Home Food & Medicine Homology Article
PDF (3.3 MB)
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Submit Manuscript
Review Article | Open Access

Critical Review for active iridoids in Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis as a plant of food and medicine homology

Ya-Dan Zhang1, Meng-Han Wang1,2, Miao Guan1,2, Fathy Mohamed Saber Ali Mehaya3, Xiao-Yu Chen1,2(), Xu-Qiang Liu1,2,4()
National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
Food Technology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Egypt
Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function, Henan Province, Kaifeng 475004, China
Show Author Information

Highlights

(1) Iridoids from Gardenia jasminoides contain six categories according to the structure of iridoids.

(2) Iridoids from Gardenia jasminoides possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor, and neuroprotection biological activities.

(3) The potential mechanisms of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor and neuroprotective effects of iridoids from Gardenia jasminoides were summarized.

Graphical Abstract

View original image Download original image
There are 94 iridoids isolated from G. jasminoides, and their structures are diversified. The iridoids in G. jasminoides are divided into six categories according to the structure. Main biological activities of iridoids from Gardenia jasminoides (include anti-inflammatory, neuroprotection, and anti-oxidative) and their potential mechanism.

Abstract

Iridoids compounds are one of the main active components of Gardenia jasminoides, which were divided into two categories: iridoid glycosides and non-glucosylated iridoids according to their chemical structures. Relevant studies have shown that components such as geniposide, deacetyl asperulosidic acid methyl ester, and geniposidic acid play an important role in anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemia, and the protection of cardiomyocytes. While the pharmacological effects of most iridoid glycosides are still not clear. This paper’s systematic summary was created by searching for relevant iridoids material on websites such as Google Scholar, PubMed, SciFinder Scholar, Science Direct, and others. Up to now, a total of 94 iridoids had been identified in G. jasminoides, among which 40 iridoids had extensive biological activities and the mechanisms involved in MAPK, NF-κB, JNK signal pathways. This paper reviews the literature on types and pharmacological effects of iridoid compounds in G. jasminoides, in order to provide a reference for its development and application.

Keywords

Gardenia jasminoidesiridoidsbiological activity

References

[1]

Sampaio-Santos, M. I., Kaplan, M. A. C. Biosynthesis significance of iridoids in chemosystematics. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 2010, 12: 144–153. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532001000200004

Crossref Google Scholar
[2]

Franzyk, H. Synthetic aspects of iridoid chemistry. Organic Chemistry Frontiers, 2000, 79: 1–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6341-21

Crossref Google Scholar
[3]

Kong, Y. F. Research progress on structures and structure-activity relationships of iridoids. Natural Product Research, 2021, 33: 1236–1250. https://doi.org/10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2013.19.025

Crossref Google Scholar
[4]

Çelikel, F. G., Reid, M. S., Jiang, C. Z. Postharvest physiology of cut Gardenia jasminoides flowers. Scientia Horticulturae, 2020, 261: 108983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108983

Crossref Google Scholar
[5]
Chen, L. P., Tian, X. Y., Li, X. L., et al. Gardenia jasminoides Ellis: ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological and industrial applications of an important traditional Chinese medicine. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2020 , 257: 112829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112829
Crossref
[6]

Feng, J., He X., Zhou, S., et al. Preparative separation of crocins and geniposide simultaneously from gardenia fruits using macroporous resin and reversed-phase chromatography. Journal of Separation Science, 2014, 37: 314–322. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201300601

Crossref Google Scholar
[7]
Li, N., Wu, H. M., Zhou. H. Antioxidative property and molecular mechanisms underlying geniposide-mediated therapeutic effects in diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2019 , 2019: 20. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7480512
Crossref
[8]

Hobbs, C. A., Koyanagi. M., Swartz, C., et al. Genotoxicity evaluation of the naturally-derived food colorant, gardenia blue, and its precursor, genipin. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2018, 118: 695–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.001

Crossref Google Scholar
[9]

Zhang, Q. H. Homology of medicine and food and Chinese herb taken as food. Journal of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2009, 11: 54–55. https://doi.org/10.13194/j.jlunivtcm.2009.07.56.zhangqh.096

Crossref Google Scholar
[10]
Jina, C. Y., Zongoa, A. W., Dub, H. J., et al. Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) fruit: a critical review of its functionalnutrients, processing methods, health-promoting effects, comprehensiveapplication and future tendencies. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2023 : 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2023.2270530
Crossref
[11]
Wang, C., Gong, X., Bo, A., et al. Iridoids: research advances in their phytochemistry. Biological Activities and Pharmacokinetics Molecules, 2020 , 25: 287. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25020287
Crossref
[12]
Ghule, B. V., Kotagale, N. R., Patil, K. S., Inhibition of the pro-inflammatory mediators in rat neutrophils by shanzhiside methyl ester and its acetyl derivative isolated from Barleria prionitis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2020 : 112374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.112374
Crossref
[13]

Li, H. B., Ma, J. F., Mei, Y. D., et al. Two new iridoid glycosides from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides. Natural Product Research, 2022, 36: 186–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2020.1775227

Crossref Google Scholar
[14]

Chen, Y. F., Zhang, J. Y., Zhao, M., et al. The analgesic activity and possible mechanisms of deacetyl asperulosidic acid methyl ester from Ji Shi Teng in mice. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 2012, 102: 585–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2012.07.005

Crossref Google Scholar
[15]

Xia, T., Zhao, R., He, S., et al. Gardenoside ameliorates inflammation and inhibits ECM degradation in IL-1β-treated rat chondrocytes via suppressing NF-κB signaling pathways. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2023, 640: 164–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.016

Crossref Google Scholar
[16]

Liu, J., Zhao, N., Shi, G., et al. Geniposide ameliorated sepsis-induced acute kidney injury by activating PPARγ. Neurobiology of Aging, 2020, 12: 22744–22758. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.103902

Crossref Google Scholar
[17]

Yu, Y., Bian, Y., Shi, J. X., et al. Geniposide promotes splenic Treg differentiation to alleviate colonic inflammation and intestinal barrier injury in ulcerative colitis mice. Bioengineered, 2022, 13: 14616–14631. https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2022.2092678

Crossref Google Scholar
[18]

Chen, J. Y., Li, H. H., Hu, S. L., et al. Anti-inflammatory effects and pharmacokinetics study of geniposide on rats with adjuvant arthritis. International Immunopharmacology, 2015, 24: 102–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2014. 11.017

Crossref Google Scholar
[19]

Yu, B., Shen, Y., Qiao, J., et al. Geniposide attenuates Staphylococcus aureus-induced pneumonia in mice by inhibiting NF-κB activation. Microbial Pathogenesis, 2017, 112: 117–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2017.09.050

Crossref Google Scholar
[20]

Song, X., Zhang, W., Wang, T., et al. Geniposide plays an anti-inflammatory role via regulating TLR4 and downstream signaling pathways in lipopolysaccharide-induced mastitis in mice. Inflammopharmacology, 2014, 37: 1588–1598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-014-9885-2

Crossref Google Scholar
[21]

Chang, C. H., Wu, J. B., Yang, J. S., et al. The suppressive effects of geniposide and genipin on Helicobacter pylori infections in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Food Science, 2017, 82: 3021–3028. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13955

Crossref Google Scholar
[22]

Li, C., Mu, Y. R. Penta-acetyl geniposide suppresses migration, invasion, and inflammation of TNF-α-stimulated rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes involving Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Inflammopharmacology, 2021, 44: 2232–2245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-021-01495-y

Crossref Google Scholar
[23]
Song, M., Chen, Z., Qiu, R., et al. Inhibition of NLRP3-mediated crosstalk between hepatocytes and liver macrophages by geniposidic acid alleviates cholestatic liver inflammatory injury. Redox Biology, 2022, 55: 102404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2022.102404
Crossref
[24]

Tang, J. J., Zhao, N., Gao, Y. Q., et al. Phytosterol profiles and iridoids of the edible Eucommia ulmoides Oliver seeds and their anti-inflammatory potential. Food Bioscience, 2021, 43: 2212–4292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101295

Crossref Google Scholar
[25]

Sohn, Y. A., Hwang, I. Y., Lee, S. Y., Cho, et al. Protective Effects of Genipin on Gastrointestinal Disorders. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2017, 40: 151–154. https://doi.org/10.1248/ bpb.b16-00545

Crossref Google Scholar
[26]

Kim, T. H., Yoon, S. J., Lee, S. M. Genipin attenuates sepsis by inhibiting Toll-like receptor signaling. Molecular Medicine, 2012, 18: 455–465. https://doi.org/10.2119/molmed.2011.00308

Crossref Google Scholar
[27]

Li, Z., Ma, T., Zhang, W., et al. Genipin attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis via suppressing inflammatory and oxidative responses. Inflammopharmacology, 2020, 28: 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-019-00639-9

Crossref Google Scholar
[28]

Huertas-Bell, M., Cuéllar-Sáenz, J. A., Rodriguez, C. N., et al. A pilot study to evaluate genipin in Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis models: modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2023, 24: 6904. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24086904

Crossref Google Scholar
[29]

Wang, J., Chen, L. Genipin inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory response in BV2 microglial cells. Neurochemical Research, 2017, 42: 2769–2776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-017-2289-6

Crossref Google Scholar
[30]

Shindo, S., Hosokawa, Y., Hosokawa, I., et al. Genipin inhibits MMP-1 and MMP-3 release from TNF-a-stimulated human periodontal ligament cells. Biochimie, 2014, 107: 391–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2014.10.008

Crossref Google Scholar
[31]

Jeon, W. K., Hong, H. Y., Kim, B. C. Genipin up-regulates heme oxygenase-1 via PI3-kinase-JNK1/2-Nrf2 signaling pathway to enhance the anti-inflammatory capacity in RAW264.7 macrophages. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2011, 512: 119–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2011.05.016

Crossref Google Scholar
[32]

Luo, X., Lin, B., Gao, Y., et al. Genipin attenuates mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation via the PI3K/AKT pathway in acute lung injury. International Immunopharmacology, 2019, 76: 105842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp

Crossref Google Scholar
[33]

Zhang, X., Wang, L., Zheng, Z., et al. Online microdialysis-ultra performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method for comparative pharmacokinetic investigation on iridoids from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis in rats with different progressions of type 2 diabetic complications. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2017, 140: 146–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2017.03.040

Crossref Google Scholar
[34]

Zeng, X., Jiang, J., Liu, S., et al. Bidirectional effects of geniposide in liver injury: preclinical evidence construction based on meta-analysis. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2023, 319: 117061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2023.117061

Crossref Google Scholar
[35]

He, J., Lu, X., Wei, T., et al. Asperuloside and asperulosidic acid exert an anti-inflammatory effect via suppression of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2018, 19: 2027. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19072027

Crossref Google Scholar
[36]

Chen, Y. E., Xu, S. J., Lu, Y. Y., et al. Asperuloside suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation in DSS-induced chronic colitis and RAW 264.7 macrophages via Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB pathways. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 2021, 344: 109512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109512

Crossref Google Scholar
[37]

Zhang, H., Feng, N., Xu, Y. T., et al. Chemical constituents from the flowers of wild Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 2017, 14: 1600437. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201600437

Crossref Google Scholar
[38]

Ijaz, F., Haq, A. U., Ahmad, I., et al. Antioxidative iridoid glycosides from the sky flower ( Duranta repens Linn). Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2011, 26: 88–92. https://doi.org/ 10.3109/14756361003724778

Crossref Google Scholar
[39]

Wei, D., Liu, B. L., Shi, Y., et al. Genipin inhibited on oxidative stress injury of ARPE-19 cells by regulating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2022, 51: 83–86. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2018.4027

Crossref Google Scholar
[40]

Cheng, S., Jia, H., Zhang, Y., et al. Geniposidic acid from Eucommia ulmoides oliver staminate flower tea mitigates cellular oxidative stress via activating AKT/NRF2 signaling. Molecules, 2022, 27: 8568. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238568

Crossref Google Scholar
[41]

Li, J., Ge, H., Xu, Y., et al. Geniposide alleviates oxidative damage in hepatocytes through regulating miR-27b-3p/Nrf2 axis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2022, 70: 11544–11553. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03856

Crossref Google Scholar
[42]
Lakshmana Raju, B., Lin, S. J., Hou, W. C., et al. Antioxidant iridoid glucosides from wendlandia formosana. Natural Product Research, 2004 , 18: 357–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410310001622013
Crossref
[43]

Wu, Q., Gai, S., Zhang, H. J. Asperulosidic acid, a bioactive iridoid, alleviates placental oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in gestational diabetes mellitus by suppressing NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Pharmacology, 2022, 107: 197–205. https://doi.org/10.1159/000521080

Crossref Google Scholar
[44]

Lin, L., Cheng, X. L., Li, M. Z., et al. Antitumor effects of iridomyrmecin in HeLa cervical cancer cells are mediated via apoptosis induction, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, cell cycle arrest and down-regulation of PI3K/Akt and up-regulation of lncRNA CCAT2 expression. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 2016, 11: 856. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjp.v11i4.27539

Crossref Google Scholar
[45]

Zhang, C., Wang, N., Tan, H. Y., et al. Direct inhibition of the TLR4/MyD88 pathway by geniposide suppresses HIF-1α-independent VEGF expression and angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma. British Journal of Pharmacology, 2020, 14: 3240–3257. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.15046

Crossref Google Scholar
[46]

Alamri, M. A., Alawam, A. S., Alshahrani, M. M., et al. Establishing the role of iridoids as potential Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog G12C inhibitors using molecular docking; molecular docking simulation; molecular mechanics poisson–boltzmann surface area; frontier molecular orbital theory; molecular electrostatic potential; and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity analysis. Molecules, 2023, 28: 5050. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28135050

Crossref Google Scholar
[47]

Moon, A. Genipin, a constituent of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, induces apoptosis and inhibits invasion in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Oncology Reports, 2011, 27: 567–572. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2011.1508

Crossref Google Scholar
[48]

Li, Z., Zhang, T. B., Jia, D. H., et al. Genipin inhibits the growth of human bladder cancer cells via inactivation of PI3K/Akt signaling. Oncology Letters, 2018, 15: 2619–2624. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7588

Crossref Google Scholar
[49]

Jo, M. J., Jeong, S., Yun, H. K., et al. Genipin induces mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis via downregulation of Stat3/mcl-1 pathway in gastric cancer. BMC Cancer, 2019, 19: 739. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-019-5957-x

Crossref Google Scholar
[50]

Cao, H., Feng, Q., Xu, W., et al. Genipin induced apoptosis associated with activation of the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and p53 protein in HeLa cells. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, 2010, 33: 1343–1348. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb

Crossref Google Scholar
[51]

Yang, X., Yao, J., Luo, Y., et al. P38 MAP kinase mediates apoptosis after genipin treatment in non-small-cell lung cancer H1299 cells via a mitochondrial apoptotic cascade. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 2013, 121: 272–281. https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.12234fp

Crossref Google Scholar
[52]
Feng, Q., Cao, H., Xu, W., et al. Apoptosis induced by genipin in human leukemia K562 cells: involvement of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in G2/M arrest. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 2011, 32: 519–527. https://doi.org/10.1038/aps.2010.158. Epub 2011 Mar 14.
Crossref
[53]

Peng, C., Huang, C., Wang, C. The anti-tumor effect and mechanisms of action of penta-acetyl geniposide. Current Cancer Drug Targets, 2005, 5: 299–305. https://doi.org/10.2174/1568009054064633

Crossref Google Scholar
[54]

Qi, Z. M., Wang, X., Liu, X., et al. Asperuloside promotes apoptosis of cervical cancer cells through endoplasmic reticulum stress-mitochondrial pathway. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2024, 30: 34–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-023-3695-z

Crossref Google Scholar
[55]

Zhang, H., Sun, Y., Yau, S., et al. Synergistic effects of two natural compounds of iridoids on rapid antidepressant action by up-regulating hippocampal PACAP signaling. British Journal of Pharmacology, 2022, 179: 4078–4091. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.15847

Crossref Google Scholar
[56]

Sun, Z. W., Zhan, H. G.,Wang, C., et al. Shanzhiside methylester protects against depression by inhibiting inflammation via the miRNA-155-5p/SOCS1 axis. psychopharmacology, 2022, 239: 2201–2213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06107-7

Crossref Google Scholar
[57]

Luo, X. F., Li, Y., Hu, J. Regulatory effect of gardenoside on sleep disorder in rats with Parkinson’s disease and itsmechanism. Journal of Jilin University Medicine Edition, 2020, 46: 1177–1181. https://doi.org/10.13481/j.1671-587x.20200611

Crossref Google Scholar
[58]

Ma, W. W., Tao, Y., Wang, Y. Y., et al. Effects of Gardenia jasminoides extracts on cognition and innate immune response in an adult Drosophila model of Alzheimer's disease. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 2017, 15: 899–904. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364 (18)30005-0

Crossref Google Scholar
[59]

Chen, G. H., Chen, Q. Role of gardenoside and its aglycone genipine in treatment of depression. Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics, 2022, 38: 1877–1882. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-4718.2022.10.018

Crossref Google Scholar
[60]

Uczay, M., Pflüger, P., Picada, J. N., et al. Geniposide and asperuloside alter the COX-2 and GluN2B receptor expression after pilocarpine-induced seizures in mice. Naunyn-schmiedebergs Archives of Pharmacology, 2023, 396: 951–962. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-022-02367-4

Crossref Google Scholar
[61]

Wei, H., Duan, G., He, J., et al. Geniposide attenuates epilepsy symptoms in a mouse model through the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 2017, 1: 1136–1142. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.5512

Crossref Google Scholar
[62]

Wang, M., Yang, L., Chen, Z., et al. Geniposide ameliorates chronic unpredictable mild stress induced depression-like behavior through inhibition of ceramide-PP2A signaling via the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β axis. Psychopharmacology, 2021, 238: 2789–2800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-05895-8

Crossref Google Scholar
[63]

Chen, Q. Y., Yin, Y., Li, L., et al. Geniposidic acid confers neuroprotective effects in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease through activation of a PI3K/AKT/GAP43 regulatory axis. Journal of Prevention of Alzheimers Disease, 2022, 9: 158–171. https://doi.org/10.14283/jpad.2021.60

Crossref Google Scholar
[64]

Gao, F. Y., Chen, X. F., Cui, L. X., et al. Gut microbiota mediates the pharmacokinetics of Zhi-Zi-Chi decoction for the personalized treatment of depression. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2023, 302: 115934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep

Crossref Google Scholar
[65]

Wang, Q. S., Tian, J. S., Cui, Y. L., et al. Genipin is active via modulating monoaminergic transmission and levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in rat model of depression. Neuroscience, 2014, 275: 365–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.06.032

Crossref Google Scholar
[66]

Li, Y., Li, L., Hölscher, C. Therapeutic potential of genipin in central neurodegenerative diseases. CNS Drugs, 2016, 30: 889–897. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-016-0369-9

Crossref Google Scholar
[67]

Ramos, R. R., Gonçalo, M. P., Daniela, M. Genipin prevents alpha-synuclein aggrega tion and toxicity by affecting endocytosis, metabolism and lipid storage. Nature Communictions, 2023, 14: 1918. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37561-2

Crossref Google Scholar
[68]

Liu, X. Q., Wang, S. Y., Cui, L. L., et al. Flowers: precious food and medicine resources. Food Science and Human Wellness, 2023, 12: 1020–1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2022.10.022

Crossref Google Scholar
[69]

Chang, W. L., Wang, H. Y., Shi, L. S., et al. Immunosuppressive iridoids from the fruits of gardeniajasminoides. Journal of Natural Products, 2005, 68: 1683–1685. https://doi.org/10.1021/np0580816

Crossref Google Scholar
[70]

Zhong, A. J., Li, G. Screening of active ingredients in Rehmannia glutinosa and its mechanism of action in the treatment of liver diseases. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2023, 85: 445–455. https://doi.org/10.36468/pharmaceutical-sciences.1110

Crossref Google Scholar
[71]

Fan, H., Li, T. F., Gong, N., et al. Shanzhiside methylester, the principle effective iridoid glycoside from the analgesic herb Lamiophlomis rotata, reduces neuropathic pain by stimulating spinal microglial β-endorphin expression. Neuropharmacology, 2016, 101: 98–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.09.010

Crossref Google Scholar
[72]

Yenigun, S., Basar, Y., Ipek, Y., et al. Comprehensive evaluation of Ixoroside: An iridoid glycoside from Nepeta aristata and N. baytopii, assessing antioxidant, antimicrobial, enzyme inhibitory, DNA protective properties, with computational and pharmacokinetic analyses. Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature, 2024, 14: 286–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/22311866.2024.2358785

Crossref Google Scholar
[73]
Ortiz de Urbina, A., Martín, M., Fernández, B., et al. In vitro antispasmodic activity of peracetylated penstemonoside, aucubin and catalpol. Planta Medica, 1994 , 60: 512–515. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-959561
Crossref
[74]

Zhou, J., Li, S. P., Feng, K. X., et al. Impact of gardenoside on insulin receptor and nuclear factor kappa B of insulin resistant in HepG2 cells. The Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2015, 31: 362–365. https://doi.org/10.13699/j.cnki.1001-6821.2015.05.013

Crossref Google Scholar
[75]

Song, P., Shen, D. F., Meng, Y. Y., et al. Geniposide protects against sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction through AMPK α-dependent pathway. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2020, 152: 186–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.011

Crossref Google Scholar
[76]

Fu, Y., Yuan, P., Cao, Y., et al. Geniposide in Gardenia jasminoides var. radicans Makino modulates blood pressure via inhibiting WNK pathway mediated by the estrogen receptors. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2020, 72: 1956–1969. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphp.13361

Crossref Google Scholar
[77]

Zhang, Y., Ding, Y., Zhong, X., et al. Geniposide acutely stimulates insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells by regulating GLP-1 receptor/cAMP signaling and ion channels. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 2016, 430: 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2016.04.020

Crossref Google Scholar
[78]

Kwak, J. H., Lee, D. U. Structure–antiamnesic activity relationship of iridoid glycosides from gardenia fruits. Chemistry Letters, 2015, 44: 837–839. https://doi.org/10.1246/cl.150172

Crossref Google Scholar
[79]
Huang, A. G., Chen, C., Liu, T. Q., et al. scFv antibody-mediated targeted drug delivery system improves the antiviral activity of geniposidic acid against WSSV. Aquaculture, 2022 , 560: 738496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture
Crossref
[80]

Nakamura, K., Hosoo, S., Yamaguchi, S., et al. Geniposidic acid upregulates atrial natriuretic peptide secretion and lowers blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Journal of Functional Foods, 2018, 40: 634–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.10.037

Crossref Google Scholar
[81]

Huang, S. M., Lin, S. Y., Chen, M. K., et al. Effects of geniposide and geniposidic acid on fluoxetine-induced muscle atrophy in C2C12 cells. Processes, 2021, 9: 1649. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9091649

Crossref Google Scholar
[82]
Sekandi, P., Namukobe, J., Byamukama, R., et al., Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and sun protection potential of the isolated compounds from Spermacoce princeae (K. Schum). BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 2023 , 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-023-04026-4
Crossref
[83]

L. Li, J. Zou, Q. Xia, et al. Anti-TMV and insecticidal potential of four iridoid glycosides from Gardenia jasminoides fruit. Chemical Research in Chinese Universities, 2018, 34: 697–699. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40242-018-8197-8

Crossref Google Scholar
[84]

Kim, D. H., Lee, H. J., Kim, Y. J., et al. Iridoid glycosides isolated from Oldenlandia diffusa inhibit LDL-oxidation. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 2005, 28: 1156–1160. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02972979

Crossref Google Scholar
[85]

Akihisa, T., Watanabe, K., Yamamoto, A., et al. Melanogenesis inhibitory activity of monoterpene glycosides from Gardeniae Fructus. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 2012, 9: 1490–1499. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201200030

Crossref Google Scholar
[86]

Hirata, T., Kobayashi, T., Wada, A., et al. Anti-obesity compounds in green leaves of Eucommia ulmoides. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2011, 21: 1786–1791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.060

Crossref Google Scholar
[87]
Nakamura, A., Yokoyama, Y., Tanaka, K., et al. Asperuloside improves obesity and type 2 diabetes through modulation of gut microbiota and metabolic signaling. Science, 2020 , 23: 101522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.101522
Crossref
[88]

Li, L., Zou, J., You, S., et al. Natural product cerbinal and its analogues Cyclopenta pyridines: synthesis and discovery as novel pest control agents. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2019, 18: 10498–10504. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03699

Crossref Google Scholar
Food & Medicine Homology
Volume 2 Issue 2,
June 2025
Article number: 9420030
DOI: 10.26599/FMH.2025.9420030
Cite this article:
Zhang Y-D, Wang M-H, Guan M, et al. Critical Review for active iridoids in Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis as a plant of food and medicine homology. Food & Medicine Homology, 2025, 2(2): 9420030. https://doi.org/10.26599/FMH.2025.9420030
Metrics & Citations  
Article History
Copyright
Rights and Permissions
Return