College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
Southern Tree Seed Inspection Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing 210037, China
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Highlights
(1) The phytochemical components of Tilia L. were described in detail, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, essential oils, etc., which have significant biological activities.
(2) Different parts of Tilia L. (such as flowers, leaves, bark) have edible value, especially its flowers are often used to make herbal tea to relieve anxiety and promote sleep.
(3) The application of Tilia L. in traditional medicine was reviewed in this paper, emphasizing its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer and other pharmacological effects, and demonstrating its potential in modern drug development.
(4) Tilia L. plays an important role in the ecosystem, especially in urban greening and biodiversity protection, has strong adaptability to the environment, can improve air quality and provide habitat.
Graphical Abstract
The middle part of the graphic abstract is Tilia L. tree and Tilia flower. This paper mainly focuses on Tilia L. to make a comprehensive review, and discusses in detail the current research progress of Tilia L. at home and abroad from various aspects. Ten aspects are summarized from the article, including genetic and phylogenetic Insights, edible value, economic value, isolated metabolites and phytochemistry, pharmacological effects of Tilia L., and the following: Ecological functions, conservation, and listed three important effects from the numerous pharmacological effects of Tilia L., Antitumor and antiproliferative activity, Neuroactive and hepatoprotective properties, Anxiolytic, antidepressant, and sedative activity. These ten aspects cover the main part of the article, effectively summarizes the central content of this article.
Abstract
The genus Tilia belongs to the Malvaceae family. There are approximately 400 species. The native range of this genus is Temp, Northern Hemisphere to Mexico. The Malvaceae family is a large family in plant classification and includes 245 accepted genera, of which the genus Tilia is one. Phylogenetic relationships and genetic variation of the genus were studied using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, microsatellite markers, and Illumina sequencing techniques. Tilia L. has an important economic value. Flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, organic acids, and other metabolites have been isolated and extracted from the flowers, shoots, leaves, and bracts of different species of Tilia L., and phytochemical studies have shown that these biologically active components can be anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anticancer, anti-anxiety, depressive, and antioxidant and have a protective effect against nerve damage. Tilia L. flowers are fragrant and are a good source of honey plants. As one of the world's five main street trees, on the lightening heavy metal adsorption, Tilia L. plays an important role in environmental pollution. Studies on landscaping, urban environments, and arboreal applications comprehensively highlight the ecological significance of the species. A fraction of the species in the genus Tilia is on the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) endangered list and requires immediate attention. This review will synthesize the research progress on the genus Tilia from multiple perspectives, including a brief overview of Tilia L., analysis of its genetic and phylogenetic relationships, exploration of its edible and medicinal value, examination of the pharmacological actions of isolated metabolites, and considerations for its ecological protection and conservation.
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