National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
Microbial Chemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function, Henan, Kaifeng 475004, China
College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
†These authors contributed equally to this work.
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Highlights
(1) This review focuses on the active ingredients and their mechanisms of action of food & medicine homology resources with lipid-regulating effects.
(2) The effects of 55 active ingredients of 53 food & medicine homology resources on regulating blood lipids were reviewed.
(3) Triterpenes and their glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids and polysaccharides are the main active ingredients of food & medicine homology resources in regulating blood lipids.
(4) The active ingredients of food & medicine homology resources can regulate blood lipids mainly by regulating AMPK pathway, cholesterol metabolism pathway, PPARγ signaling pathway and gut microbiota.
Graphical Abstract
This article reviews the types, frequency of use, active ingredients, and mechanisms of lipid-lowering drugs and homologous resources in food. A total of 53 drug-food analogues with lipid-regulating effects were found, and the main active ingredients were triterpenoids and their glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, and polysaccharides. They mainly regulate blood lipids by controlling AMPK, PPARγ, cholesterol metabolism, and modulating the gut microbiota.
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a kind of lipid metabolism disease, whose pathogenesis is complex and diverse, mainly related to abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as insulin resistance and other characteristics. Because of their low toxic and side effects along with clear medicinal effects, the food and medicinal homological resources are widely used in the regulation of blood lipids in recent years. The State Administration for Market Regulation website and various databases have been searched for the use of food and medicinal homological materials in functional food products, the categories and frequency in food and medicinal homological resources, the lipid-lowering active ingredients and their mechanisms. The results showed that 53 kinds of food and medicinal homological resources were used to regulate blood lipids, of which Crataegus pinnatifida Bge., Cassia obtusifolia L., Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., Morus alba L. and Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi were used most frequently. The main active ingredients are triterpenes and their glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids and polysaccharides, etc., they regulated blood lipid levels and cholesterol metabolism by activating AMPK and PPARγ.
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