AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
Powered by AMiner. Clicking this button will take you away from SciOpen.
Home Aging Research Article
PDF (2.8 MB)
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Submit Manuscript AI Chat Paper
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Review | Open Access

Human T cell development and aging: Remodeling throughout the lifespan

Lipeng Mao1,2, Qiuyue Feng1,2, Oscar Junhong Luo2, Guobing Chen3, Xiao Sean Leng4( )
Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Geriatric Immunology; School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
Department of Systems Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Great Bay Area Geroscience Joint Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Immune Remodeling, Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, MD 21205 , USA
Show Author Information

Abstract

T cell development and remodeling during aging are crucial for immune health in late life and human healthspan. In this review, we delve into the mechanisms underlying these processes, with a focus on thymus development and involution, and their implications in immune function for older adults. We examine T cell subset development, including conventional naïve and regulatory T cells, effector and memory subsets, and unique subsets like γδ T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, and natural killer T (NKT) cells. Our insights highlight the importance of enhancing immune function in older individuals and suggest potential strategies for overcoming the obstacles in studying T cell development and aging.

Keywords

aginghumanlifespanT cell developmentremodeling

References

[1]

Kumar, B. V., Connors, T. J., Farber, D. L. Human T cell development, localization, and function throughout life. Immunity, 2018, 48(2): 202–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2018.01.007.
Crossref Google Scholar
[2]

Gameiro, J., Nagib, P., Verinaud, L. The thymus microenvironment in regulating thymocyte differentiation. Cell Adhesion & Migration, 2010, 4(3): 382–390. https://doi.org/10.4161/cam.4.3.11789.
Crossref Google Scholar
[3]
Suo, C. Q., Dann, E., Goh, I., Jardine, L., Kleshchevnikov, V., Park, J.-E., Botting, R. A., Stephenson, E., Engelbert, J., Tuong, Z. K., et al. Mapping the developing human immune system across organs. Science, 2022 , 376: abo0510. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abo0510
Crossref
[4]
Kurd, N., Robey, E. A. T-cell selection in the thymus: A spatial and temporal perspective. Immunological Reviews, 2016 , 271(1): 114–126. https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12398
Crossref
[5]

Klein, L., Kyewski, B., Allen, P. M., Hogquist, K. A. Positive and negative selection of the T cell repertoire: What thymocytes see (and don’t see). Nature Reviews Immunology, 2014, 14(6): 377–391. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3667.
Crossref Google Scholar
[6]

Riley, J. S., McClain, L. E., Stratigis, J. D., Coons, B. E., Ahn, N. J., Li, H. Y., Loukogeorgakis, S. P., Fachin, C. G., Dias, A. I. B. S., Flake, A. W. et al. Regulatory T cells promote alloengraftment in a model of late-gestation in utero hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood Advances, 2020, 4(6): 1102–1114. https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2019001208.
Crossref Google Scholar
[7]

Cupedo, T., Nagasawa, M., Weijer, K., Blom, B., Spits, H. Development and activation of regulatory T cells in the human fetus. European Journal of Immunology, 2005, 35(2): 383–390. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.200425763.
Crossref Google Scholar
[8]

Li, Y., Li, K., Zhu, L. B., Li, B., Zong, D. D., Cai, P. F., Jiang, C., Du, P. C., Lin, J., Qu, K. Development of double-positive thymocytes at single-cell resolution. Genome Medicine, 2021, 13(1): 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-021-00861-7.
Crossref Google Scholar
[9]
Park, J. E., Botting, R. A., Domínguez Conde, C., Popescu, D. M., Lavaert, M., Kunz, D. J., Goh, I., Stephenson, E., Ragazzini, R., Tuck, E. et al. A cell atlas of human thymic development defines T cell repertoire formation. Science, 2020 , 367(6480): eaay3224. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay3224
Crossref
[10]
Conde, C. D., Xu, C., Jarvis, L., Gomes, T., Howlett, S., Rainbow, D., Suchanek, O., King, H., Mamanova, L., Polanski, K. et al. Cross-tissue immune cell analysis reveals tissue-specific adaptations and clonal architecture in humans. bioRxiv, 2021 . https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.28.441762.
Crossref
[11]

Lynch, H. E., Goldberg, G. L., Chidgey, A., van den Brink, M. R., Boyd, R., Sempowski, G. D. Thymic involution and immune reconstitution. Trends in Immunology, 2009, 30(7): 366–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2009.04.003.
Crossref Google Scholar
[12]

Liang, Z. F., Dong, X., Zhang, Z. Q., Zhang, Q., Zhao, Y. Age-related thymic involution: Mechanisms and functional impact. Aging Cell, 2022, 21(8): e13671. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.13671.
Crossref Google Scholar
[13]

Thapa, P., Farber, D. L. The role of the thymus in the immune response. Thoracic Surgery Clinics, 2019, 29(2): 123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thorsurg.2018.12.001.
Crossref Google Scholar
[14]

Miller Jacques F A P. The function of the thymus and its impact on modern medicine. Science, 2020, 369(6503): eaba2429. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba2429.
Crossref Google Scholar
[15]

Taub, D. D., Murphy, W. J., Longo, D. L. Rejuvenation of the aging thymus: Growth hormone-mediated and ghrelin-mediated signaling pathways. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 2010, 10(4): 408–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2010.04.015.
Crossref Google Scholar
[16]

Mešťanová, V., Varga, I. Morphological view on the evolution of the immunity and lymphoid organs of vertebrates, focused on thymus. Biologia, 2016, 71(10): 1080–1097. https://doi.org/10.1515/biolog-2016-0137.
Crossref Google Scholar
[17]

Shanley, D. P., Aw, D., Manley, N. R., Palmer, D. B. An evolutionary perspective on the mechanisms of immunosenescence. Trends in Immunology, 2009, 30(7): 374–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2009.05.001.
Crossref Google Scholar
[18]

Cowan, J. E., Takahama, Y., Bhandoola, A., Ohigashi, I. Postnatal involution and counter-involution of the thymus. Frontiers in Immunology, 2020, 11: 897. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00897.
Crossref Google Scholar
[19]

Luo, M. L., Xu, L. X., Qian, Z. Y., Sun, X. Infection-associated thymic atrophy. Frontiers in Immunology, 2021, 12: 652538. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.652538.
Crossref Google Scholar
[20]

Vaidya, H. J., Briones Leon, A., Blackburn, C. C. FOXN1 in thymus organogenesis and development. European Journal of Immunology, 2016, 46(8): 1826–1837. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.201545814.
Crossref Google Scholar
[21]

Dixit, V. D. Thymic fatness and approaches to enhance thymopoietic fitness in aging. Current Opinion in Immunology, 2010, 22(4): 521–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2010.06.010.
Crossref Google Scholar
[22]

Ferrando-Martínez, S., Ruiz-Mateos, E., Dudakov, J. A., Velardi, E., Grillari, J., Kreil, D. P., Muñoz-Fernandez, M. Á., van den Brink, M. R. M., Leal, M. WNT signaling suppression in the senescent human thymus. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 2015, 70(3): 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glu030.
Crossref Google Scholar
[23]

Cron, M. A., Guillochon, É., Kusner, L., Le Panse, R. Role of miRNAs in normal and myasthenia gravis thymus. Frontiers in Immunology, 2020, 11: 1074. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01074.
Crossref Google Scholar
[24]

Barbouti, A., Vasileiou, P. V. S., Evangelou, K., Vlasis, K. G., Papoudou-Bai, A., Gorgoulis, V. G., Kanavaros, P. Implications of oxidative stress and cellular senescence in age-related thymus involution. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020, 2020: 7986071. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7986071.
Crossref Google Scholar
[25]
Salam, N., Rane, S., Das, R., Faulkner, M., Gund, R., Kandpal, U., Lewis, V., Mattoo, H., Prabhu, S., Ranganathan, V. et al. T cell ageing: Effects of age on development, survival & function. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 2013 , 138(5): 595–608.
[26]

Coder, B. D., Wang, H. J., Ruan, L. H., Su, D. M. Thymic involution perturbs negative selection leading to autoreactive T cells that induce chronic inflammation. The Journal of Immunology, 2015, 194(12): 5825–5837. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1500082.
Crossref Google Scholar
[27]

Duah, M., Li, L.L., Shen, J.Y., Lan, Q., Pan, B., Xu, K.L. Thymus degeneration and regeneration. Froniers in Immunology, 2021, 12: 706244. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.706244.
Crossref Google Scholar
[28]

Call, M. E., Wucherpfennig, K. W. Molecular mechanisms for the assembly of the T cell receptor–CD3 complex. Molecular Immunology, 2004, 40(18): 1295–1305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2003.11.017.
Crossref Google Scholar
[29]

Call, M. E., Pyrdol, J., Wiedmann, M., Wucherpfennig, K. W. The organizing principle in the formation of the T cell receptor-CD3 complex. Cell, 2002, 111(7): 967–979. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(02)01194-7.
Crossref Google Scholar
[30]
Wilson, A., de Villartay, J. P., MacDonald, H. R. T cell receptor delta gene rearrangement and T early alpha (TEA) expression in immature alpha beta lineage thymocytes: Implications for alpha beta/gamma delta lineage commitment. Immunity, 1996 , 4(1): 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80296-4
Crossref
[31]

Roels, J., Van Hulle, J., Lavaert, M., Kuchmiy, A., Strubbe, S., Putteman, T., Vandekerckhove, B., Leclercq, G., Van Nieuwerburgh, F., Boehme, L. et al. Transcriptional dynamics and epigenetic regulation of E and ID protein encoding genes during human T cell development. Frontiers in Immunology, 2022, 13: 960918. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.960918.
Crossref Google Scholar
[32]
Roth, D. B. V(D)J recombination: Mechanism, errors, and fidelity. Microbiology Spectrum, 2014 , 2(6): 10.1128/microbiolspec.mdna3-0041-2014. https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.mdna3-0041-2014
Crossref
[33]

Borowski, C., Li, X. Y., Aifantis, I., Gounari, F., von Boehmer, H. Pre-TCRα and TCRα are not interchangeable partners of TCRβ during T lymphocyte development. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 2004, 199(5): 607–615. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20031973.
Crossref Google Scholar
[34]

Newton, L. M., Wiede, F., Tiganis, T., Humbert, P. O., Johnstone, R. W., Russell, S. M. Stepwise progression of β-selection during T cell development involves histone deacetylation. Life Science Alliance, 2023, 6(1): e202201645. https://doi.org/10.26508/lsa.202201645.
Crossref Google Scholar
[35]
Muro, R., Takayanagi, H., Nitta, T. T cell receptor signaling for γδT cell development. Inflammation and Regeneration, 2019 , 39(1): 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41232-019-0095-z
Crossref
[36]

Baldwin, T. A., Sandau, M. M., Jameson, S. C., Hogquist, K. A. The timing of TCRα expression critically influences T cell development and selection. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 2005, 202(1): 111–121. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20050359.
Crossref Google Scholar
[37]

Egorov, E. S., Kasatskaya, S. A., Zubov, V. N., Izraelson, M., Nakonechnaya, T. O., Staroverov, D. B., Angius, A., Cucca, F., Mamedov, I. Z., Rosati, E. et al. The changing landscape of naive T cell receptor repertoire with human aging. Frontiers in Immunology, 2018, 9: 1618. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01618.
Crossref Google Scholar
[38]

Lanfermeijer, J., Borghans, J. A. M., van Baarle, D. How age and infection history shape the antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell repertoire: Implications for vaccination strategies in older adults. Aging Cell, 2020, 19(11): e13262. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.13262.
Crossref Google Scholar
[39]

Yager, E. J., Ahmed, M., Lanzer, K., Randall, T. D., Woodland, D. L., Blackman, M. A. Age-associated decline in T cell repertoire diversity leads to holes in the repertoire and impaired immunity to influenza virus. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 2008, 205(3): 711–723. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20071140.
Crossref Google Scholar
[40]
Sun, X. P. Nguyen, T., Achour, A. Ko, A., Cifello, J., Ling, C., Sharma, J., Hiroi, T., Zhang, Y. Q., Chia, C. W., et al. Longitudinal analysis reveals age-related changes in the T cell receptor repertoire of human T cell subsets. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2022 , 132(17): e158122.
Crossref
[41]
Pennock, N. D., White, J. T., Cross, E. W., Cheney, E. E., Tamburini, B. A., Kedl, R. M. T cell responses: Naïve to memory and everything in between. Advances in Physiology Education, 2013 , 37(4): 273–283. https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00066.2013
Crossref
[42]

Restifo, N. P., Gattinoni, L. Lineage relationship of effector and memory T cells. Current Opinion in Immunology, 2013, 25(5): 556–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2013.09.003.
Crossref Google Scholar
[43]

Mahnke, Y. D., Brodie, T. M., Sallusto, F., Roederer, M., Lugli, E. The who’s who of T-cell differentiation: Human memory T-cell subsets. European Journal of Immunology, 2013, 43(11): 2797–2809. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.201343751.
Crossref Google Scholar
[44]

Giles, J. R., Manne, S., Freilich, E., Oldridge, D. A., Baxter, A. E., George, S., Chen, Z. Y., Huang, H., Chilukuri, L., Carberry, M. et al. Human epigenetic and transcriptional Tcell differentiation atlas for identifying functional Tcell-specific enhancers. Immunity, 2022, 55(3): 557–574.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2022.02.004.
Crossref Google Scholar
[45]

Chang, J. T., Wherry, E. J., Goldrath, A. W. Molecular regulation of effector and memory T cell differentiation. Nature Immunology, 2014, 15(12): 1104–1115. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.3031.
Crossref Google Scholar
[46]

Goronzy, J. J., Weyand, C. M. Understanding immunosenescence to improve responses to vaccines. Nature Immunology, 2013, 14(5): 428–436. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.2588.
Crossref Google Scholar
[47]

Qi, Q., Zhang, D. W., Weyand, C. M., Goronzy, J. J. Mechanisms shaping the naïve T cell repertoire in the elderly—Thymic involution or peripheral homeostatic proliferation. Experimental Gerontology, 2014, 54: 71–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2014.01.005.
Crossref Google Scholar
[48]

Aiello, A., Farzaneh, F., Candore, G., Caruso, C., Davinelli, S., Gambino, C. M., Ligotti, M. E., Zareian, N., Accardi, G. Immunosenescence and its hallmarks: How to oppose aging strategically? A review of potential options for therapeutic intervention. Frontiers in Immunology, 2019, 10: 2247. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02247.
Crossref Google Scholar
[49]

Moro-García, M. A. When aging reaches CD4+ T-cells: Phenotypic and functional changes. Frontiers in Immunology, 2013, 4: 107. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2013.00107.
Crossref Google Scholar
[50]

Soerens, A. G., Künzli, M., Quarnstrom, C. F., Scott, M. C., Swanson, L., Locquiao, J., Ghoneim, H. E., Zehn, D., Youngblood, B., Vezys, V. et al. Functional T cells are capable of supernumerary cell division and longevity. Nature, 2023, 614(7949): 762–766. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05626-9.
Crossref Google Scholar
[51]

Den Braber, I., Mugwagwa, T., Vrisekoop, N., Westera, L., Mögling, R., Bregje de Boer, A., Willems, N., Schrijver, E. R., Spierenburg, G., Gaiser, K. et al. Maintenance of peripheral naive T cells is sustained by thymus output in mice but not humans. Immunity, 2012, 36(2): 288–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2012.02.006.
Crossref Google Scholar
[52]

Vrisekoop, N., den Braber, I., de Boer, A. B., Ruiter, A. F., Ackermans, M. T., van der Crabben, S. N., Schrijver, E. H., Spierenburg, G., Sauerwein, H. P., Hazenberg, M. D. et al. Sparse production but preferential incorporation of recently produced naive T cells in the human peripheral pool. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2008, 105(16): 6115–6120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0709713105.
Crossref Google Scholar
[53]

Flynn, J. K., Gorry, P. R. Stem memory T cells (TSCM)—Their role in cancer and HIV immunotherapies. Clinical & Translational Immunology, 2014, 3: e20. https://doi.org/10.1038/cti.2014.16.
Crossref Google Scholar
[54]

Hong, H., Gu, Y., Sheng, S. Y., Lu, C. G., Zou, J. Y., Wu, C. Y. The distribution of human stem cell–like memory T cell in lung cancer. Journal of Immunotherapy, 2016, 39(6): 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1097/cji.0000000000000128.
Crossref Google Scholar
[55]
Gattinoni, L., Lugli, E., Ji, Y., Pos, Z., Paulos, C. M., Quigley, M. F., Almeida, J. R., Gostick, E., Yu, Z. Y., Carpenito, C. et al. A human memory T cell subset with stem cell-like properties. Nature Medicine, 2011 , 17(10): 1290–1297. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2446
Crossref
[56]

Fuertes Marraco, S. A., Soneson, C., Cagnon, L., Gannon, P. O., Allard, M., Abed Maillard, S., Montandon, N., Rufer, N., Waldvogel, S., Delorenzi, M. et al. Long-lasting stem cell–like memory CD8 + T cells with a naïve-like profile upon yellow fever vaccination. Science Translational Medicine, 2015, 7(282): eaaa3700. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa3700.
Crossref Google Scholar
[57]

Cieri, N., Camisa, B., Cocchiarella, F., Forcato, M., Oliveira, G., Provasi, E., Bondanza, A., Bordignon, C., Peccatori, J., Ciceri, F. et al. IL-7 and IL-15 instruct the generation of human memory stem T cells from naive precursors. Blood, 2013, 121(4): 573–584. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2012-05-431718.
Crossref Google Scholar
[58]

Zhang, Y., Joe, G., Hexner, E., Zhu, J., Emerson, S. G. Host-reactive CD8+ memory stem cells in graft-versus-host disease. Nature Medicine, 2005, 11(12): 1299–1305. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1326.
Crossref Google Scholar
[59]

Costa del Amo, P., Lahoz-Beneytez, J., Boelen, L., Ahmed, R., Miners, K. L., Zhang, Y., Roger, L., Jones, R. E., Marraco, S. A. F., Speiser, D. E. et al. Human TSCM cell dynamics in vivo are compatible with long-lived immunological memory and stemness. PLoS Biology, 2018, 16(6): e2005523. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2005523.
Crossref Google Scholar
[60]

Sallusto, F., Lenig, D., Förster, R., Lipp, M., Lanzavecchia, A. Two subsets of memory T lymphocytes with distinct homing potentials and effector functions. Nature, 1999, 401(6754): 708–712. https://doi.org/10.1038/44385.
Crossref Google Scholar
[61]

Gasper, D. J., Tejera, M. M., Suresh, M. CD4 T-cell memory generation and maintenance. Critical Reviews in Immunology, 2014, 34(2): 121–146. https://doi.org/10.1615/critrevimmunol.2014010373.
Crossref Google Scholar
[62]
Velardi, E., Tsai, J. J., van den Brink, M. R. M. T cell regeneration after immunological injury. Nature Reviews Immunology, 2021 , 21(5): 277–291. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-00457-z
Crossref
[63]

Golubovskaya, V., Wu, L. J. Different subsets of T cells, memory, effector functions, and CAR-T immunotherapy. Cancers, 2016, 8(3): 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers8030036.
Crossref Google Scholar
[64]

Geginat, J., Sallusto, F., Lanzavecchia, A. Cytokine-driven proliferation and differentiation of human naive, central memory, and effector memory CD4+ T cells. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 2001, 194(12): 1711–1720. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.194.12.1711.
Crossref Google Scholar
[65]
Li, M., Yao, D., Zeng, X., Kasakovski, D., Zhang, Y., Chen, S., Zha, X., Li, Y., Xu, L. Age related human T cell subset evolution and senescence. Immunity & Ageing, 2019, 16: 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12979-019-0165-8
Crossref
[66]
Meraviglia, S., di Carlo, P., Pampinella, D., Guadagnino, G., Presti, E. L., Orlando, V., Marchetti, G., Dieli, F., Sergi, C. T-cell subsets (TCM, TEM, TEMRA) and poly-functional immune response in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and different T-CD4 cell response. Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science, 2019 , 49(4): 519–528.
[67]

Schmueck-Henneresse, M., Omer, B., Shum, T., Tashiro, H., Mamonkin, M., Lapteva, N., Sharma, S., Rollins, L., Dotti, G., Reinke, P. et al. Comprehensive approach for identifying the T cell subset origin of CD3 and CD28 antibody–activated chimeric antigen receptor–modified T cells. The Journal of Immunology, 2017, 199(1): 348–362. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1601494.
Crossref Google Scholar
[68]

van der Leun, A. M., Thommen, D. S., Schumacher, T. N. CD8+ T cell states in human cancer: Insights from single-cell analysis. Nature Reviews Cancer, 2020, 20(4): 218–232. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-019-0235-4.
Crossref Google Scholar
[69]

Libri, V., Azevedo, R. I., Jackson, S. E., Di Mitri, D., Lachmann, R., Fuhrmann, S., Vukmanovic-Stejic, M., Yong, K., Battistini, L., Kern, F. et al. Cytomegalovirus infection induces the accumulation of short-lived, multifunctional CD4+ CD45RA+ CD27–T cells: The potential involvement of interleukin-7 in this process. Immunology, 2011, 132(3): 326–339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03386.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
[70]

Poiret, T., Axelsson-Robertson, R., Remberger, M., Luo, X. H., Rao, M., Nagchowdhury, A., Von Landenberg, A., Ernberg, I., Ringden, O., Maeurer, M. Cytomegalovirus-specific CD8+ T-cells with different T-cell receptor affinities segregate T-cell phenotypes and correlate with chronic graft-versus-host disease in patients post-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Frontiers in Immunology, 2018, 9: 760. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00760.
Crossref Google Scholar
[71]
Shirakawa, K., Sano, M. T cell immunosenescence in aging, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Cells, 2021 , 10(9): 2435. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10092435
Crossref
[72]

Crooke, S. N., Ovsyannikova, I. G., Poland, G. A., Kennedy, R. B. Immunosenescence and human vaccine immune responses. Immunity & Ageing, 2019, 16(1): 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12979-019-0164-9.
Crossref Google Scholar
[73]

Luoma, A. M., Suo, S. B., Wang, Y. F., Gunasti, L., Porter, C. B. M., Nabilsi, N., Tadros, J., Ferretti, A. P., Liao, S. D., Gurer, C. et al. Tissue-resident memory and circulating T cells are early responders to pre-surgical cancer immunotherapy. Cell, 2022, 185(16): 2918–2935.e29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.018.
Crossref Google Scholar
[74]

Szabo, P. A., Miron, M., Farber, D. L. Location, location, location: Tissue resident memory T cells in mice and humans. Science Immunology, 2019, 4(34): eaas9673. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aas9673.
Crossref Google Scholar
[75]

Verma, R., Er, J. Z., Pu, R. W., Sheik Mohamed, J., Soo, R. A., Muthiah, H. M., Tam, J. K. C., Ding, J. L. Eomes expression defines group 1 innate lymphoid cells during metastasis in human and mouse. Frontiers in Immunology, 2020, 11: 1190. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01190.
Crossref Google Scholar
[76]

Cakala-Jakimowicz, M., Kolodziej-Wojnar, P., Puzianowska-Kuznicka, M. Aging-related cellular, structural and functional changes in the lymph nodes: A significant component of immunosenescence? an overview. Cells, 2021, 10(11): 3148. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10113148.
Crossref Google Scholar
[77]

Workman, C. J., Szymczak-Workman, A. L., Collison, L. W., Pillai, M. R., Vignali, D. A. A. The development and function of regulatory T cells. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 2009, 66(16): 2603–2622. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-009-0026-2.
Crossref Google Scholar
[78]
Shevach, E. M., Thornton, A. M. tTregs, pTregs, and iTregs: Similarities and differences. Immunological Reviews, 2014 , 259(1): 88–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12160
Crossref
[79]

Tao, Z. H., Jiang, Y. L., Xia, S. Regulation of thymic T regulatory cell differentiation by TECs in health and disease. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 2021, 94(4): e13094. https://doi.org/10.1111/sji.13094.
Crossref Google Scholar
[80]

Schuster, M., Plaza-Sirvent, C., Visekruna, A., Huehn, J., Schmitz, I. Generation of Foxp3+CD25–regulatory T-cell precursors requires c-rel and IκBNS. Frontiers in Immunology, 2019, 10: 1583. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01583.
Crossref Google Scholar
[81]

Rocamora-Reverte, L., Melzer, F. L., Würzner, R., Weinberger, B. The complex role of regulatory T cells in immunity and aging. Frontiers in Immunology, 2021, 11: 616949. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.616949.
Crossref Google Scholar
[82]

Srinivasan, J., Lancaster, J. N., Singarapu, N., Hale, L. P., Ehrlich, L. I. R., Richie, E. R. Age-related changes in thymic central tolerance. Frontiers in Immunology, 2021, 12: 676236. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.676236.
Crossref Google Scholar
[83]

Li, X. D., Zheng, Y. Regulatory T cell identity: Formation and maintenance. Trends in Immunology, 2015, 36(6): 344–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2015.04.006.
Crossref Google Scholar
[84]

Thome, J. J. C., Bickham, K. L., Ohmura, Y., Kubota, M., Matsuoka, N., Gordon, C., Granot, T., Griesemer, A., Lerner, H., Kato, T. et al. Early-life compartmentalization of human T cell differentiation and regulatory function in mucosal and lymphoid tissues. Nature Medicine, 2016, 22(1): 72–77. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4008.
Crossref Google Scholar
[85]

Hinks, T. S. C. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells in autoimmunity, immune-mediated diseases and airways disease. Immunology, 2016, 148(1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.12582.
Crossref Google Scholar
[86]

Eckle, S. B. G., Corbett, A. J., Keller, A. N., Chen, Z. J., Godfrey, D. I., Liu, L. G., Mak, J. Y. W., Fairlie, D. P., Rossjohn, J., McCluskey, J. Recognition of vitamin B precursors and byproducts by mucosal associated invariant T cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2015, 290(51): 30204–30211. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.r115.685990.
Crossref Google Scholar
[87]

Legoux, F., Salou, M., Lantz, O. MAIT cell development and functions: The microbial connection. Immunity, 2020, 53(4): 710–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2020.09.009.
Crossref Google Scholar
[88]

Wong, E. B., Ndung’u, T., Kasprowicz, V. O. The role of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in infectious diseases. Immunology, 2017, 150(1): 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.12673.
Crossref Google Scholar
[89]

Chen, P. C., Deng, W. H., Li, D. D., Zeng, T., Huang, L., Wang, Q., Wang, J. L., Zhang, W. G., Yu, X. X., Duan, D. M. et al. Circulating mucosal-associated invariant T cells in a large cohort of healthy Chinese individuals from newborn to elderly. Frontiers in Immunology, 2019, 10: 260. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00260.
Crossref Google Scholar
[90]

Novak, J., Dobrovolny, J., Novakova, L., Kozak, T. The Decrease in Number and Change in Phenotype of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T cells in the Elderly and Differences in Men and Women of Reproductive Age. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 2014, 80(4): 271–275. https://doi.org/10.1111/sji.12193.
Crossref Google Scholar
[91]

Van Kaer, L. Natural killer T cells in health and disease. Frontiers in Bioscience, 2011, S3(1): 236–251. https://doi.org/10.2741/s148.
Crossref Google Scholar
[92]

Girardi, E., Zajonc, D. M. Molecular basis of lipid antigen presentation by CD1d and recognition by natural killer T cells. Immunological Reviews, 2012, 250(1): 167–179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01166.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
[93]

Das, R., Sant’Angelo, D. B., Nichols, K. E. Transcriptional control of invariant NKT cell development. Immunological Reviews, 2010, 238(1): 195–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00962.x.
Crossref Google Scholar
[94]

Verykokakis, M., Zook, E. C., Kee, B. L. ID’ing innate and innate-like lymphoid cells. Immunological Reviews, 2014, 261(1): 177–197. https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12203.
Crossref Google Scholar
[95]

Gapin, L., Matsuda, J. L., Surh, C. D., Kronenberg, M. NKT cells derive from double-positive thymocytes that are positively selected by CD1d. Nature Immunology, 2001, 2(10): 971–978. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni710.
Crossref Google Scholar
[96]

Kumar, V., Delovitch, T. L. Different subsets of natural killer T cells may vary in their roles in health and disease. Immunology, 2014, 142(3): 321–336. https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.12247.
Crossref Google Scholar
[97]

Papadogianni, G., Ravens, I., Dittrich-Breiholz, O., Bernhardt, G., Georgiev, H. Impact of aging on the phenotype of invariant natural killer T cells in mouse thymus. Frontiers in Immunology, 2020, 11: 575764. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.575764.
Crossref Google Scholar
[98]

Qu, G. Y., Wang, S. L., Zhou, Z. L., Jiang, D. W., Liao, A. H., Luo, J. Comparing mouse and human tissue-resident γδ T cells. Frontiers in Immunology, 2022, 13: 891687. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.891687.
Crossref Google Scholar
[99]
Garcillán, B., Marin, A. V., Jiménez-Reinoso, A., Briones, A. C., Muñoz-Ruiz, M., García-León, M. J., Gil, J., Allende, L. M., Martínez-Naves, E., Toribio, M. L. et al. γδ T lymphocytes in the diagnosis of human T cell receptor immunodeficiencies. Frontiers in Immunology, 2015 , 6: 20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2015.00020
Crossref
[100]

Fichtner, A. S., Ravens, S., Prinz, I. Human γδ TCR repertoires in health and disease. Cells, 2020, 9(4): 800. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9040800.
Crossref Google Scholar
[101]

Xu, W. L., Lau, Z. W. X., Fulop, T., Larbi, A. The aging of γδ T cells. Cells, 2020, 9(5): 1181. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9051181.
Crossref Google Scholar
[102]

Kaiser, M., Semeraro, M. D., Herrmann, M., Absenger, G., Gerger, A., Renner, W. Immune aging and immunotherapy in cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2021, 22(13): 7016. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22137016.
Crossref Google Scholar
[103]

Kim, M. Y., Cooper, M. L., Jacobs, M. T., Ritchey, J. K., Hollaway, J., Fehniger, T. A., DiPersio, J. F. CD7-deleted hematopoietic stem cells can restore immunity after CAR T cell therapy. JCI Insight, 2021, 6(16): e149819. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.149819.
Crossref Google Scholar
[104]

Corrado, M., Pearce, E. L. Targeting memory T cell metabolism to improve immunity. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2022, 132(1): e148546. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci148546.
Crossref Google Scholar
[105]

von Kobbe, C. Targeting senescent cells: Approaches, opportunities, challenges. Aging, 2019, 11(24): 12844–12861. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.102557.
Crossref Google Scholar
[106]

Patrick, M., Weng, N. P. Expression and regulation of telomerase in human T cell differentiation, activation, aging and diseases. Cellular Immunology, 2019, 345: 103989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.103989.
Crossref Google Scholar
[107]

Guo, R. Q., Li, W., Li, Y. D., Li, Y. M., Jiang, Z. X., Song, Y. P. Generation and clinical potential of functional T lymphocytes from gene-edited pluripotent stem cells. Experimental Hematology & Oncology, 2022, 11(1): 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40164-022-00285-y.
Crossref Google Scholar
Aging Research
Volume 2 Issue 1,
March 2024
Article number: 9340021
DOI: 10.26599/AGR.2024.9340021
Cite this article:
Mao L, Feng Q, Luo OJ, et al. Human T cell development and aging: Remodeling throughout the lifespan. Aging Research, 2024, 2(1): 9340021. https://doi.org/10.26599/AGR.2024.9340021

725

Views

157

Downloads

1

Crossref

Altmetrics
Received: 22 January 2024
Revised: 27 February 2024
Accepted: 27 February 2024
Published: 29 March 2024
© The Author(s) 2024. Aging Research published by Tsinghua University Press.

The articles published in this open access journal are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Return