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Research Article | Open Access

Advanced high-voltage and super-stable sodium–zinc hybrid ion batteries enabled by a hydrogel electrolyte

Debin Kong1( ), Xinru Wei1, Jinshu Yue2, Changzhi Ji2, Jianhang Yang3, Guanzhong Ma1, Xia Hu1, Wenting Feng4, Changming Mao3, Zhongtao Li2, Linjie Zhi1,4( )
College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
Advanced Chemical Engineering and Energy Materials Research Center, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
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Abstract

Aqueous secondary batteries are promising candidates for next-generation large-scale energy storage systems owing to their excellent safety and cost-effectiveness. However, their commercialization faces considerable challenges owing to a limited electrochemical stability window and lower energy density. In this study, we present a rationally designed hydrogel electrolyte, featuring a distinctive polymer network and reduced free water content, created using a UV-curing method. This innovation results in an impressive ionic conductivity of 43 mS cm−1, high mechanical strength and an enhanced electrochemical stability window of up to 2.5 V (vs. Zn/Zn2+). The hybrid electrolyte demonstrates impressive viability and versatility, enabling compatibility with various cathode materials for use in both aqueous Na–Zn hybrid batteries and Zn-ion batteries. Notably, when paired with a Prussian blue cathode, the assembled hybrid batteries show remarkable cyclability, enduring over 6000 cycles with a minimal capacity decay of only 0.0096% per cycle at a high current density of 25 C. Additionally, the Zn||Na2MnFe(CN)6 full battery using the synthesized hydrogel electrolyte achieves a high energy density of approximately 220 Wh kg−1 and outstanding rate performance reaching up to 5 C. This research provides important insights for designing aqueous hybrid electrolytes that combine both high ionic conductivity and an expansive electrochemical stability window.

Keywords

electrochemistrysodium–zinc hybrid ion batteryhydrogel electrolyteaqueous secondary batteries

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Energy Materials and Devices
Volume 2 Issue 4,
December 2024
Article number: 9370050
DOI: 10.26599/EMD.2024.9370050
Cite this article:
Kong D, Wei X, Yue J, et al. Advanced high-voltage and super-stable sodium–zinc hybrid ion batteries enabled by a hydrogel electrolyte. Energy Materials and Devices, 2024, 2(4): 9370050. https://doi.org/10.26599/EMD.2024.9370050

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Received: 20 November 2024
Revised: 08 December 2024
Accepted: 10 December 2024
Published: 31 December 2024
© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Tsinghua University Press.

The articles published in this open access journal are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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