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Review | Open Access

Recent progress and challenges of self-healing batteries

Zhonggui Quan1, Xinyi Xiu2, Meng Li2, Li Song1(), Xuting Jin2, Zhen Zhou2()
Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Abstract

With the exponential growth of portable electronic devices and wearable technologies, batteries are currently required to deliver not only high energy density and extended cycling performance but also enhanced safety and exceptional durability. Inspired by the self-repair mechanism observed in natural systems, a self-healing strategy shows great application potential in enabling batteries to resist external physical and chemical damage. In this review, we provide a detailed exploration of the application of self-healing materials in battery components, including electrodes, electrolytes, and encapsulation layers. We also analyze the advantages and limitations of various self-healing mechanisms, highlighting their roles in optimizing battery performance. By presenting a comprehensive synthesis of existing research, the potential pathways for advancing the development of self-healing batteries are identified, as well as the key challenges and opportunities within this field. This review aims to promote the practical integration of self-healing batteries in smart and flexible electronic devices, paving the way for safer, more reliable, and long-lasting energy storage systems.

Keywords

self-healing batteriesgel electrolyteshigh-performance electrodesfunctional substrate

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Energy Materials and Devices
Volume 3 Issue 1,
March 2025
Article number: 9370058
DOI: 10.26599/EMD.2025.9370058
Cite this article:
Quan Z, Xiu X, Li M, et al. Recent progress and challenges of self-healing batteries. Energy Materials and Devices, 2025, 3(1): 9370058. https://doi.org/10.26599/EMD.2025.9370058
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Comparison of the mechanical and electrochemical performance of different self-healing strategies in whole battery

ReferenceHealing materialHealing mechanismHealing conditionsHealing efficiencyInitial performance (mAh·g−1)
Note: RT, room temperature; TMAC, trimethylammonium methacrylate chloride; AF-SH–CPAM, anti-freezing and self-healable polyelectrolyte; PAAm–OMA–BIS, PAAm–OMA–N′N-methylenebis(acrylamide).
[20]Rubber electrode substrateHydrogen bondsRT several secondsAfter 5 times healing 60%28.2
[21]PVA-g-TMAC electrolyte and electrodesDiol-borate ester bondsRT 5 minAfter 15 times healing 98%86.4
[22]PANa–Fe3+ hydrogel electrolyteIonic bondsRTAfter 4 times healing 87%160
[23]PVA/Zn (CF3SO3)2 hydrogel electrolyte (incorporating the electrode and separator)Hydrogen bondsRTAfter 3 times healing ≈100%≈81.4
[24]PANa–Ca2+–SA hydrogel yarn electrodesIonic bondsRTAfter 8 times healing 68%110
[25]All-round hydrogel electrolyteSi–O bonds and hydrogen bondsRT 2 hAfter 3 times healing 96.7%225
[26]AF-SH–CPAM electrolyte CNTs-modified cathodeHydrogen bonds−20 °CAfter 3 times healing 90.4%162
[27]AF-SH–CPAM electrolyte CNTs-modified cathode Eutectogels as (electrolyte, electrodes, and substrate)Hydrogen bonds Hydrogen bondsRTAfter 3 times healing 91.6%193.7
RT 4 hAfter 5 times healing 95%257
[49]PAAm–OMA–BIS (PAAm–O–B) hydrogel electrolyteHydrogen bondsRT 24 hAfter 50 times healing 91.9%≈300
[42]PVA-g-TMAC (LMO cathode, LVO anode, SA-g-DA electrolyte)Borate ester bondsRT 20 minAfter 5 times healing 62%29.2
[50]All-in-one electrodes PVA-Zn/Mn hydrogel electrolyteHydrogen bondsRT 6 hAfter 5 times healing 70%158