AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
Powered by AMiner. Clicking this button will take you away from SciOpen.
Home Energy Materials and Devices Article
PDF (3.9 MB)
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Submit Manuscript AI Chat Paper
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Research Article | Open Access

Bithiophene-based cost-effective hole transport materials for efficient n–i–p perovskite solar cells

Lang Li1,†, Lingfang Zheng1,†, Wei Gao1( ), Jinyan Zeng1, Siwei Hao1, Xinjing Zhao1, Yangyang Dang2, Liqiang Xie1( ), Zhanhua Wei1( )
Xiamen Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Advanced Manufacturing, Institute of Luminescent Materials and Information Displays, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China

† Lang Li and Lingfang Zheng contributed equally to this work.

Show Author Information

Graphical Abstract

Abstract

Charge transport materials constitute a relatively large portion of the cost in the production of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Therefore, developing cheap and efficient charge transport materials is of great significance for the commercialization of PSCs. In this study, three low-cost hole transport materials (HTMs), specifically 4,4'-(3,3'-bis(4-methoxy-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-[2,2'-bithiophene]-5,5'-diyl)bis(N,N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)aniline) (TP-H), 4,4'-(3,3'-bis(4-methoxy-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-[2,2'-bithiophene]-5,5'-diyl)bis(3-methoxy-N,N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)aniline) (TP-OMe), and 4,4'-(3,3'-bis(4-methoxy-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-[2,2'-bithiophene]-5,5'-diyl)bis(3-fluoro-N,N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)aniline) (TP-F), were designed and synthesized using a bulky group-substituted 2,2'-bithiophene core and methoxy- or F-functionalized triphenylamine derivatives. Compared to the HTMs without F atoms, TP-F using F substitution exhibited enhanced intermolecular packing, a lower highest occupied molecular orbital energy level, and increased hole mobility and conductivity. The PSC incorporating the doped TP-F as the hole transport layer achieved the highest power conversion efficiency (over 24%) among the three devices. The high performance of TP-F can be attributed to the passivation effect of S and F atoms on uncoordinated Pb2+ within the perovskite (PVSK) film, which significantly reduces the density of defect states and the incidence of trap-mediated recombination in PSCs. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the 3,3'-bis(4-methoxy-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2,2'-bithiophene building block for constructing cost-effective HTMs and highlights the impact of F substitution on enhancing the photovoltaic performance of PSCs.

Keywords

perovskite solar cellshole transport materiallow costpassivation effect

Electronic Supplementary Material

Download File(s)
EMD20240036_ESM.pdf (1.5 MB)

References

[1]

Liang, Z., Zhang, Y., Xu, H. F., Chen, W. J., Liu, B. Y., Zhang, J. Y., Zhang, H., Wang, Z. H., Kang, D. H., Zeng, J. R., et al. (2023). Homogenizing out-of-plane cation composition in perovskite solar cells. Nature 624, 557–563.
Crossref Google Scholar
[2]

Zheng, Y. T., Li, Y. R., Zhuang, R. S., Wu, X. Y., Tian, C. C., Sun, A. X., Chen, C., Guo, Y. S., Hua, Y., Meng, K. et al. (2024). Towards 26% efficiency in inverted perovskite solar cells via interfacial flipped band bending and suppressed deep-level traps. Energy Environ. Sci. 17, 1153–1162.
Crossref Google Scholar
[3]

Huang, Z. J., Bai, Y., Huang, X. D., Li, J. T., Wu, Y. T., Chen, Y. H., Li, K. L., Niu, X. X., Li, N. X., Liu, G. L., et al. (2023). Anion-π interactions suppress phase impurities in FAPbI3 solar cells. Nature 623, 531–537.
Crossref Google Scholar
[4]

Park, J., Kim, J., Yun, H. S., Paik, M. J., Noh, E., Mun, H. J., Kim, M. G., Shin, T. J., Seok, S. I. (2023). Controlled growth of perovskite layers with volatile alkylammonium chlorides. Nature 616, 724–730.
Crossref Google Scholar
[5]

Farokhi, A., Shahroosvand, H., Monache, G. D., Pilkington, M., Nazeeruddin, M. K. (2022). The evolution of triphenylamine hole transport materials for efficient perovskite solar cells. Chem. Soc. Rev. 51, 5974–6064.
Crossref Google Scholar
[6]

Yan, P. Y., Yang, D. B., Wang, H. Q., Yang, S. C., Ge, Z. Y. (2022). Recent advances in dopant-free organic hole-transporting materials for efficient, stable and low-cost perovskite solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 15, 3630–3669.
Crossref Google Scholar
[7]

Niu, T. Q., Zhu, W. Y., Zhang, Y. H., Xue, Q. F., Jiao, X. C., Wang, Z. J., Xie, Y. M., Li, P., Chen, R. F., Huang, F., et al. (2021). D-A-π-A-D-type dopant-free hole transport material for low-cost, efficient, and stable perovskite solar cells. Joule 5, 249–269.
Crossref Google Scholar
[8]

Khan, D., Liu, X. Y., Qu, G. P., Nath, A. R., Xie, P. F., Xu, Z. X. (2023). Nexuses between the chemical design and performance of small molecule dopant-free hole transporting materials in perovskite solar cells. Small 19, 2205926.
Crossref Google Scholar
[9]

Zhang, C. P., Wei, K., Hu, J. F., Cai, X. Y., Du, G. Z., Deng, J. D., Luo, Z. D., Zhang, X. L., Wang, Y., Yang, L., et al. (2023). A review on organic hole transport materials for perovskite solar cells: structure, composition and reliability. Mater. Today 67, 518–547.
Crossref Google Scholar
[10]

Rombach, F. M., Haque, S. A., Macdonald, T. J. (2021). Lessons learned from spiro-OMeTAD and PTAA in perovskite solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 14, 5161–5190.
Crossref Google Scholar
[11]

Cai, Y. H., Zhang, Y. Y., Zhang, J., Pan, X., Andersson, M. R., Wang, P. (2024). A homopolymer of xanthenoxanthene-based polycyclic heteroaromatic for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 63, e202315814.
Crossref Google Scholar
[12]

Wang, T., Zhang, Y., Kong, W. Y., Qiao, L., Peng, B. G., Shen, Z. C., Han, Q. F., Chen, H., Yuan, Z. L., Zheng, R. K., et al. (2022). Transporting holes stably under iodide invasion in efficient perovskite solar cells. Science 377, 1227–1232.
Crossref Google Scholar
[13]

Shen, Z. C., Han, Q. F., Luo, X. H., Shen, Y. Z., Wang, Y. B., Yuan, Y. B., Zhang, Y. Q., Yang, Y., Han, L. Y. (2024). Efficient and stable perovskite solar cells with regulated depletion region. Nat. Photonics 18, 450–457.
Crossref Google Scholar
[14]

Wu, F., Ji, Y., Zhong, C., Liu, Y., Tan, L. X., Zhu, L. N. (2017). Fluorine-substituted benzothiadiazole-based hole transport materials for highly efficient planar perovskite solar cells with a FF exceeding 80%. Chem. Commun. 53, 8719–8722.
Crossref Google Scholar
[15]

Lu, H. Q., He, B. Z., Ji, Y., Shan, Y. H., Zhong, C., Xu, J., Liuyang, J. X., Wu, F., Zhu, L. N. (2020). Dopant-free hole transport materials processed with green solvent for efficient perovskite solar cells. Chem. Eng. J. 385, 123976.
Crossref Google Scholar
[16]

Lee, J. H., Ghanem, T., Sánchez, D. J. P., Josse, P., Blanchard, P., Ahn, H., Lungerich, D., Park, N. G., Cabanetos, C., Park, J. H. (2023). Enhancing intermolecular interaction of spiro-OMeTAD for stable perovskite solar cells with efficiencies over 24%. ACS Energy Lett. 8, 3895–3901.
Crossref Google Scholar
[17]

Tour, J. M., Wu, R. L., Schumm, J. S. (1990). Approaches to orthogonally fused conducting polymers for molecular electronics. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112, 5662–5663.
Crossref Google Scholar
[18]

Sun, Y. H., Wang, C. L., Zhao, D. W., Yu, J. S., Yin, X. X., Grice, C. R., Awni, R. A., Shrestha, N., Yu, Y., Guan, L., et al. (2018). A new hole transport material for efficient perovskite solar cells with reduced device cost. Sol. RRL 2, 1700175.
Crossref Google Scholar
[19]

Hawash, Z., Ono, L. K., Qi, Y. B. (2018). Recent advances in spiro-MeOTAD hole transport material and its applications in organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cells. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 5, 1700623.
Crossref Google Scholar
[20]

Tang, R., Liu, H. T., Xu, Y. N., Chen, K. X., Zhang, J., Zhang, P., Zhong, C., Wu, F., Zhu, L. N. (2023). Molecular configuration engineering in hole-transporting materials toward efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2208859.
Crossref Google Scholar
[21]

Wang, Y. D., Wang, Y., Shao, J. Y., Lan, Y. J., Lan, Z. R., Zhong, Y. W., Song, Y. L. (2021). Defect passivation by a D-A-D type hole-transporting interfacial layer for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. ACS Energy Lett. 6, 2030–2037.
Crossref Google Scholar
[22]

Wu, B. X., Fu, Q., Sun, L. X., Liu, Y. Q., Sun, Z., Xue, S., Liu, Y. S., Liang, M. (2022). Conjugation engineering of spiro-based hole transport materials for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. ACS Energy Lett. 7, 2667–2676.
Crossref Google Scholar
[23]

Yao, Z. Y., Zhang, F. G., He, L. L., Bi, X. Q., Guo, Y. X., Guo, Y., Wang, L. Q., Wan, X. J., Chen, Y. S., Sun, L. C. (2022). Pyrene-based dopant-free hole-transport polymers with fluorine-induced favorable molecular stacking enable efficient perovskite solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61, e202201847.
Crossref Google Scholar
[24]

Zhang, H., Yu, X., Li, M. J., Zhang, Z. L., Song, Z. L., Zong, X. P., Duan, G. T., Zhang, W. F., Chen, C., Zhang, W. H., Liu, Y. S., et al. (2023). Benzothieno[3, 2-b]thiophene-based noncovalent conformational lock achieves perovskite solar cells with efficiency over 24 %. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62, e202314270.
Crossref Google Scholar
[25]

Cheng, Q. R., Chen, H. Y., Chen, W. J., Ding, J. Y., Chen, Z. Y., Shen, Y. X., Wu, X. X., Wu, Y. Y., Li, Y. W., Li, Y. F. (2023). Green solvent processable, asymmetric dopant-free hole transport layer material for efficient and stable n-i-p perovskite solar cells and modules. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62, e202312231.
Crossref Google Scholar
[26]

Cheng, Q. R., Chen, H. Y., Yang, F., Chen, Z. Y., Chen, W. J., Yang, H. Y., Shen, Y. X., Ou, X. M., Wu, Y. Y., Li, Y. W., et al. (2022). Molecular self-assembly regulated dopant-free hole transport materials for efficient and stable n-i-p perovskite solar cells and scalable modules. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61, e202210613.
Crossref Google Scholar
[27]

Zhang, Z., Shen, L. N., Wang, S. J., Zheng, L. F., Li, D., Li, Z. J., Xing, Y. F., Guo, K. P., Xie, L. Q., Wei, Z. H. (2023). Halogenated hole-transport molecules with enhanced isotropic coordination capability enable improved interface and light stability of perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 13, 2204362.
Crossref Google Scholar
[28]

Zhao, X. M., Yao, C., Gu, K. C., Liu, T. R., Xia, Y., Loo, Y. L. (2020). A hole-transport material that also passivates perovskite surface defects for solar cells with improved efficiency and stability. Energy Environ. Sci. 13, 4334–4343.
Crossref Google Scholar
[29]

Ma, L. J., Zhang, S. Q., Ren, J. Z., Wang, G. L., Li, J. Y., Chen, Z. H., Yao, H. F., Hou, J. H. (2023). Design of a fully non-fused bulk heterojunction toward efficient and low-cost organic photovoltaics. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62, e202214088.
Crossref Google Scholar
[30]

Zhou, J., Yin, X. X., Dong, Z. H., Ali, A., Song, Z. N., Shrestha, N., Bista, S. S., Bao, Q. Y., Ellingson, R. J., Yan, Y. F., et al. (2019). Dithieno[3, 2-b: 2′, 3′-d]pyrrole cored p-type semiconductors enabling 20 % efficiency dopant-free perovskite solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 58, 13717–13721.
Crossref Google Scholar
[31]

Guo, J. J., Sun, J. G., Hu, L., Fang, S. W., Ling, X. F., Zhang, X. L., Wang, Y., Huang, H. H., Han, C. X., Cazorla, C., et al. (2022). Indigo: a natural molecular passivator for efficient perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 12, 2200537.
Crossref Google Scholar
Energy Materials and Devices
Volume 2 Issue 2,
June 2024
Article number: 9370036
DOI: 10.26599/EMD.2024.9370036
Cite this article:
Li L, Zheng L, Gao W, et al. Bithiophene-based cost-effective hole transport materials for efficient n–i–p perovskite solar cells. Energy Materials and Devices, 2024, 2(2): 9370036. https://doi.org/10.26599/EMD.2024.9370036

1417

Views

238

Downloads

0

Crossref

Altmetrics
Received: 18 March 2024
Revised: 10 May 2024
Accepted: 14 May 2024
Published: 31 May 2024
© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Tsinghua University Press.

The articles published in this open access journal are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Return