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Review | Open Access

Metabolic regulation of immune responses to cancer

Jannis Wißfeld1,2,*Anke Werner1,2,*Xin Yan1,2,3,*Nora ten Bosch1,2,*Guoliang Cui1,2,3 ( )
Helmholtz Institute for Translational Oncology (HI-TRON), Mainz 55131, Germany
T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany

*These authors contributed equally to this work.

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Abstract

The tumor microenvironment is an ecosystem composed of multiple types of cells, such as tumor cells, immune cells, and cancer-associated fibroblasts. Cancer cells grow faster than non-cancerous cells and consume larger amounts of nutrients. The rapid growth characteristic of cancer cells fundamentally alters nutrient availability in the tumor microenvironment and results in reprogramming of immune cell metabolic pathways. Accumulating evidence suggests that cellular metabolism of nutrients, such as lipids and amino acids, beyond being essential to meet the bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands of immune cells, also regulates a broad spectrum of cellular signal transduction, and influences immune cell survival, differentiation, and anti-tumor effector function. The cancer immunometabolism research field is rapidly evolving, and exciting new discoveries are reported in high-profile journals nearly weekly. Therefore, all new findings in this field cannot be summarized within this short review. Instead, this review is intended to provide a brief introduction to this rapidly developing research field, with a focus on the metabolism of two classes of important nutrients—lipids and amino acids—in immune cells. We highlight recent research on the roles of lipids and amino acids in regulating the metabolic fitness and immunological functions of T cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells in the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility of “editing” metabolic pathways in immune cells to act synergistically with currently available immunotherapies in enhancing anti-tumor immune responses.

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Cancer Biology & Medicine
Pages 1528-1542
Cite this article:
Wißfeld J, Werner A, Yan X, et al. Metabolic regulation of immune responses to cancer. Cancer Biology & Medicine, 2022, 19(11): 1528-1542. https://doi.org/10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2022.0381

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Received: 05 July 2022
Accepted: 15 September 2022
Published: 05 December 2022
©2022 Cancer Biology & Medicine.

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