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Review Article | Open Access

Research progress on structural characterization and bioactivities of Poria cocos and Ganoderma polysaccharides

Yi-Kun Xie2, Xin-Yu Pan1, Xin-Ran Liang1, Ke-Feng Zhai4(), Qian Yu1,3()
School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
Department of Pharmacy, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou 515031 China
State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
School of Biological and Food Engineering, Engineering Research Center for Development and High Value Utilization of Genuine Medicinal Materials in North Anhui Province, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China
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Highlights

(1) Polysaccharides are important active ingredients of medicine and food homologous fungal.

(2) Extraction and purification method of medicine and food homologous fungal polysaccharides were summarized.

(3) Structural characteristics of medicine and food homologous fungal polysaccharides were discussed.

(4) Diversified bioactivities and underlying mechanisms of medicine and food homologous fungal polysaccharides were outlined.

Graphical Abstract

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Poria cocos, Ganoderma lucidum, and Ganoderma sinense, as the well-known medicine and food homologous fungal, has been used as traditional Chinese medicine to improve health and to treat numerous diseases for a long history. Polysaccharide is the main effective ingredients of P. cocos and Ganoderma which possess a wide range of biological activities. Despite the research of polysaccharide from medicine and food homologous fungal still face challenges and difficulties, future study has become a research hotspot with a broad development prospect.

Abstract

Poria cocos, Ganoderma lucidum, and Ganoderma sinense, as the famous medicine and food homologous fungal, has been used as traditional Chinese medicine for a long history. Polysaccharide is one of the most important bioactive ingredients of P. cocos and Ganoderma, which possess a wide range of biological activities including immunomodulation, anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, antioxidative stress, modulation of gut microbiota properties, etc. This review systematically recapitulates the recent advances in the extraction and purification methods, structural characterization, biological activities, synthesis of derivates, and potential application of polysaccharides derived from P. cocos and Ganoderma. Therefore, the information provides a reference point for the in-depth development of medicinal value and health functions of medicine and food homologous fungal polysaccharides and their resource utilization.

Keywords

Poria cocosGanoderma lucidumGanoderma sinensepolysaccharidesstructural characterizationbioactivities

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Food & Medicine Homology
Volume 2 Issue 1,
March 2025
Article number: 9420040
DOI: 10.26599/FMH.2025.9420040
Cite this article:
Xie Y-K, Pan X-Y, Liang X-R, et al. Research progress on structural characterization and bioactivities of Poria cocos and Ganoderma polysaccharides. Food & Medicine Homology, 2025, 2(1): 9420040. https://doi.org/10.26599/FMH.2025.9420040
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Extraction, separation, and purification of polysaccharides from P. cocos and Ganoderma

NameSourceExtraction methodTemperature (°C)DeproteinizationPurification methodYieldReferences
Poria cocos
PCP-2SclerotiumWater extraction and alcohol precipitation95Sevag methodCellulose DEAE-52 and Sephacryl S-100HR column0.32%[12]
PCPSclerotiumWater extraction and alcohol precipitation100Sevag methodDEAE-cellulose and Sephacryl S-400HR columnND[9]
CMP33NDAlkali extraction and ethanol precipitationRoom temperatureNDDEAE-52 and Saphadex-G200+ Saphdex-G150 columnND[15]
EPS-0MCulture Supernatant and myceliumWater extraction and alcohol precipitation80NDDEAE-650M and Saphadex-G100 columnND[16]
EPS-0.1M
IPS-0M
IPS-0.1M
FMGPMycelia0.1 mol/L sodium acetate, containing cysteine, papain, and EDTA and ethanol precipitation60NDColumn of Fractogel BioSec 103×1.3 cm (Merck)ND[17]
PCWPWNDWater extraction and alcohol precipitationNDNDDEAE-52 cellulose columnND[18]
PCWPS
PCP-1NDDeep eutectic solcent and alcohol precipitation100Sevag methodSephadex G-15 columnND[19]
PCP-1CSclerotiumWater extraction and alcohol precipitation65Sevag methodCellulose DEAE-52 and Sephacryl S-500 columnND[20]
PCP1CSclerotiumWater extraction and alcohol precipitation65Sevag methodCellulose DEAE-52 and Sephacryl S-500 columnND[21]
WIPSclerotiumExtracted with 0.75 mol/L NaOH and alcohol precipitation100NDND39.8%[22]
PCP-W1SclerotiumWater extraction and alcohol precipitation60Sevag methodCellulose DEAE-52 and Sephacryl S-300HR columnND[23]
Ganoderma lucidum
WSGNDPurchased from Wynlife Healthcare Inc.NDNDNDND[24]
MPNMyceliaWater extractionRoom temperatureNDDEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephadex G-100 column4.0%[25]
GLSP-ⅠSporeWater extraction and alcohol precipitation100NDDEAE Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephadex G100 column2.02±0.15%[13]
GLP70-1-2Dried fruiting bodyWater extract and alcohol precipitation90Sevag methodDEAE-52 Cellulose and Sephacryl S-100 column1.14[26]
FXMDried fruiting bodyAlkaline extract100NDTreated with cationic resinND[27]
GLP100Fruiting bodyExtracted by hot water and graded by 100 kDa, 10 kDa and 1 kDa ultrafiltration membranesNDSevag methodDEAE Sepharose fast flow chromatographyND[28]
GLP10
GLP1
Ganoderma sinense
GSBP-2Fruiting bodiesExtracted with 0.3 mol/L NaOH solution and alcohol precipitationRoom temperatureSevag methodDEAE-cellulose 52 and sephacryl S-100 column4.78%[29]
GSPB70-SNDExtracted in 0.5 mol/L NaOH solution and alcohol precipitationRoom temperatureSevag methodDEAE Sephrose Fast Flow columnND[14]

Structural characteristics of polysaccharides from P. cocos and Ganoderma

NameMolecular weight (kDa)Monosaccharide compositionMain chainConformationReferences
Poria cocos
PCP-22.35Glc: Gal: Man: Fuc = 42.0: 35.0: 13.9: 9.1→3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→ND[12]
PCP20.11Gal: Glc: Fuc: Man = 34.79: 39.34: 13.25: 12.62→6)-α-D-Galp-(1→,→3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→ND[9]
CMP33152.3Glc→3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→Congo red: triple-helix structure[15]
EPS-0M1.77Glc: Man: Gal: Fuc: Rha = 17.3: 46.3: 19.9: 8.7: 5.0NDSEM: loose fragmentary aggregation with an amorphous spherical structure[16]
EPS-0.1M2.01Glc: Man: Gal: Fuc: Rha = 11.5: 46.5: 21.9: 10.7: 5.6
IPS-0M0.03Glc: Man: Gal: Fuc: Rha = 79.7: 8.9: 5.5: 1.7: 3.1
IPS-0.1M4.97Glc: Man: Gal: Fuc: Rha = 50.3: 20.9: 16.1: 6.0: 4.0
FMGP31.7Glc: Gal: Man: Fuc = 16: 7: 3: 2→4)-β-D-Manp-(1→, →3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→ND[17]
PCWPW37.15Man: Glc: Gal: Fuc→3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→ND[18]
PCWPS186.2Man: Glc: Gal: Fuc
PCP-13.2Glc→3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→Congo red: triple-helix structure[19]
PCP-1C17Gal: Glu: Man: Fuc = 43.5: 24.4: 17.4: 14.6→6)-α-D-Galp-(1→ND[20]
PCP1CNDNDNDSEM: loose network structure similar to honeycomb[21]
WIP4,486ND→3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→ND[22]
PCP-W118.38Gal: Glu: Fuc: Man = 35.87: 28.56: 21.77: 13.64→3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→,→6)-α-D-Galp-(1→,→2,6)-α-D-Galp-(1→CD: random coil conformation. SEM: rough globular packing structure. AFM: multiple sugar chains coiled and wound[23]
Ganoderma lucidum
WSG1,000Glc: Gal: Man: GlcN: Fuc = 20: 4: 4: 3: 2NDND[24]
MPN10.26NDα-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→ND[25]
GLSP-Ⅰ128.0Glc→3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→ND[13]
GL70-1-26.2Man: Gal: Glu: Fuc→6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-D-Manp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→,→2)- β-D-Galp-(1→,→4,6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→SEM: relatively smooth surface with a lamellar structure and irregular edges[26]
FXM35.9Fuc: Xyl: Man: Glc = 24: 25: 48.3: 2.7→4)-α-D-Manp-(1→ND[27]
GLP100322.0Fuc: Ara: Gal: Glc: Xyl: ManNDND[28]
GLP1018.8
GLP16.4
Ganoderma sinense
GSBP-211.5Man: GlcA: Glc: Gal: Fuc = 9.1: 2.2: 12.2: 3.7: 1.0→3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-D-Manp-(1→, →3,6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-D-Manp-(1→SEM: rough and uneven surface[29]
GSPB70-S2.87Glc: GlcN: Man: Gal = 12.90: 3.70: 2.26: 1.00→3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-GlcpNAc-(1→, →4)-α-D-Manp-(1→AFM: there may be branches in structure.SEM: long strip shape with different thicknesses[14]