The interaction of electric vehicles with the power grid–Challenges and solutions

Fig. 1 Network losses as a function of RES installed capacity for 300 EVs on a rural line.

Fig. 2 Highest voltage deviation vs. the number of EVs (Strategy A: uncontrolled charging; Strategy B: (unidirectional) passive measure; Strategy C: (unidirectional) V1G; Strategy D: (bidirectional) V2G).

Fig. 3Load shifting by optimal allocation of EV charging.