AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
PDF (6.9 MB)
Collect
Submit Manuscript AI Chat Paper
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Review Article | Open Access

Research progress on structural characterization and bioactivities of Poria cocos and Ganoderma polysaccharides

Yi-Kun Xie2Xin-Yu Pan1Xin-Ran Liang1Ke-Feng Zhai4( )Qian Yu1,3( )
School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
Department of Pharmacy, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou 515031 China
State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
School of Biological and Food Engineering, Engineering Research Center for Development and High Value Utilization of Genuine Medicinal Materials in North Anhui Province, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China
Show Author Information

Highlights

(1) Polysaccharides are important active ingredients of medicine and food homologous fungal.

(2) Extraction and purification method of medicine and food homologous fungal polysaccharides were summarized.

(3) Structural characteristics of medicine and food homologous fungal polysaccharides were discussed.

(4) Diversified bioactivities and underlying mechanisms of medicine and food homologous fungal polysaccharides were outlined.

Graphical Abstract

Poria cocos, Ganoderma lucidum, and Ganoderma sinense, as the well-known medicine and food homologous fungal, has been used as traditional Chinese medicine to improve health and to treat numerous diseases for a long history. Polysaccharide is the main effective ingredients of P. cocos and Ganoderma which possess a wide range of biological activities. Despite the research of polysaccharide from medicine and food homologous fungal still face challenges and difficulties, future study has become a research hotspot with a broad development prospect.

Abstract

Poria cocos, Ganoderma lucidum, and Ganoderma sinense, as the famous medicine and food homologous fungal, has been used as traditional Chinese medicine for a long history. Polysaccharide is one of the most important bioactive ingredients of P. cocos and Ganoderma, which possess a wide range of biological activities including immunomodulation, anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, antioxidative stress, modulation of gut microbiota properties, etc. This review systematically recapitulates the recent advances in the extraction and purification methods, structural characterization, biological activities, synthesis of derivates, and potential application of polysaccharides derived from P. cocos and Ganoderma. Therefore, the information provides a reference point for the in-depth development of medicinal value and health functions of medicine and food homologous fungal polysaccharides and their resource utilization.

References

[1]

Xu, T., Zhang, H., Wang, S., et al. A review on the advances in the extraction methods and structure elucidation of Poria cocos polysaccharide and its pharmacological activities and drug carrier applications. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2022, 217: 536–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.070

[2]

Kou, F., Ge, Y., Wang, W., et al. A review of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides: Health benefit, structure-activity relationship, modification, and nanoparticle encapsulation. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023, 243: 125199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125199

[3]

Seweryn, E., Ziala, A., Gamian, A. Health-promoting of polysaccharides extracted from Ganoderma lucidum. Nutrients, 2021, 13: 2725. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082725

[4]

Zhao, M., Guan, Z., Tang, N., et al. The differences between the water- and alkaline-soluble Poria cocos polysaccharide: A review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023, 235: 123925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123925

[5]

Azi, F., Wang, Z., Chen, W., et al. Developing Ganoderma lucidum as a next-generation cell factory for food and nutraceuticals. Trends in Biotechnology, 2024, 42: 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.07.008

[6]

Ng, C. Y. J., Lai, N. P. Y., Ng, W. M., et al. Chemical structures, extraction and analysis technologies, and bioactivities of edible fungal polysaccharides from Poria cocos: An updated review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 261: 129555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129555

[7]

Meng, M., Yao, J., Zhang, Y., et al. Potential anti-rheumatoid arthritis activities and mechanisms of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides. Molecules, 2023, 28: 2483. https://doi.org/10.3390/ molecules28062483

[8]

Yi, Y., Hua, H., Sun, X., et al. Rapid determination of polysaccharides and antioxidant activity of Poria cocos using near-infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2020, 240: 118623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2020.118623

[9]

Gu, P., Xu, P., Zhu, Y., et al. Structural characterization and adjuvant activity of a water soluble polysaccharide from Poria cocos. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 273: 133067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133067

[10]

Song, X., Cui, W., Gao, Z., et al. Structural characterization and amelioration of sulfated polysaccharides from Ganoderma applanatum residue against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. International Immunopharmacology, 2021, 96: 107554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107554

[11]

DuBois, M., Gilles, K. A., Hamilton, J. K., et al. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry, 1956, 28: 350–356. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60111a017

[12]

Lv, Y., Yang, Y., Chen, Y., et al. Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of a water-soluble polysaccharide from Poria cocos. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 261: 129878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129878

[13]

Sheng, Z., Wen, L., Yang, B. Structure identification of a polysaccharide in mushroom Lingzhi spore and its immunomodulatory activity. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2022, 278: 118939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118939

[14]

Chen, Y., Ou, X., Yang, J., et al. Structural characterization and biological activities of a novel polysaccharide containing N-acetylglucosamine from Ganoderma sinense. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2020, 158: 1204–1215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.028

[15]

Liu, X., Wang, X., Xu, X., et al. Purification, antitumor and anti-inflammation activities of an alkali-soluble and carboxymethyl polysaccharide CMP33 from Poria cocos. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2019, 127: 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.029

[16]

Li, Y. R., Liu, S. T., Gan, Q., et al. Four polysaccharides isolated from Poria cocos mycelium and fermentation broth supernatant possess different activities on regulating immune response. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023, 226: 935–945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.077

[17]

Lin, T. Y., Lu, M. K., Chang, C. C. Structural identification of a fucose-containing 1,3- β-mannoglucan from Poria cocos and its anti-lung cancer CL1-5 cells migration via inhibition of TGF βR-mediated signaling. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2020, 157: 311–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.014

[18]

Zhang, W., He, J., Zheng, D., et al. Immunomodulatory activity and its mechanisms of two polysaccharides from Poria cocos. Molecules, 2023, 29: 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules 29010050

[19]

Zhai, X., Zhang, W., Pei, H., et al. Structure and physicochemical properties of polysaccharides from Poria cocos extracted by deep eutectic solvent. Glycoconjugate Journal, 2022, 39: 475–486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10719-022-10073-9

[20]

Cheng, Y., Xie, Y., Ge, J. C., et al. Structural characterization and hepatoprotective activity of a galactoglucan from Poria cocos. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2021, 263: 117979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117979

[21]

Zhang, Y., Huang, J., Sun, M., et al. Preparation, characterization, antioxidant and antianemia activities of Poria cocos polysaccharide iron (III) complex. Heliyon, 2023, 9: e12819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12819

[22]

Sun, S. S., Wang, K., Ma, K., et al. An insoluble polysaccharide from the sclerotium of Poria cocos improves hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis in ob/ ob mice via modulation of gut microbiota. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 2019, 17: 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364(19)30003-2

[23]

Sun, M., Yao, L., Yu, Q., et al. Screening of Poria cocos polysaccharide with immunomodulatory activity and its activation effects on TLR4/MD2/NF-κB pathway. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 273: 132931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132931

[24]

Hsu, W. H., Qiu, W. L., Tsao, S. M., et al. Effects of WSG, a polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum, on suppressing cell growth and mobility of lung cancer. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2020, 165: 1604–1613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.227

[25]

Dong, Z., Dong, G., Lai, F., et al. Purification and comparative study of bioactivities of a natural selenized polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum mycelia. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2021, 190: 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.189

[26]

Cao, C., Liao, Y., Yu, Q., et al. Structural characterization of a galactoglucomannan with anti-neuroinflammatory activity from Ganoderma lucidum. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2024, 334: 122030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122030

[27]

Da Silva Milhorini, S., De Lima Bellan, D., Zavadinack, M., et al. Antimelanoma effect of a fucoxylomannan isolated from Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2022, 294: 119823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119823

[28]

Cai, M., Xing, H., Tian, B., et al. Characteristics and antifatigue activity of graded polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum separated by cascade membrane technology. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2021, 269: 118329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118329

[29]

Xie, Y., Su, Y., Wang, Y., et al. Structural clarification of mannoglucan GSBP-2 from Ganoderma sinense and its effects on triple-negative breast cancer migration and invasion. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 269: 131903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131903

[30]

Wang, Q. C., Zhao, X., Pu, J. H., et al. Influences of acidic reaction and hydrolytic conditions on monosaccharide composition analysis of acidic, neutral and basic polysaccharides. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2016, 143: 296–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.02.023

[31]

Liu, J., Hong, W., Li, M., et al. Transcriptome analysis reveals immune and metabolic regulation effects of Poria cocos polysaccharides on Bombyx mori larvae. Frontiers in Immunology, 2022, 13: 1014985. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1014985

[32]

Zou, Y. T., Zhou, J., Wu, C. Y., et al. Protective effects of Poria cocos and its components against cisplatin-induced intestinal injury. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2021, 269: 113722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113722

[33]

Wang, M., Yu, F. Research progress on the anticancer activities and mechanisms of polysaccharides from Ganoderma. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2022, 13: 891171. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.891171

[34]
De Camargo, M. R., Frazon, T. F., Inacio, K. K., et al. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides inhibit in vitro tumorigenesis, cancer stem cell properties and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2022 , 286: 114891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114891
[35]
Ahmad, M. F., Ahmad, F. A., Khan, M. I., et al. Ganoderma lucidum: A potential source to surmount viral infections through β-glucans immunomodulatory and triterpenoids antiviral properties. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2021 , 187: 769–779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.122
[36]

Li, J., Gu, F., Cai, C., et al. Purification, structural characterization, and immunomodulatory activity of the polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2020, 143: 806–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.141

[37]
Ying, M., Zheng, B., Yu, Q., et al. Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide ameliorates intestinal mucosal dysfunction associated with autophagy in immunosuppressed mice. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2020 , 138: 111244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111244
[38]

Tan, Z., Zhang, Q., Zhao, R., et al. A comparative study on the effects of different sources of carboxymethyl Poria polysaccharides on the repair of DSS-induced colitis in mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2023, 24: 9034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24109034

[39]

Hsu, T. L., Cheng, S. C., Yang, W. B., et al. Profiling carbohydrate-receptor interaction with recombinant innate immunity receptor-Fc fusion proteins. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2009, 284: 34479–34489. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.065961

[40]

Afroz, R., Tanvir, E. M., Tania, M., et al. LPS/TLR4 pathways in breast cancer: Insights into cell signalling. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 2022, 29: 2274–2289. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867328666210811145043

[41]

Wei, W., Xiao, H. T., Bao, W. R., et al. TLR-4 may mediate signaling pathways of Astragalus polysaccharide RAP induced cytokine expression of RAW264.7 cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2016, 179: 243–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.060

[42]
Long, T., Liu, Z., Shang, J., et al. Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides play anti-cancer effect through TLR4-MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2018 , 111: 813–821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.070
[43]

Tian, H., Liu, Z., Pu, Y., et al. Immunomodulatory effects exerted by Poria Cocos polysaccharides via TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB signaling in vitro and in vivo. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2019, 112: 108709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108709

[44]

Liu, F., Zhang, L., Feng, X., et al. Immunomodulatory activity of carboxymethyl pachymaran on immunosuppressed mice induced by cyclophosphamide. Molecules, 2021, 26: 5733. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195733

[45]

Ali, M. F. Z., Ohta, T., Ido, A., et al. The dipterose of black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens) induces innate immune response through toll-like receptor pathway in mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Biomolecules, 2019, 9: 677. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9110677

[46]

Gao, X., Qi, J., Ho, C. T., et al. Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of a water-soluble polysaccharide from Ganoderma leucocontextum fruiting bodies. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2020, 249: 116874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116874

[47]

Pu, Y., Liu, Z., Tian, H., et al. The immunomodulatory effect of Poria cocos polysaccharides is mediated by the Ca2+/PKC/p38/NF-κB signaling pathway in macrophages. International Immunopharmacology, 2019, 72: 252–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2019.04.017

[48]
Dong, X., Li, B., Yu, B., et al. Poria cocos polysaccharide induced Th1-type immune responses to ovalbumin in mice. Plos One, 2021 , 16: e0245207. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245207
[49]

Trinchieri, G. Interleukin-12 and the regulation of innate resistance and adaptive immunity. Nature Reviews Immunology, 2003, 3: 133–146. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri1001

[50]

Kaka, A. S., Foster, A. E., Weiss, H. L., et al. Using dendritic cell maturation and IL-12 producing capacity as markers of function: A cautionary tale. Journal of Immunotherapy, 2008, 31: 359–369. https://doi.org/10.1097/CJI.0b013e318165f5d2

[51]

Pan, Y., Yu, Y., Wang, X., et al. Tumor-associated macrophages in tumor immunity. Frontiers in Immunology, 2020, 11: 583084. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.583084

[52]

Chen, S., Saeed, A., Liu, Q., et al. Macrophages in immunoregulation and therapeutics. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 2023, 8: 207. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-023-01452-1

[53]

Hu, X., Hong, B., Shan, X., et al. The effect of Poria cocos polysaccharide PCP-1C on M1 macrophage polarization via the notch signaling pathway. Molecules, 2023, 28: 2140. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/molecules28052140

[54]

Wu, Q., You, L., Nepovimova, E., et al. Hypoxia-inducible factors: master regulators of hypoxic tumor immune escape. Journal of Hematology & Oncology, 2022, 15: 77. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-022-01292-6

[55]

Gil Del Alcazar, C. R., Aleckovic, M., Polyak, K. Immune escape during breast tumor progression. Cancer Immunology Research, 2020, 8: 422–427. https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-19-0786

[56]

Li, K., Shi, H., Zhang, B., et al. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as immunosuppressive regulators and therapeutic targets in cancer. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 2021, 6: 362. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-021-00670-9

[57]

Nakamura, K., Smyth, M. J. Myeloid immunosuppression and immune checkpoints in the tumor microenvironment. Cellular & Molecular Immunology, 2020, 17: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-019-0306-1

[58]
Wang, Y., Fan, X., Wu, X. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP) enhances antitumor immune response by regulating differentiation and inhibition of MDSCs via a CARD9-NF-κB-IDO pathway. Bioscience Reports, 2020 , 40: BSR20201170. https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20201170
[59]

Liu, X., Jiang, B., Hao, H., et al. CARD9 signaling, inflammation, and diseases. Frontiers in Immunology, 2022, 13: 880879. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.880879

[60]

Qu, J., Liu, L., Xu, Q., et al. CARD9 prevents lung cancer development by suppressing the expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and IDO production. International Journal of Cancer, 2019, 145: 2225–2237. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.32355

[61]
Song, M., Li, Z. H., Gu, H. S., et al. Ganoderma lucidum spore polysaccharide inhibits the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by altering macrophage polarity and induction of apoptosis. Journal of Immunology Research, 2021 , 2021: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6696606
[62]

Lo, H. C., Lin, T. E., Lin, C. Y., et al. Targeting TGF β receptor-mediated snail and twist: WSG, a polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum, and it-based dissolvable microneedle patch suppress melanoma cells. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2024, 341: 122298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122298

[63]

Jiang, H., Duanmu, Z. Inhibitory effect of Poria cocos polysaccharides on proliferation, migration, and invasion of lung cancer cells, A549. Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research, 2021, 20: 147–152. https://doi.org/10.37290/ctnr2641-452X.20:147-152

[64]

Horwitz, D. A., Fahmy, T. M., Piccirillo, C. A., et al. Rebalancing immune homeostasis to treat autoimmune diseases. Trends in Immunology, 2019, 40: 888–908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2019.08.003

[65]

Jarczak, D., Nierhaus, A. Cytokine storm-definition, causes, and implications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2022, 23: 11740. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911740

[66]

Joffre, J., Hellman, J. Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in sepsis and acute inflammation. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 2021, 35: 1291–1307. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2021.0027

[67]

Schiavoni, G., Messina, B., Scalera, S., et al. Role of Hippo pathway dysregulation from gastrointestinal premalignant lesions to cancer. Journal of Translational Medicine, 2024, 22: 213. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-024-05027-8

[68]

Chen, Z., Qin, W., Lin, H., et al. Inhibitory effect of polysaccharides extracted from Changbai Mountain Ganoderma lucidum on periodontal inflammation. Heliyon, 2023, 9: e13205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13205

[69]
Lin, D., Zhang, Y., Wang, S., et al. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptides GL-PPSQ2 alleviate intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury via inhibiting cytotoxic neutrophil extracellular traps. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023 , 244: 125370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125370
[70]

Tan, Y. Y., Yue, S. R., Lu, A. P., et al. The improvement of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by Poria cocos polysaccharides associated with gut microbiota and NF-κB/CCL3/CCR1 axis. Phytomedicine, 2022, 103: 154208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154208

[71]

Sheng, D., Ma, W., Zhang, R., et al. CCL3 enhances docetaxel chemosensitivity in breast cancer by triggering proinflammatory macrophage polarization. Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer, 2022, 10: e003793. https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-003793

[72]

Sindhu, S., Akhter, N., Wilson, A., et al. MIP-1α expression induced by co-stimulation of human monocytic cells with palmitate and TNF-α involves the TLR4-IRF3 pathway and is amplified by oxidative stress. Cells, 2020, 9: 1799. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9081799

[73]

Hu, X., Yu, Q., Hou, K., et al. Regulatory effects of Ganoderma atrum polysaccharides on LPS-induced inflammatory macrophages model and intestinal-like Caco-2/macrophages co-culture inflammation model. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2020, 140: 111321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111321

[74]

Heo, S. J., Yoon, W. J., Kim, K. N., et al. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect of fucoxanthin isolated from brown algae in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2010, 48: 2045–2051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.003

[75]

Hajam, Y. A., Rani, R., Ganie, S. Y., et al. Oxidative stress in human pathology and aging: Molecular mechanisms and perspectives. Cells, 2022, 11: 552. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11030552

[76]

Juan, C. A., Perez de la Lastra, J. M., Plou, F. J., et al. The chemistry of reactive oxygen species (ROS) revisited: Outlining their role in biological macromolecules (DNA, lipids and proteins) and induced pathologies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2021, 22: 4642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094642

[77]

Chen, S., Guan, X., Yong, T., et al. Structural characterization and hepatoprotective activity of an acidic polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum. Food Chemistry: X, 2022, 13: 100204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100204

[78]

Li, C. Y., Liu, L., Zhao, Y. W., et al. Inhibition of calcium oxalate formation and antioxidant activity of carboxymethylated Poria cocos polysaccharides. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2021, 2021: 6653593. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6653593

[79]
Viroel, F. J. M., Laurino, L. F., Caetano, E. L. A., et al. Ganoderma lucidum modulates glucose, lipid peroxidation and hepatic metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic pregnant rats. Antioxidants, 2022 , 11: 1035. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061035
[80]

Khatana, C., Saini, N. K., Chakrabarti, S., et al. Mechanistic insights into the oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced atherosclerosis. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020, 2020: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5245308

[81]

Li, R., Jiang, Q., Zheng, Y. Circ_0002984 induces proliferation, migration and inflammation response of VSMCs induced by ox-LDL through miR-326-3p/VAMP3 axis in atherosclerosis. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 2021, 25: 8028–8038. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.16734

[82]

Zhang, Q., Liu, J., Duan, H., et al. Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling: An important molecular mechanism of herbal medicine in the treatment of atherosclerosis via the protection of vascular endothelial cells from oxidative stress. Journal of Advanced Research, 2021, 34: 43–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2021.06.023

[83]
Zhao, J., Niu, X., Yu, J., et al. Poria cocos polysaccharides attenuated ox-LDL-induced inflammation and oxidative stress via ERK activated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and inhibited foam cell formation in VSMCs. International Immunopharmacology, 2020 , 80: 106173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106173
[84]
Jiang, Y. H., Wang, L., Chen, W. D., et al. Poria cocos polysaccharide prevents alcohol-induced hepatic injury and inflammation by repressing oxidative stress and gut leakiness. Frontiers in Nutrition, 2022 , 9: 963598. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.963598
[85]
Li, H. N., Zhao, L. L., Zhou, D. Y., et al. Ganoderma Lucidum polysaccharides ameliorates hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress in db/db mice via targeting nuclear factor E2 (erythroid-derived 2)-related factor-2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway. Medical Science Monitor, 2020 , 26: e921905. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.921905
[86]

Vujkovic-Cvijin, I., Sklar, J., Jiang, L., et al. Host variables confound gut microbiota studies of human disease. Nature, 2020, 587: 448–454. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2881-9

[87]

Khan, S., Luck, H., Winer, S., et al. Emerging concepts in intestinal immune control of obesity-related metabolic disease. Nature Communications, 2021, 12: 2598. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22727-7

[88]
Zhang, X., Wu, D., Tian, Y., et al. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides ameliorate lipopolysaccharide-induced acute pneumonia via inhibiting NRP1-mediated inflammation. Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022 , 60: 2201-2209. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2022.2142615
[89]

Agbor, G., Meneses, M. E., Martínez-Carrera, D., et al. Effects of mexican Ganoderma lucidum extracts on liver, kidney, and the gut microbiota of wistar rats: A repeated dose oral toxicity study. Plos One, 2023, 18: e0283605. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283605

[90]

Nowakowski, P., Markiewicz-Zukowska, R., Bielecka, J., et al. Treasures from the forest: Evaluation of mushroom extracts as anti-cancer agents. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2021, 143: 112106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112106

[91]

Yu, J., Hu, Q., Liu, J., et al. Metabolites of gut microbiota fermenting Poria cocos polysaccharide alleviates chronic nonbacterial prostatitis in rats. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2022, 209: 1593–1604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.029

[92]

Zhang, T., Huang, S., Qiu, J., et al. Beneficial effect of Gastrodia elata Blume and Poria cocos Wolf administration on acute UVB irradiation by alleviating inflammation through promoting the gut-skin axis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2022, 23: 10833. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810833

[93]
Guo, C., Guo, D., Fang, L., et al. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide modulates gut microbiota and immune cell function to inhibit inflammation and tumorigenesis in colon. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2021 , 267: 118231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118231
[94]

Shao, W., Xiao, C., Yong, T., et al. A polysaccharide isolated from Ganoderma lucidum ameliorates hyperglycemia through modulating gut microbiota in type 2 diabetic mice. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2022, 197: 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.034

[95]

Mantegazza, C., Molinari, P., D'Auria, E., et al. Probiotics and antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children: A review and new evidence on Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG during and after antibiotic treatment. Pharmacological Research, 2018, 128: 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2017.08.001

[96]

Harlow, B. E., Lawrence, L. M. and Flythe, M. D. Diarrhea-associated pathogens, lactobacilli and cellulolytic bacteria in equine feces: Responses to antibiotic challenge. Veterinary Microbiology, 2013, 166: 225–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.003

[97]

Lai, Y., Deng, H., Fang, Q., et al. Water-insoluble polysaccharide extracted from Poria cocos alleviates antibiotic-associated diarrhea based on regulating the gut microbiota in mice. Foods, 2023, 12: 3080. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12163080

[98]
Zhou, X., Zhang, Y., Jiang, Y., et al. Poria cocos polysaccharide attenuates damage of nervus in Alzheimer's disease rat model induced by D-galactose and aluminum trichloride. Neuroreport, 2021 , 32: 727–737. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0000000000001648
[99]

Liu, X., Yang, L., Li, G., et al. A novel promising neuroprotective agent: Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023, 229: 168–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.276

[100]

Li, J., Guo, H., Dong, Y., et al. Polysaccharides from Chinese herbal medicine: A review on the hepatoprotective and molecular mechanism. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicine, 2024, 22: 4–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364(24)60558-3

[101]
Ahmad, M. F., Ahmad, F. A., Zeyaullah, M., et al. Ganoderma lucidum: Novel insight into hepatoprotective potential with mechanisms of action. Nutrients, 2023 , 15: 1874. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081874
[102]

Wu, Y., Li, D., Wang, H., et al. Protective effect of Poria cocos polysaccharides on fecal peritonitis-induced sepsis in mice through inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and reduction of Treg cells. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2022, 13: 887949. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.887949

[103]
Ye, H., Ma, S., Qiu, Z., et al. Poria cocos polysaccharides rescue pyroptosis-driven gut vascular barrier disruption in order to alleviates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2022 , 296: 115457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2022.115457
[104]
Wu, M., Huang, B., Hu, L., et al. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides ameliorates D-galactose-induced aging salivary secretion disorders by upregulating the rhythm and aquaporins. Experimental Gerontology, 2023 , 175: 112147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2023.112147
[105]

Ma, Z., Wang, J., Zhang, L., et al. Evaluation of water soluble β- D-glucan from Auricularia auricular-judae as potential anti-tumor agent. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2010, 80: 977–983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.01.015

[106]

Qu, Y., Yan, J., Zhang, X., et al. Structure and antioxidant activity of six mushroom-derived heterogalactans. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2022, 209: 1439–1449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.135

[107]

Chen, N., Jiang, T., Xu, J., et al. The relationship between polysaccharide structure and its antioxidant activity needs to be systematically elucidated. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 270: 132391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132391

[108]

Roszczyk, A., Turlo, J., Zagozdzon, R., et al. Immunomodulatory properties of polysaccharides from Lentinula edodes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2022, 23: 8980. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23168980

[109]

Zhang, H., Zhang, J., Liu, Y., et al. Recent advances in the preparation, structure, and biological activities of β-glucan from Ganoderma species: A Review. Foods, 2023, 12: 2975. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12152975

[110]

Fu, Y., Shi, L., Ding, K. Structure elucidation and anti-tumor activity in vivo of a polysaccharide from spores of Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2019, 141: 693–699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.046

[111]

Li, X., He, Y., Zeng, P., et al. Molecular basis for Poria cocos mushroom polysaccharide used as an antitumour drug in China. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 2019, 23: 4–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.13564

[112]

Liu, F., Liu, Y., Feng, X., et al. Structure characterization and in vitro immunomodulatory activities of carboxymethyl pachymaran. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2021, 178: 94–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.046

[113]

Chen, Z., Xiao, G. Total synthesis of nona-decasaccharide motif from Ganoderma sinense polysaccharide enabled by modular and one-pot stereoselective glycosylation strategy. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2024, 146: 17446–17455. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c05188

[114]

Meng, Y., Hu, C., Cheng, J., et al. The extraction, structure characterization and hydrogel construction of a water-insoluble β-glucan from Poria cocos. Carbohydrate Research, 2023, 534: 108960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2023.108960

[115]

Liu, J., Xu, H., Liang, H., et al. An antioxidative, green and safe nanofibers-based film containing pullulan, sodium hyaluronate and Ganoderma lucidum fermentation for enhanced skincare. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023, 253: 127047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127047

Food & Medicine Homology
Article number: 9420040
Cite this article:
Xie Y-K, Pan X-Y, Liang X-R, et al. Research progress on structural characterization and bioactivities of Poria cocos and Ganoderma polysaccharides. Food & Medicine Homology, 2025, 2(1): 9420040. https://doi.org/10.26599/FMH.2025.9420040

770

Views

124

Downloads

0

Crossref

Altmetrics

Received: 27 July 2024
Revised: 02 August 2024
Accepted: 03 August 2024
Published: 18 September 2024
© National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology 2024. Published by Tsinghua University Press.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Return