Show {{imgMenuList.length - 9}} more figuresHide {{imgMenuList.length - 9}} figures
Show {{tableMenuList.length - 5}} more tablesHide {{tableMenuList.length - 5}} tables
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Show {{imgMenuList.length - 9}} more figuresHide {{imgMenuList.length - 9}} figures
Show {{tableMenuList.length - 5}} more tablesHide {{tableMenuList.length - 5}} tables
Research Article|Open Access
Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Emilia prenanthoidea DC. using response surface methodology and exploration of the ecological factors on total flavonoid and antioxidant activity
Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
Guizhou Environmental Scientific Research and Design Institute, Guiyang 550081, China
†These authors contributed equally to this work.
Show Author Information
Hide Author Information
Highlights
(1) An effective method was developed for the extraction of total flavonoids from Emilia prenanthoidea DC. (EP).
(2) The correlation of total flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity of EP with ecological factors was analyzed for the first time.
(3) Total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of EP in 12 regions were related to ecological factors, especially annual sunshine hours.
Graphical Abstract
In the present study, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) for the extraction of total flavonoids from Emilia prenanthoidea DC. (EP). The total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of EP in 12 regions were determined using optimized conditions. Finally, the correlation of ecological factors on total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity was analyzed.
Abstract
Emilia prenanthoidea DC. (EP) is a medicinal plant that belongs to the tribe Emilia Cass in the family Asteraceae. Although it has a long history of medicinal use, there are few research reports on this herb. In this study, for the first time, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) to extract total flavonoids from EP. An optimized method was used to determine the total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity of EP extracts from 12 regions in Guizhou, China. Combining environmental factors in 12 regions, the effects of different growth environments on TFC and antioxidant activity of EP extracts were analyzed. In this work, it is proven that the optimal conditions for extraction are a solvent concentration of 45%, an ultrasonication time of 25 min, and a liquid-solid ratio of 46.25 mL/g. Under this condition, the highest TFC (41.182 mg/g) was found in the EP extract from Daping, while the lowest TFC (28.865 mg/g) was found in the EP extract from Liping. Evaluation of antioxidant activity showed that the highest antioxidant capacity was found in EP extracts from Daping, followed by Tuan Shan, Yaobai and Green Lake. Ecological factors affected both total flavonoids and antioxidant activity in EP. Annual sunshine hours in different regions had a significant effect on TFC in EP (r = −0.841, P < 0.01). In conclusion, this study established an effective method for the extraction of total flavonoids from EP, an effective natural antioxidant. The effects of the growth environment on the TFC and antioxidant capacity were also analyzed. It provides an experimental basis for the extensive utilization of EP.
No abstract is available for this article. Click the button above to view the PDF directly.
References
[1]
Scherer, R., Godoy, H. T. Antioxidant activity index (AAI) by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method. Food Chemistry, 2009, 112: 654–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.06.026
Butterfield, D. A., Halliwell, B. Oxidative stress, dysfunctional glucose metabolism and Alzheimer disease. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2019, 20: 148–160. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-019-0132-6
Zhao, Y., Han, C., Wu, Y., et al. Extraction, structural characterization, and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from three microalgae. Science of the Total Environment, 2024, 931: 172567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172567
Deng, G. F., Lin, X., Xu, X. R., et al. Antioxidant capacities and total phenolic contents of 56 vegetables. Journal of Functional Foods, 2013, 5: 260–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2012.10.015
Wen, Y., Zeng, X., Dai, H. J., et al. Optimization of ultrasonic assisted extraction and biological activity of total flavonoids from Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. using response surface methodology. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 2023, 14: 17101–17113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-03832-7
Wufuer, Y., Yang, X., Guo, L. Y., et al. The antitumor effect and mechanism of total flavonoids from Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt (snow chrysanthemum) on lung cancer using network pharmacology and molecular docking. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2022, 13: 761785. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.761785
Patil, S. S., Pathak, A., Rathod, V. K. Optimization and kinetic study of ultrasound assisted deep eutectic solvent based extraction: a greener route for extraction of curcuminoids from Curcuma longa. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2021, 70: 105267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105267
Ashrafizadeh, M., Rafiei, H., Mohammadinejad, R., et al. Anti-tumor activity of resveratrol against gastric cancer: a review of recent advances with an emphasis on molecular pathways. Cancer Cell International, 2021, 21: 66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-021-01773-7
Jiang, Z. M., Zhao, C., Gong, X. J., et al. Quantification and efficient discovery of quality control markers for Emilia prenanthoidea DC. by fingerprint-efficacy relationship modelling. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2018, 156: 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2018.04.020
Couto, V. M., Vilela, F. C., Dias, D. F., et al. Antinociceptive effect of extract of Emilia sonchifolia in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2011, 134: 348–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.12.028
Shen, S. M., Shen, L. G., Zhang, J., et al. Emiline, a new alkaloid from the aerial parts of Emilia sonchifolia. Phytochemistry Letters, 2013, 6: 467–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2013.05.018
Wang, D., Lv, J., Fu, Y., et al. Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction process of total flavonoids from Salicornia bigelovii Torr. and its hepatoprotective effect on alcoholic liver injury mice. Foods, 2024, 13: 647. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13050647
Zhou, J., Zhang, L., Li, Q., et al. Simultaneous optimization for ultrasound-assisted extraction and antioxidant activity of flavonoids from Sophora flavescens using response surface methodology. Molecules, 2018, 24: 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010112
Chen, F., Wang, B., Zhao, G., et al. Optimization extraction of flavonoids from peony pods by response surface methodology, antioxidant activity and bioaccessibility in vitro. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 2022, 17: 460–471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-022-01649-y
Varinskii, B. A., Khil'ko, N. A., Petrenko, V. V. Express method for the quantitative determination of the total flavonoids in the flowers of Sophora japonica. Chemistry of Natural Compounds (Translation of Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii), 1999, 35: 215–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02234940
Chen, Z., Bertin, R., Froldi, G. EC50 estimation of antioxidant activity in DPPH assay using several statistical programs. Food Chemistry, 2013, 138: 414–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.001
Van den Berg, R., Haenen, G. R. M. M., Van den Berg, H., et al. Applicability of an improved Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay for evaluation of antioxidant capacity measurements of mixtures. Food Chemistry, 1999, 66: 511–517. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0308-8146(99)00089-8
Benzie, I. F. F., Strain, J. J. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: the FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 1996, 239: 70–76. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1996.0292
Han, H. Q., Cai, G. P., Wu, J., et al. Spatial and temporal variations of absolute humidity in Guizhou Province from 1960 to 2013. Journal of Sichuan Agricultural University, 2016, 34: 348–353. https://doi.org/10.16036/j.issn.1000-2650.2016.03.015
Wang, X., Cao, J. G., Dai, X. L., et al. Total flavonoid concentrations of bryophytes from Tianmu Mountain, Zhejiang Province (China): phylogeny and ecological factors. PLoS ONE, 2017, 12: e0173003. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173003
Chua, L. S. A review on plant-based rutin extraction methods and its pharmacological activities. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2013, 150: 805–817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.036
Zhang, Y. L., Yu, X. M., Wang, M. M., et al. Hyperoside from Z. bungeanum leaves restores insulin secretion and mitochondrial function by regulating pancreatic cellular redox status in diabetic mice. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2021, 162: 412–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.320
Wu, W., Xie, Z. L., Zhang, Q., et al. Hyperoside ameliorates diabetic retinopathy via anti-oxidation, inhibiting cell damage and apoptosis induced by high glucose. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2020, 11: 797. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00797
Hu, C., Chen, Y., Cao, Y. Y., et al. Metabolomics analysis reveals the protective effect of quercetin-3- O-galactoside (hyperoside) on liver injury in mice induced by acetaminophen. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 2020, 44: e13420. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13420
Ham, Y. M., Yoon, W. J., Park, S. Y., et al. Quercitrin protects against oxidative stress-induced injury in lung fibroblast cells via up-regulation of Bcl-XL. Journal of Functional Foods, 2012, 4: 253–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2011.12.001
Wagner, C., Fachinetto, R., Dalla Corte, C. L., et al. Quercitrin, a glycoside form of quercetin, prevents lipid peroxidation in vitro. Brain Research, 2006, 1107: 192–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.05.084
Ahmad, R., Ahmad, N., Naqvi, A., et al. Antioxidant and antiglycating constituents from leaves of Ziziphus oxyphylla and Cedrela serrata. Antioxidants, 2016, 5: 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox5010009
Silva, C. G., Raulino, R. J., Cerqueira, D. M., et al. In vitro and in vivo determination of antioxidant activity and mode of action of isoquercitrin and Hyptis fasciculata. Phytomedicine, 2009 , 16: 761–767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2008.12.019
[32]
Xie, W. Y., Wang, M., Chen, C., et al. Hepatoprotective effect of isoquercitrin against acetaminophen-induced liver injury. Life Sciences, 2016, 152: 180–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2016.04.002
Zhao D-N, Zhou X-M, Gong X-J, et al. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Emilia prenanthoidea DC. using response surface methodology and exploration of the ecological factors on total flavonoid and antioxidant activity. Food & Medicine Homology, 2024, 1(2): 9420017. https://doi.org/10.26599/FMH.2024.9420017