-75.
Crossref Google Scholar
14

Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Peiris-Pagés M, Pestell RG, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. Cancer metabolism: a therapeutic perspective. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2017; 14: 11-31.
Crossref Google Scholar
15

Meynet O, Ricci JE. Caloric restriction and cancer: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Trends Mol Med. 2014; 20: 419-27.
Crossref Google Scholar
16

Mattison JA, Colman RJ, Beasley TM, Allison DB, Kemnitz JW, Roth GS, et al. Caloric restriction improves health and survival of rhesus monkeys. Nat Commun. 2017; 8: 14063.
Crossref Google Scholar
17

O'Flanagan CH, Smith LA, McDonell SB, Hursting SD. When less may be more: calorie restriction and response to cancer therapy. BMC Med. 2017; 15: 106.
Crossref Google Scholar
18

Nencioni A, Caffa I, Cortellino S, Longo VD. Fasting and cancer: molecular mechanisms and clinical application. Nat Rev Cancer. 2018; 18: 707-19.
Crossref Google Scholar
19

Kim KH, Kim YH, Son JE, Lee JH, Kim S, Choe MS, et al. Intermittent fasting promotes adipose thermogenesis and metabolic homeostasis via VEGF-mediated alternative activation of macrophage. Cell Res. 2017; 27: 1309-26.
Crossref Google Scholar
20

Almeneessier AS, BaHammam AA, Alzoghaibi M, Olaish AH, Nashwan SZ, BaHammam AS. The effects of diurnal intermittent fasting on proinflammatory cytokine levels while controlling for sleep/wake pattern, meal composition and energy expenditure. PLoS One. 2019; 14: e0226034.
Crossref Google Scholar
21

Longo VD, Mattson MP. Fasting: molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Cell Metab. 2014; 19: 181-92.
Crossref Google Scholar
22

Di Francesco A, Di Germanio C, Bernier M, de Cabo R. A time to fast. Science. 2018; 362: 770-5.
Crossref Google Scholar
23

Gotthardt JD, Verpeut JL, Yeomans BL, Yang JA, Yasrebi A, Roepke TA, et al. Intermittent fasting promotes fat loss with lean mass retention, increased hypothalamic norepinephrine content, and increased neuropeptide Y gene expression in diet-induced obese male mice. Endocrinology. 2016; 157: 679-91.
Crossref Google Scholar
24

Arum O, Saleh JK, Boparai RK, Kopchick JJ, Khardori RK, Bartke A. Preservation of blood glucose homeostasis in slow-senescing somatotrophism-deficient mice subjected to intermittent fasting begun at middle or old age. Age (Dordr). 2014; 36: 9651.
Crossref Google Scholar
25

Harvie M, Wright C, Pegington M, McMullan D, Mitchell E, Martin B, et al. The effect of intermittent energy and carbohydrate restriction v. daily energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers in overweight women. Br J Nutr. 2013; 110: 1534-47.
Crossref Google Scholar
26

Karbowska J, Kochan Z. Intermittent fasting up-regulates Fsp27/Cidec gene expression in white adipose tissue. Nutrition. 2012; 28: 294-9.
Crossref Google Scholar
27

Duan W, Guo Z, Jiang H, Ware M, Mattson MP. Reversal of behavioral and metabolic abnormalities, and insulin resistance syndrome, by dietary restriction in mice deficient in brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Endocrinology. 2003; 144: 2446-53.
Crossref Google Scholar
28

Varady KA, Allister CA, Roohk DJ, Hellerstein MK. Improvements in body fat distribution and circulating adiponectin by alternateday fasting versus calorie restriction. J Nutr Biochem. 2010; 21: 188-95.
Crossref Google Scholar
29

Wan R, Ahmet I, Brown M, Cheng A, Kamimura N, Talan M, et al. Cardioprotective effect of intermittent fasting is associated with an elevation of adiponectin levels in rats. J Nutr Biochem. 2010; 21: 413-7.
Crossref Google Scholar
30

Panda S. Circadian physiology of metabolism. Science. 2016; 354: 1008-15.
Crossref Google Scholar
31

Mattson MP, Moehl K, Ghena N, Schmaedick M, Cheng A. Intermittent metabolic switching, neuroplasticity and brain health. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2018; 19: 63-80.
Crossref Google Scholar
32

Kogure A, Uno M, Ikeda T, Nishida E. The microRNA machinery regulates fasting-induced changes in gene expression and longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Biol Chem. 2017; 292: 11300-9.
Crossref Google Scholar
33

Cheng CW, Adams GB, Perin L, Wei M, Zhou X, Lam BS, et al. Prolonged fasting reduces IGF-1/PKA to promote hematopoieticstem-cell-based regeneration and reverse immunosuppression. Cell Stem Cell. 2014; 14: 810-23.
Crossref Google Scholar
34

Cantó C, Jiang LQ, Deshmukh AS, Mataki C, Coste A, Lagouge M, et al. Interdependence of AMPK and SIRT1 for metabolic adaptation to fasting and exercise in skeletal muscle. Cell Metab. 2010; 11: 213-9.
Crossref Google Scholar
35

Silvestre MF, Viollet B, Caton PW, Leclerc J, Sakakibara I, Foretz M, et al. The AMPK-SIRT signaling network regulates glucose tolerance under calorie restriction conditions. Life Sci. 2014; 100: 55-60.
Crossref Google Scholar
36

An Y, Wang B, Wang X, Dong G, Jia J, Yang Q. SIRT1 inhibits chemoresistance and cancer stemness of gastric cancer by initiating an AMPK/FOXO3 positive feedback loop. Cell Death Dis. 2020; 11: 115.
Crossref Google Scholar
37

Torrens-Mas M, Cordani M, Mullappilly N, Pacchiana R, Riganti C, Palmieri M, et al. Mutant p53 induces SIRT3/MnSOD axis to moderate ROS production in melanoma cells. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2020; 679: 108219.
Crossref Google Scholar
38

Qiu X, Brown K, Hirschey MD, Verdin E, Chen D. Calorie restriction reduces oxidative stress by SIRT3-mediated SOD2 activation. Cell Metab. 2010; 12: 662-7.
Crossref Google Scholar
39

Tao R, Coleman MC, Pennington JD, Ozden O, Park SH, Jiang H, et al. Sirt3-mediated deacetylation of evolutionarily conserved lysine 122 regulates MnSOD activity in response to stress. Mol Cell. 2010; 40: 893-904.
Crossref Google Scholar
40

Alhazzazi TY, Kamarajan P, Verdin E, Kapila YL. SIRT3 and cancer: tumor promoter or suppressor? Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011; 1816: 80-8.
Crossref Google Scholar
41

Finley LW, Carracedo A, Lee J, Souza A, Egia A, Zhang J, et al. SIRT3 opposes reprogramming of cancer cell metabolism through HIF1α destabilization. Cancer Cell. 2011; 19: 416-28.
Crossref Google Scholar
42

Sundaresan NR, Gupta M, Kim G, Rajamohan SB, Isbatan A, Gupta MP. Sirt3 blocks the cardiac hypertrophic response by augmenting Foxo3a-dependent antioxidant defense mechanisms in mice. J Clin Invest. 2009; 119: 2758–71.
Crossref Google Scholar
43

Kenny TC, Hart P, Ragazzi M, Sersinghe M, Chipuk J, Sagar MAK, et al. Selected mitochondrial DNA landscapes activate the SIRT3 axis of the UPR to promote metastasis. Oncogene. 2017; 36: 4393-404.
Crossref Google Scholar
44

Rangarajan P, Karthikeyan A, Lu J, Ling EA, Dheen ST. Sirtuin 3 regulates Foxo3a-mediated antioxidant pathway in microglia. Neuroscience. 2015; 311: 398-414.
Crossref Google Scholar
45

Kenny TC, Craig AJ, Villanueva A, Germain D. Mitohormesis primes tumor invasion and metastasis. Cell Rep. 2019; 27: 2292-303.
Crossref Google Scholar
46

Lu Z, Xie J, Wu G, Shen J, Collins R, Chen W, et al. Fasting selectively blocks development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia via leptin-receptor upregulation. Nat Med. 2017; 23: 79-90.
Crossref Google Scholar
47

Tessitore L, Tomasi C, Greco M, Sesca E, Laconi E, Maccioni O, et al. A subnecrogenic dose of diethylnitrosamine is able to initiate hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat when coupled with fasting/refeeding. Carcinogenesis. 1996; 17: 289-92.
Crossref Google Scholar
48

Tannenbaum A, Silverstone H. Failure to inhibit the formation of mammary carcinoma in mice by intermittent fasting. Cancer Res. 1950; 10: 577-9.
Google Scholar
49

Buschemeyer WC, Klink JC, Mavropoulos JC, Poulton SH, Demark-Wahnefried W, Hursting SD, et al. Effect of intermittent fasting with or without caloric restriction on prostate cancer growth and survival in SCID mice. Prostate. 2010; 70: 1037-43.
Crossref Google Scholar
50

Thomas JA, Antonelli JA, Lloyd JC, Masko EM, Poulton SH, Phillips TE, et al. Effect of intermittent fasting on prostate cancer tumor growth in a mouse model. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2010; 13: 350-5.
Crossref Google Scholar
51

Fontana L, Weiss EP, Villareal DT, Klein S, Holloszy JO. Long-term effects of calorie or protein restriction on serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 concentration in humans. Aging Cell. 2008; 7: 681-7.
Crossref Google Scholar
52

Ko A, Kanehisa A, Martins I, Senovilla L, Chargari C, Dugue D, et al. Autophagy inhibition radiosensitizes in vitro, yet reduces radioresponses in vivo due to deficient immunogenic signalling. Cell Death Differ. 2014; 21: 92-9.
Crossref Google Scholar
53

Liu ZM, Chen GG, Ng EK, Leung WK, Sung JJ, Chung SC. Upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 and p21 confers resistance to apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells. Oncogene. 2004; 23: 503-13.
Crossref Google Scholar
54

Englert JM, Powell JD. Hunger pains: stimulating the appetite of the immune system for cancer. Cancer Cell. 2016; 30: 13-5.
Crossref Google Scholar
55

Husain Z, Huang Y, Seth P, Sukhatme VP. Tumor-derived lactate modifies antitumor immune response: effect on myeloid-derived suppressor cells and NK cells. J Immunol. 2013; 191: 1486-95.
Crossref Google Scholar
56

Kovarik JJ, Kernbauer E, Hölzl MA, Hofer J, Gualdoni GA, Schmetterer KG, et al. Fasting metabolism modulates the interleukin-12/interleukin-10 cytokine axis. PLoS One. 2017; 12: e0180900.
Crossref Google Scholar
57

Jordan S, Tung N, Casanova-Acebes M, Chang C, Cantoni C, Zhang D, et al. Dietary intake regulates the circulating inflammatory monocyte pool. Cell. 2019; 178: 1102-14. e17.
Crossref Google Scholar
58

Sica A, Schioppa T, Mantovani A, Allavena P. Tumour-associated macrophages are a distinct M2 polarised population promoting tumour progression: potential targets of anti-cancer therapy. Eur J Cancer. 2006; 42: 717-27.
Crossref Google Scholar
59

Liu Y, Yu Y, Matarese G, La Cava A. Cutting edge: fasting-induced hypoleptinemia expands functional regulatory T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol. 2012; 188: 2070-3.
Crossref Google Scholar
60

Zenz G, Jačan A, Reichmann F, Farzi A, Holzer P. Intermittent fasting exacerbates the acute immune and behavioral sickness response to the viral mimic poly(I: C) in mice. Front Neurosci. 2019; 13: 359.
Crossref Google Scholar
61

Safdie FM, Dorff T, Quinn D, Fontana L, Wei M, Lee C, et al. Fasting and cancer treatment in humans: a case series report. Aging (Albany NY). 2009; 1: 988-1007.
Crossref Google Scholar
62

Klement RJ, Champ CE. Calories, carbohydrates, and cancer therapy with radiation: exploiting the five R's through dietary manipulation. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2014; 33: 217-29.
Crossref Google Scholar
63

Wing EJ, Stanko RT, Winkelstein A, Adibi SA. Fasting-enhanced immune effector mechanisms in obese subjects. Am J Med. 1983; 75: 91-6.
Crossref Google Scholar
64

Vasconcelos AR, Yshii LM, Viel TA, Buck HS, Mattson MP, Scavone C, et al. Intermittent fasting attenuates lipopolysaccharideinduced neuroinflammation and memory impairment. J Neuroinflammation. 2014; 11: 85.
Crossref Google Scholar
65

Vasconcelos AR, Kinoshita PF, Yshii LM, Marques Orellana AM, Böhmer AE, de Sá Lima L, et al. Effects of intermittent fasting on age-related changes on Na, K-ATPase activity and oxidative status induced by lipopolysaccharide in rat hippocampus. Neurobiol Aging. 2015; 36: 1914-23.
Crossref Google Scholar
66

Simone BA, Palagani A, Strickland K, Ko K, Jin L, Lim MK, et al. Caloric restriction counteracts chemotherapy-induced inflammation and increases response to therapy in a triple negative breast cancer model. Cell Cycle. 2018; 17: 1536-44.
Crossref Google Scholar
67

Byers T, Sedjo RL. Does intentional weight loss reduce cancer risk? Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011; 13: 1063-72.
Crossref Google Scholar
68

Arumugam TV, Phillips TM, Cheng A, Morrell CH, Mattson MP, Wan R. Age and energy intake interact to modify cell stress pathways and stroke outcome. Ann Neurol. 2010; 67: 41-52.
Crossref Google Scholar
69

Fann DY, Santro T, Manzanero S, Widiapradja A, Cheng YL, Lee SY, et al. Intermittent fasting attenuates inflammasome activity in ischemic stroke. Exp Neurol. 2014; 257: 114-9.
Crossref Google Scholar
70

Raffaghello L, Lee C, Safdie FM, Wei M, Madia F, Bianchi G, et al. Starvation-dependent differential stress resistance protects normal but not cancer cells against high-dose chemotherapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008; 105: 8215-20.
Crossref Google Scholar
71

Lee C, Raffaghello L, Brandhorst S, Safdie FM, Bianchi G, MartinMontalvo A, et al. Fasting cycles retard growth of tumors and sensitize a range of cancer cell types to chemotherapy. Sci Transl Med. 2012; 4: 124ra27.
Crossref Google Scholar
72

Dorff TB, Groshen S, Garcia A, Shah M, Tsao-Wei D, Pham H, et al. Safety and feasibility of fasting in combination with platinumbased chemotherapy. BMC Cancer. 2016; 16: 360.
Crossref Google Scholar
73

Lee C, Longo VD. Fasting vs dietary restriction in cellular protection and cancer treatment: from model organisms to patients. Oncogene. 2011; 30: 3305-16.
Crossref Google Scholar
74

Kepp O, Senovilla L, Kroemer G. Immunogenic cell death inducers as anticancer agents. Oncotarget. 2014; 5: 5190-1.
Crossref Google Scholar
75

Icard P, Ollivier L, Forgez P, Otz J, Alifano M, Fournel L, et al. Perspective: do fasting, caloric restriction, and diets increase sensitivity to radiotherapy? A literature review. Adv Nutr. 2020; 11: 1089-101.
Crossref Google Scholar
76

Klement RJ. The influence of ketogenic therapy on the 5 R's of radiobiology. Int J Radiat Biol. 2019; 95: 394-407.
Crossref Google Scholar
77

Klement RJ. Fasting, fats, and physics: combining ketogenic and radiation therapy against cancer. Complement Med Res. 2018; 25: 102-13.
Crossref Google Scholar
78

Horne BD, Muhlestein JB, Anderson JL. Health effects of intermittent fasting: hormesis or harm? A systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015; 102: 464-70.
Crossref Google Scholar
79

Chang CH, Qiu J, O'Sullivan D, Buck MD, Noguchi T, Curtis JD, et al. Metabolic competition in the tumor microenvironment is a driver of cancer progression. Cell. 2015; 162: 1229-41.
Crossref Google Scholar
80

Cathcart P, Craddock C, Stebbing J. Fasting: starving cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2017; 18: 431.
Crossref Google Scholar
81

Elia AR, Grioni M, Basso V, Curnis F, Freschi M, Corti A, et al. Targeting tumor vasculature with TNF leads effector T cells to the tumor and enhances therapeutic efficacy of immune checkpoint blockers in combination with adoptive cell therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2018; 24: 2171-81.
Crossref Google Scholar
82

Shi Y, Felley-Bosco E, Marti TM, Orlowski K, Pruschy M, Stahel RA. Starvation-induced activation of ATM/Chk2/p53 signaling sensitizes cancer cells to cisplatin. BMC Cancer. 2012; 12: 571.
Crossref Google Scholar
83

Caffa I, D'Agostino V, Damonte P, Soncini D, Cea M, Monacelli F, et al. Fasting potentiates the anticancer activity of tyrosine kinase inhibitors by strengthening MAPK signaling inhibition. Oncotarget. 2015; 6: 11820-32.
Crossref Google Scholar
84

Bianchi G, Martella R, Ravera S, Marini C, Capitanio S, Orengo A, et al. Fasting induces anti-Warburg effect that increases respiration but reduces ATP-synthesis to promote apoptosis in colon cancer models. Oncotarget. 2015; 6: 11806-19.
Crossref Google Scholar
85

Di Biase S, Lee C, Brandhorst S, Manes B, Buono R, Cheng CW, et al. Fasting-mimicking diet reduces HO-1 to promote T cellmediated tumor cytotoxicity. Cancer Cell. 2016; 30: 136-46.
Crossref Google Scholar
86

Pietrocola F, Pol J, Vacchelli E, Enot DP, Baracco EE, Levesque S, et al. Caloric restriction mimetics enhance anticancer immunosurveillance. Cancer Cell. 2016; 30: 147-60.
Crossref Google Scholar
87

Sun P, Wang H, He Z, Wu Q, Chen W, Sun Z, et al. Fasting inhibits colorectal cancer growth by reducing M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages. Oncotarget. 2017; 8: 74649-60.
Crossref Google Scholar
88

de la Cruz Bonilla M, Stemler KM, Jeter-Jones S, Fujimoto TN, Molkentine J, Asencio Torres GM, et al. Fasting reduces intestinal radiotoxicity, enabling dose-escalated radiation therapy for pancreatic cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2019; 105: 537-47.
Crossref Google Scholar
89

Di Tano M, Raucci F, Vernieri C, Caffa I, Buono R, Fanti M, et al. Synergistic effect of fasting-mimicking diet and vitamin C against KRAS mutated cancers. Nat Commun. 2020; 11: 2332.
Crossref Google Scholar
Cancer Biology & Medicine
Volume 18 Issue 1,
February 2021
Pages 63-73
DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0250
Cite this article:
Zhao X, Yang J, Huang R, et al. The role and its mechanism of intermittent fasting in tumors: friend or foe?. Cancer Biology & Medicine, 2021, 18(1): 63-73. https://doi.org/10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0250

67

Views

0

Downloads

23

Crossref

22

Web of Science

21

Scopus

Altmetrics
Received: 21 May 2020
Accepted: 28 September 2020
Published: 01 February 2021
©2021 Cancer Biology & Medicine.

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
Return