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Review Article | Open Access

Effect of different drying and grinding techniques on the physicochemical properties and biological activities of fungal polysaccharides

Hui-Nan Zhang1, Yuan Liu2, Hui-Ling Zhang1, Qing-Zhao Wan1, Ya-Qi Wang1,3()
Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
Jiangxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
State Key Laboratory for the Modernization of Classical and Famous Prescriptions of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
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Highlights

(1) Fungal polysaccharides are natural compounds with diverse biological activities, used in medicine, food, and cosmetics.

(2) The properties and activities of fungi are significantly affected by drying methods such as hot air drying, freeze drying (FD), and spray drying (SD), as well as by grinding methods including mechanical grinding, superfine grinding, and cryogenic grinding.

(3) Selecting appropriate drying and grinding methods is crucial for improving extraction efficiency and functional properties, enhancing their roles in pharmaceuticals, food, and health products.

(4) Ongoing research and technological advancements are essential for refining the preparation and processing of fungal polysaccharides, driving progress in related industries.

Graphical Abstract

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Fungal polysaccharides, as bioactive compounds derived from fungi, play a pivotal role in health-related applications, including immune modulation, anti-cancer properties, and antioxidant activities. Drying and grinding are equally critical steps in polysaccharide processing, alongside extraction and purification, and warrant close consideration. This review provides an overview of how various drying and grinding techniques affect the physicochemical properties and biological activities of fungal polysaccharides. It underscores the necessity of selecting optimal methods to preserve polysaccharide structural integrity and enhance their functional properties, thereby advancing their potential in disease prevention and therapeutic applications.

Abstract

Fungal polysaccharides are a class of natural compounds with diverse biological activities, widely utilized in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Their unique bioactivities, including immunomodulatory, antitumor, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, have made them a popular subject of research and application. The physicochemical properties, structural characteristics, and biological activities of these polysaccharides are significantly influenced by various processing methods, with grinding and drying techniques playing crucial roles in determining the final product's quality and functionality. Grinding techniques during the preprocessing stage significantly impact the particle size, solubility, viscosity, rheological properties, and bioavailability of polysaccharides. Methods such as ball milling and ultrasonic milling can alter the yield, molecular structure, and dissolution rate of polysaccharides. During drying, temperature parameters are key factors affecting the physicochemical properties and biological activities of fungal polysaccharides. Different drying methods, such as hot air drying, freeze drying, and spray drying, each have their advantages and drawbacks. Therefore, careful selection of grinding and drying processing methods is essential to ensure higher yields and better bioactivity of fungal polysaccharides during extraction. However, most research on polysaccharides focuses primarily on extraction and purification, often overlooking drying and grinding. This study aims to discuss and compare the principles of different drying and grinding processes and summarize their effects on fungal polysaccharides. The methods used during the preprocessing stage and the drying stage significantly impact the yield, physicochemical properties, and chemical composition of these polysaccharides. These findings provide valuable references for researchers and industry professionals, aiding in the selection of optimal methods to improve the reliability and stability of final products, thereby enhancing their application value.

Keywords

fungal polysaccharidesdrying techniquesgrinding techniquesphysicochemical propertiesbiological activities

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Food & Medicine Homology
Volume 2 Issue 1,
March 2025
Article number: 9420045
DOI: 10.26599/FMH.2025.9420045
Cite this article:
Zhang H-N, Liu Y, Zhang H-L, et al. Effect of different drying and grinding techniques on the physicochemical properties and biological activities of fungal polysaccharides. Food & Medicine Homology, 2025, 2(1): 9420045. https://doi.org/10.26599/FMH.2025.9420045
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Comparison of different drying methods on fungal polysaccharides affecting the functions of various indicators

SourceDrying techniqueYieldUronic acid contentMolecular weight (kDa)Monosaccharide compositionFunctional advantagesReference
P. ostreatusFD, DADUntreated: (28.70 ± 0.71)%, DAD: (14.58 ± 0.58)%, FD: (22.75 ± 0.56)%———FD is more conducive to preserving the bioactive proteins and polysaccharides of P. ostreatus.[23]
C. militarisHD, ID, FDID: 3.61%,FD: 2.60%, HD: 2.19%Uronic acid: FD: 26.55%, HD: 21.73%, ID: 20.55%—Neutral sugar: FD: 85.58%, HD: 73.23%, ID: 67.92%Immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor, and hypoglycemic pharmacological activities[24]
P. eryngiiFD, ODFD: (7.31 ± 0.15)%Total phenol: (1.589 ± 0.117)%, —Glc: FD: 88.90%, OD: 87.68%; Man: FD: (5.75 ± 0.05)%, OD: (5.52 ± 0.41)%;Gal: FD: (5.34 ± 0.30)%, OD: (5.17 ± 0.02)%Stronger ABTS radical scavenging activity in FD compared to OD[25]
C. sinensisFD0.185%———Strong antioxidant activity[26]
L. curvatus SJTUF 62116FD0.02%—4.43 × 104Glucosamine, Glu, Man, glucuronic acidAntioxidant, antitumor, promotes probiotic colonization, lowers blood sugar[31]
L. fermentum S1FD—No uronic acid7.19 × 105Man, Rha, glucose, galactoseStrong antioxidant activity, modulates oxidative stress in nematodes[32]
C. militarisHD, ID, VFDHD: 2.19%, ID: 3.61%, VFD: 2.60%FD: 26.55%, HD: 21.73%, ID: 20.55%—Neutral sugar FD: 85.58%, HD: 73.23%, ID: 67.92% Immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antitumor, and hypoglycemic activities[6]
A. auriculaHD, ID, FD, MDFD: (94.06 ± 0.44)%, HD: (93.85 ± 0.31)%, ID: (96.74 ± 0.43)%, MD: (91.51 ± 1.15)%FD: 33.53%, HD: 31.00%, ID: 24.33%, MD: 32.53%FD: 4.07 × 105;HD:1.03 × 106 and 1.72 × 105;ID: 1.00 × 106 and 3.90 × 105,MD: 1.56 × 106 and 3.26 × 105Galactose, glucose, Man, glucuronic acid, xyloseStrongest antioxidant activity in FD[33]
Spent L. edodes substrateFD, VD, SDMD:13.00%, VD: 8.69%, SD: 10.68%FD:(6.88 ± 0.09)%; VD:(0.43 ± 0.03)%SD:(0.41 ± 0.07)%—FD: Ara:Xyl:Man:Glc:Gal = 54:26:3:11:6Highest yield and antioxidant activity in FD[34]
Cs-4 fungusFDExtracellular polysaccharides: 6.95%, intracellular polysaccharides: 3.65%, purified extracellular polysaccharides: 2.87%, purified intracellular polysaccharides: 0.75%——EPSP and IPSP monosaccharide composition is mainly fucose, arabinose, galactose, Glu, xylose, Man, and Rib. Arabinose, galactose, Glu, and Man are the main monosaccharidesSignificantly inhibit collagen-induced human platelet activation and aggregation, reduce CD62p expression and αIIbβ3 activity on platelet surface. EPSP, IPSP, and their metabolites can also inhibit thrombosis formation in vivo[39]
T. fuciformisUS + MVD, USMVD, HDFresh: 9.42%, HD: 5.80%, MVD: 5.87%, US + MVD: 6.07%, 6.15%, 6.25%, USMVD: 6%, 6.35%, 6.75%—Fresh: 1.64 × 105, HD: 2.97 × 105, MVD: 187.92, US + MVD: 1.72 × 105, 1.94 × 105, 2.16 × 105 USMVD: 1.78 × 105, 2.10 × 105, 2.21 × 105Mainly composed of fucose, arabinose, Rha, Glu, Man, and XylMultiple bioactivities including antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-aging, immunomodulatory, and hypoglycemic effects[41]
L. edodesHD, ID, VFD, IHD, PVD, RHDIHD: 24.07%, RHD: 19.77%, PVD: 18.55%, HD: 16.24%, Fresh: 28.85%IHD: (15.46 ± 0.78)%, RHD: (13.93 ± 0.31)%, PVD: (10.39 ± 0.56)%, HD: (7.72 ± 0.34)%, Fresh: (17.21 ± 0.89)%——IHD increases antioxidant properties[47]
A. blazei LPB 03FD, VD, SDFD: 97.36%,VD: 93.23%, SD: 42.31%———Significant inhibition of Ehrlich tumor cell viability[46]
T. fuciformisCD (18 °C cold air), HD (50 °C), FDFD: 15.35%,CD: 15.60%,HD: 16.10%—FD: 2.06 × 107;CD: 2.41 × 107HD: 2.34× 107—High thermal decomposition performance[50]
Spent L. edodes substrateFD, VD, SDFD: 13.00%, VD: 8.69%, SD: 10.68%FD: (6.88 ± 0.09)%, VD: (4.28 ± 0.32)%, SD: (4.13 ± 0.06)%FD: 1.68 × 104FD: Ara:Xyl:Man:Glc:Gal = 54:26:3:11:6Antioxidant activity[60]
Pleurotus geesteranusVFDPolysaccharide content: (83.23 ± 0.38)%—Number average molecular weight: 4.87 × 106, weight average molecular weight: 9.8 × 106Fuc, Ara, Gal, Glc, Xyl, Man, Rib, Gal-AC, Glc-ACEnhances body’s antioxidant capacity, inhibits oxidative stress and inflammation, regulates lipid metabolism, reduces lipid accumulation, and regulates immunity through multiple signaling pathways (Keap1/Nrf2, AMPK/SREBP, TLR4/NF-κB)[68]

Comparison of different grinding methods on fungal polysaccharides affecting the functions of various indicators

SourceGrinding techniqueYieldUronic acid contentMolecular weight (Da)Monosaccharide compositionFunctional advantagesReference
Agrocybe aegeritaUltrafine grindingChunk: (3.70 ± 0.06)%40 mesh: (6.01 ± 0.48)%100 mesh: (9.35 ± 0.21)%300 mesh: (13.14 ± 0.10)%—Large: 4.24 × 105Small: 1.29 × 104—Enhanced pharmacological activity[27]
Phellinus baumiiRegular and ultrafine grindingRegular: 0.97%, ultrafine: 4.48%—Molecular weight distributionrange: narrow in regular, wider in ultrafineGlu highest, followed by Gal and Man, Fuc lowestImmunomodulatory and antitumor activities[28]
Auricularia polytrichaUltrafine grinding3 min: 11.0%,20 min: 48.0%———Positive correlation between ultrafine grinding time and antioxidant capacity[29]
L. edodesAirflow ultrafine grindingUltrafine: 0.18%, 40 mesh: 0.11%, coarse: 0.10%———Enhanced powder flowability, water retention, and swelling capacity[30]
G. lucidumUltrafine grindingHighest yield at 1.5 h ultrasound: 5.61%———Higher concentration increases radical scavenging effect[18]
A. auricularCyclone pulverizer, airflow pulverizer, ball mill pulverizerTemperature 80 °C, time 5.5 h, material-liquid ratio 1:100, pH 5.5, polysaccharide yield 14.24%—Ultrafine powder polysaccharides purification results in three main components with relative molecular masses of 7.82 × 104 and 9.79 × 103—Ultrafine powder has a good lipid-lowering function[35]
G. lucidum fruit bodyOrdinary mechanical grinding, ultrafine grindingAfter grinding, the polysaccharide content in extracts and ethanol precipitated crude polysaccharides increased significantly——Mainly contains Gal and Glc with small amounts of Fuc, Man, and GlcAClinically used for treating chronic bronchitis, neurasthenia, coronary heart disease, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and leukopenia[44]
G. lucidumSuperfine grinding technology (300 mesh)2.46%——Man, Rib, Glc, Gal, and FucAntioxidant activity[45]
A. bisporusRegular and ultrafine grinding (200 mesh)Regular (100 mesh): (3.63 ± 0.02)%, ultrafine (200 mesh): (3.91 ± 0.02)%————[48]
Shiitake mushroom cap powderRegular and airflow ultrafine grinding—Highest free phenol in airflow ultrafine: (0.45 ± 0.01)%,Lowest bound phenol: (0.03 ± 0.01)%——Strong antiproliferative activity[49]
G. lucidum spore powderLow-temperature ultrafine vs room-temperature mechanical millingHigher polysaccharide content in UFG-L compared to MM-R———UFG-L has lower specific surface area but higher bioavailability compared to MM-R[52]
Juncao antelope-shape G. lucidumRegular grinding, Ultrafine grinding (100, 300 mesh)Polysaccharide content: ultrafine: 2.17%, fine: 1.75%———Smaller particle size and increased cell wall breaking enhance release of polysaccharides and triterpenoids[53]