Home Food & Medicine Homology Article
PDF (4.1 MB)
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Submit Manuscript
Show Outline
Figures (2)

Tables (4)
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Review Article | Open Access

Hypoglycemic effects of edible fungus polysaccharides: A mini review

Yan-Long Cui1,2,3, Bo Li3()
Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453000, China
Postdoctoral Research Center, Henan Bainong Seed Industry Co., Ltd. Xinxiang 453000, China
College of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453000, China
Show Author Information

Highlights

(1) We summarize the hypoglycemic mechanisms of edible fungus polysaccharides (EFP).

(2) The structure-hypoglycemic activity relationship of EFP was fully discussed.

(3) We point out the probable future research directions and trends of EFP involved hypoglycemic effects.

Graphical Abstract

View original image Download original image
Edible fungus are an important resource of food and medicine. Edible fungus Polysaccharides are one of the bioactive substances and own multiple biological activities, such as immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic effect etc. The possible hypoglycemic mechanisms of edible fungus (EFP) were fully summarized.

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder with the feature of hyperglycemia, which has severely endangered human health. Edible fungus polysaccharides (EFP), which has great development potential, have attracted enormous attention since their natural and safe characteristics as well as obvious benefits against diabetes. This review summarized the hypoglycemic effect of EFP and the underlying mechanism against diabetes by inhibiting digestive enzyme activity, increasing insulin sensitivity and resistance, improving pancreatic function and lipid metabolism, alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation, regulating gut microbiota and signal transduction. In addition, the relationships between structure and hypoglycemic activity as well as future prospect of EFP were also discussed. This current review provides valuable insights for readers and healthcare professionals developing preventive and therapeutic of diabetes and development of functional products or foods of edible fungi in the future.

Keywords

edible funguspolysaccharideshypoglycemic effectmechanisms

References

[1]

Pruhova, S., Dusatkova, P. Monogenic diabetes mellitus hidden in autoantibody-negative diabetes mellitus. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 2023, 19: 132–133. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-022-00800-5

Crossref Google Scholar
[2]

Ogurtsova, K., Guariguata, L., Barengo, N. C. W., et al. IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates of undiagnosed diabetes in adults. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 2022, 183: 109118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109118

Crossref Google Scholar
[3]

Jones, V. C., Dietze, E. C., Jovanovic Talisman, T., et al. Metformin and chemoprevention: Potential for heart-healthy targeting of biologically aggressive breast cancer. Frontiers in Public Health, 2020, 8: 509714. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.509714

Crossref Google Scholar
[4]

Dhameja, M., Gupta, P. Synthetic heterocyclic candidates as promising α-glucosidase inhibitors: An overview. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2019, 176: 343–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.ejmech.2019.04.025

Crossref Google Scholar
[5]

Arnold, S. V., Inzucchi, S. E., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., et al. Understanding contemporary use of thiazolidinediones an analysis from the diabetes collaborative registry. Circulation-Heart Failure, 2019, 12: e005855. https://doi.org/10.1161/circheartfailure.118.005855

Crossref Google Scholar
[6]

Liaw, J., Harhay, M., Setoguchi, S., et al. Trends in prescribing preferences for antidiabetic medications among patients with type 2 diabetes in the UK with and without chronic kidney disease, 2006-2020. Diabetes Care, 2022, 45: 2316–2325. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-0224

Crossref Google Scholar
[7]

Zhu, J., Liu, W., Yu, J., et al. Characterization and hypoglycemic effect of a polysaccharide extracted from the fruit of Lycium barbarum L. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2013, 98: 8–16. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.04.057

Crossref Google Scholar
[8]

Ma, W., Xiao, L., Liu, H., et al. Hypoglycemic natural products with in vivo activities and their mechanisms: A review. Food Science and Human Wellness, 2022, 11: 1087–1100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2022.04.001

Crossref Google Scholar
[9]

Xue, H., Hao, Z., Gao, Y., et al. Research progress on the hypoglycemic activity and mechanisms of natural polysaccharides. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023, 252: 126199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126199

Crossref Google Scholar
[10]

Muszynska, B., Grzywacz-Kisielewska, A., Kala, K., et al. Anti-inflammatory properties of edible mushrooms: A review. Food Chemistry, 2018, 243: 373–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.09.149

Crossref Google Scholar
[11]

Leong, Y. K., Yang, F. C. and Chang, J. S. Extraction of polysaccharides from edible mushrooms: emerging technologies and recent advances. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2021, 251: 117006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117006

Crossref Google Scholar
[12]

Zhang, Y., Wang, D., Chen, Y., et al. Healthy function and high valued utilization of edible fungi. Food Science and Human Wellness, 2021, 10: 408–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2021.04.003

Crossref Google Scholar
[13]

Kang, J. Y., Lee, B., Kim, C. H., et al. Enhancing the prebiotic and antioxidant effects of exopolysaccharides derived from Cordyceps militaris by enzyme-digestion. Lwt-Food Science and Technology, 2022, 167: 113830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113830

Crossref Google Scholar
[14]

Zawadzka, A., Janczewska, A., Kobus-Cisowska, J., et al. The effect of light conditions on the content of selected active ingredients in anatomical parts of the oyster mushroom ( Pleurotus ostreatus L.). Plos One, 2022, 17: 0262279. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262279

Crossref Google Scholar
[15]

Chen, H. Y., Lei, J. Y., Li, S. L., et al. Progress in biological activities and biosynthesis of edible fungi terpenoids. Critical Reviews In Food Science And Nutrition, 2023, 63: 7288–7310. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2045559

Crossref Google Scholar
[16]

Magdziak, Z., Siwulski, M. and Mleczek, M. Characteristics of organic acid profiles in 16 species of wild growing edible mushrooms. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-Pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes, 2017, 52: 784–789. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2017.1356676

Crossref Google Scholar
[17]

Yin, Z. H., Liang, Z. H., Li, C. Q., et al. Immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharides from edible fungus: A review. Food Science and Human Wellness, 2021, 10: 393–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2021.04.001

Crossref Google Scholar
[18]

Guo, Q., Liang, S., Ge, C., et al. Research progress on extraction technology and biological activity of polysaccharides from edible Fungi: A review. Food Reviews International, 2023, 39: 4909–4940. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2022.2039182

Crossref Google Scholar
[19]

Hwang, H. S., Yun, J. W. Hypoglycemic effect of polysaccharides produced by submerged mycelial culture of Laetiporus sulphureus on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, 2010, 15: 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12257-009-0160-6

Crossref Google Scholar
[20]

Li, Y. M., Zhong, R. F., Chen, J., et al. Structural characterization, anticancer, hypoglycemia and immune activities of polysaccharides from Russula virescens. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2021, 184: 380–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.026

Crossref Google Scholar
[21]

Yang, S., Qu, Y., Zhang, H., et al. Hypoglycemic effects of polysaccharides from Gomphidiaceae rutilus fruiting bodies and their mechanisms. Food & Function, 2020, 11: 424–434. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9fo02283j

Crossref Google Scholar
[22]

Feng, X. B., Wang, P., Lu, Y. X., et al. A novel polysaccharide from Heimioporus retisporus displays hypoglycemic Activity in a diabetic mouse model. Frontiers in Nutrition, 2022, 9: 964948. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.964948

Crossref Google Scholar
[23]

Kou, L., Du, M., Liu, P., et al. Anti-diabetic and anti-nephritic activities of Grifola frondosa mycelium polysaccharides in diet-streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats via modulation on oxidative stress. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2018, 184: 310–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-018-2803-6

Crossref Google Scholar
[24]

Chen, Y., Liu, D., Wang, D., et al. Hypoglycemic activity and gut microbiota regulation of a novel polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa in type 2 diabetic mice. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2019, 126: 295–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2019.02.034

Crossref Google Scholar
[25]

Liu, N., Chen, X., Song, J., et al. Hypoglycemic effects of Auricularia auricula polysaccharides on high fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice using metabolomics analysis. Food & Function, 2021, 12: 9994–10007. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1fo02022f

Crossref Google Scholar
[26]

Cao, H., Ma, S., Guo, H., et al. Comparative study on the monosaccharide compositions, antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities in vitro of intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides of liquid fermented Coprinus comatus. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2019, 139: 543–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.017

Crossref Google Scholar
[27]

Song, Q., Teng, A. G., Zhu, Z. Chemical structure and inhibition on α-glucosidase of a novel polysaccharide from Hypsizygus marmoreus. Journal of Molecular Structure, 2020, 1211: 128110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128110

Crossref Google Scholar
[28]

Gong, P., Long, H., Guo, Y., et al. Isolation, structural characterization, and hypoglycemic activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Pleurotus eryngii. Molecules, 2022, 27: 7140. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27207140

Crossref Google Scholar
[29]

Yin, C., Li, C., Ma, K., et al. The physicochemical, antioxidant, hypoglycemic and prebiotic properties of γ-irradiated polysaccharides extracted from Lentinula edodes. Food Science and Biotechnology, 2023, 32: 987–996. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-022-01234-5

Crossref Google Scholar
[30]

Sun, H., Yu, X., Li, T., et al. Structure and hypoglycemic activity of a novel exopolysaccharide of Cordyceps militaris. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2020, 166: 496–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.207

Crossref Google Scholar
[31]

Tian, R., Zhang, Y. Z., Cheng, X., et al. Structural characterization, and in vitro hypoglycemic activity of a polysaccharide from the mushroom Cantharellus yunnanensis. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023, 235: 127200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127200

Crossref Google Scholar
[32]

Yang, H. R., Chen, L. H., Zeng, Y. J. Structure, antioxidant activity and in vitro hypoglycemic activity of a polysaccharide purified from Tricholoma matsutake. Foods, 2021, 10: 2184. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10092184

Crossref Google Scholar
[33]

Yang, W., Jiang, W., Liao, W., et al. An estrogen receptor α-derived peptide improves glucose homeostasis during obesity. Nature Communications, 2024, 15: 3410. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47687-6

Crossref Google Scholar
[34]

Yang, S., Yan, J., Yang, L., et al. Alkali-soluble polysaccharides from mushroom fruiting bodies improve insulin resistance. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2018, 126: 466–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.251

Crossref Google Scholar
[35]
Xiao, C., Jiao, C., Xie, Y., et al. Grifola frondosa GF5000 improves insulin resistance by modulation the composition of gut microbiota in diabetic rats. Journal of Functional Foods, 2021 , 77: 104313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2020.104313
Crossref
[36]

Jiao, J., Yong, T., Huang, L., et al. A Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide F31 alleviates hyperglycemia through kidney protection and adipocyte apoptosis. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2022, 226: 1178–1191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.231

Crossref Google Scholar
[37]

Ma, X., Zhou, F., Chen, Y., et al. A polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa relieves insulin resistance of HepG2 cell by Akt-GSK-3 pathway. Glycoconjugate Journal, 2014, 31: 355–363. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10719-014-9526-x

Crossref Google Scholar
[38]

Guo, W. L., Deng, J. C., Pan, Y. Y., et al. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of Grifola frondosa polysaccharides and their relationships with the modulation of intestinal microflora in diabetic mice induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2019, 153: 1231–1240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.253

Crossref Google Scholar
[39]

Xiao, C., Wu, Q. P., Cai, W., et al. Hypoglycemic effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides in type 2 diabetic mice. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 2012, 35: 1793–1801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-012-1012-z

Crossref Google Scholar
[40]

Wang, J., Hu, W., Li, L., et al. Antidiabetic activities of polysaccharides separated from Inonotus obliquus via the modulation of oxidative stress in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Plos One, 2017, 12: 0180476. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180476

Crossref Google Scholar
[41]

Xiang, H., Sun-Waterhouse, D. , Cui, C. Hypoglycemic polysaccharides from Auricularia auricula and Auricularia polytricha inhibit oxidative stress, NF-κB signaling and proinflammatory cytokine production in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Food Science and Human Wellness, 2021, 10: 87–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2020.06.001

Crossref Google Scholar
[42]

Liu, Y., Chen, D., You, Y., et al. Structural characterization and antidiabetic activity of a glucopyranose-rich heteropolysaccharide from Catathelasma ventricosum. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2016, 149: 399–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.106

Crossref Google Scholar
[43]

Jiang, T., Wang, L., Ma, A., et al. The hypoglycemic and renal protective effects of Grifola frondosa polysaccharides in early diabetic nephropathy. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 2020, 44: 13515. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13515

Crossref Google Scholar
[44]

Zhao, H., Lai, Q., Zhang, J., et al. Antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects of acidic-extractable polysaccharides from Cordyceps militaris on type 2 diabetes mice. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2018, 2018: 9150807. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9150807

Crossref Google Scholar
[45]

Sun, W., Zhang, Y. and Jia, L. Polysaccharides from Agrocybe cylindracea residue alleviate type 2-diabetes-induced liver and colon injuries by p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Food Bioscience, 2022, 47: 101690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101690

Crossref Google Scholar
[46]
Ashcroft, F. M., Rohm, M., Clark, A., et al. Is type 2 diabetes a glycogen storage disease of pancreatic β cells? Cell Metabolism, 2017 , 26: 17-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2017.05.014
Crossref
[47]
Zheng, J., Yang, B., Yu, Y., et al. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides exert anti-hyperglycemic effect on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats through affecting β-cells. Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening, 2012 , 15: 542–550. https://doi.org/10.2174/138620712801619168
Crossref
[48]
Zhao, H., Li, M., Liu, L., et al. Cordyceps militaris polysaccharide alleviates diabetic symptoms by regulating gut microbiota against TLR4/NF-κB pathway. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023 , 230: 123241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123241
Crossref
[49]

Anders, H.-J., Huber, T. B., Isermann, B., et al. CKD in diabetes: diabetic kidney disease versus nondiabetic kidney disease. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 2018, 14: 361–377. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-018-0001-y

Crossref Google Scholar
[50]
Shang, X. L., Pan, L. C., Tang, Y., et al. 1H NMR-based metabonomics of the hypoglycemic effect of polysaccharides from Cordyceps militaris on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice. Natural Product Research, 2018 , 34: 1366–1372. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1516216
Crossref
[51]

Xiao, C., Wu, Q., Xie, Y., et al. Hypoglycemic mechanisms of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides F31 in db/db mice via RNA-seq and iTRAQ. Food & Function, 2018, 9: 6496–6508. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8fo01656a

Crossref Google Scholar
[52]

Capece, D., Verzella, D., Flati, I., et al. NF-κB: blending metabolism, immunity, and inflammation. Trends in Immunology, 2022, 43: 757–775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2022.07.004

Crossref Google Scholar
[53]

Yang, C., Feng, Q., Liao, H., et al. Anti-diabetic nephropathy activities of polysaccharides obtained from Termitornyces albuminosus via regulation of NF-κB signaling in db/db Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2019, 20: 5205. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205205

Crossref Google Scholar
[54]

Zhang, Y., Lu, J., Li, H., et al. Advances in dietary polysaccharides as hypoglycemic agents: Mechanisms, structural characteristics, and innovative applications. Critical Reviews In Food Science And Nutrition, 2023, 2293254: 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2023.2293254

Crossref Google Scholar
[55]

Cao, X. Y., Liu, D., Bi, R. C., et al. The protective effects of a novel polysaccharide from Lentinus edodes mycelia on islet β (INS-1) cells damaged by glucose and its transportation mechanism with human serum albumin. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2019, 134: 344–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.033

Crossref Google Scholar
[56]

Xiao, C., Wu, Q. P., Zhang, J. M., et al. Antidiabetic activity of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides F31 down-regulated hepatic glucose regulatory enzymes in diabetic mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2017, 196: 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.11.044

Crossref Google Scholar
[57]

Niu, B., Feng, S., Xuan, S., et al. Moisture and caking resistant Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides microcapsules with hypoglycemic activity. Food Research International, 2021, 146: 110420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110420

Crossref Google Scholar
[58]

Liu, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, W., et al. Hypoglycemic effect of inulin combined with Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides in T2DM rats. Journal of Functional Foods, 2019, 55: 381–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2019.02.036

Crossref Google Scholar
[59]

Chen, Y., Liu, Y., Sarker, M. M. R., et al. Structural characterization and antidiabetic potential of a novel heteropolysaccharide from Grifola frondosa via IRS1/PI3K-JNK signaling pathways. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2018, 198: 452–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.077

Crossref Google Scholar
[60]

Xia, F., Cao S. L., Wang, M. W., et al. Optimizing extraction, structural characterization, and in vitro hypoglycemic activity of a novel polysaccharide component from Lentinus edodes. Food Bioscience, 2023, 55: 103007 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2023.103007

Crossref Google Scholar
[61]

Cai, W. D., Ding, Z. C., Wang, Y. Y., et al. Hypoglycemic benefit and potential mechanism of a polysaccharide from Hericium erinaceus in streptozotoxin-induced diabetic rats. Process Biochemistry, 2020, 88: 180–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2019.09.035

Crossref Google Scholar
[62]

Zuo, C., Cao, H., Song, Y., et al. Nrf2: An all-rounder in depression. Redox Biology, 2022, 58: 102522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2022.102522

Crossref Google Scholar
[63]

Rotimi, D. E., Ojo, O. A., Olaolu, T. D., et al. Exploring Nrf2 as a therapeutic target in testicular dysfunction. Cell and Tissue Research, 2022, 390: 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-022-03664-3

Crossref Google Scholar
[64]

Gong, P., Wang, X., Liu, M., et al. Hypoglycemic effect of a novel polysaccharide from Lentinus edodes on STZ-induced diabetic mice via metabolomics study and Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Food & Function, 2022, 13: 3036–3049. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1fo03487a

Crossref Google Scholar
[65]

Hu, W., Wang, J., Guo, W., et al. Studies on characteristics and anti-diabetic and -nephritic effects of polysaccharides isolated from Paecilomyces hepiali fermentation mycelium in db/db mice. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2020, 232: 115766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115766

Crossref Google Scholar
[66]

Defour, M., van Weeghel, M., Hermans, J., et al. Hepatic ADTRP overexpression does not influence lipid and glucose metabolism. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, 2021, 321: C585–C595. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00185.2021

Crossref Google Scholar
[67]

Gross, B., Pawlak, M., Lefebvre, P., et al. PPARs in obesity-induced T2DM, dyslipidaemia and NAFLD. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 2017, 13: 36–49. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2016.135

Crossref Google Scholar
[68]

Huang, H. Y., Korivi, M., Yang, H. T., et al. Effect of Pleurotus tuber-regium polysaccharides supplementation on the progression of diabetes complications in obese-diabetic rats. The Chinese Journal of Physiology, 2014, 57: 198–208. https://doi.org/10.4077/cjp.2014.bac245

Crossref Google Scholar
[69]

Hu, T., Lin, Q., Guo, T., et al. Polysaccharide isolated from Phellinus linteus mycelia exerts anti-inflammatory effects via MAPK and PPAR signaling pathways. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2018, 200: 487–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.021

Crossref Google Scholar
[70]

Cho, E. J., Hwang, H. J., Kim, S. W., et al. Hypoglycemic effects of exopolysaccharides produced by mycelial cultures of two different mushrooms Tremella fuciformis and Phellinus baumii in ob/ob mice. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2007, 75: 1257–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-007-0972-2

Crossref Google Scholar
[71]

Dong, Y. H., Wang, Z. X., Chen, C., et al. A review on the hypoglycemic effect, mechanism and application development of natural dietary polysaccharides. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023, 253: 127267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127267

Crossref Google Scholar
[72]
Liu, Y., Wang, C., Li, J., et al. Phellinus linteus polysaccharide extract improves insulin resistance by regulating gut microbiota composition. The FASEB Journal, 2019 , 34: 1065–1078. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201901943rr
Crossref
[73]
He, G., Chen, T., Huang, L., et al. Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide reduces obesity in high-fat diet-fed mice by modulation of gut microbiota. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2022 , 13: 1073350. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1073350
Crossref
[74]

Shao, W., Xiao, C., Yong, T., et al. A polysaccharide isolated from Ganoderma lucidum ameliorates hyperglycemia through modulating gut microbiota in type 2 diabetic mice. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2021, 197: 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.034

Crossref Google Scholar
[75]

Zhan, K., Ji, X., Luo, L. Recent progress in research on Momordica charantia polysaccharides: extraction, purification, structural characteristics and bioactivities. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture, 2023, 10: 58. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-023-00433-4

Crossref Google Scholar
[76]

Yang, W., Wu, J., Liu, W., et al. Structural characterization, antioxidant and hypolipidemic activity of Grifola frondosa polysaccharides in novel submerged cultivation. Food Bioscience, 2021, 42: 101187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101187

Crossref Google Scholar
[77]

Gong, L. L., Meng, F. J., Hou, Y. C., et al. Purification, characterization, and bioactivity of two new polysaccharide fractions from Thelephora ganbajun mushroom. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 2020, 44: 13092. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13092

Crossref Google Scholar
[78]

Chen, J., Zhang, X., Huo, D., et al. Preliminary characterization, antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of polysaccharides from Mallotus furetianus. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2019, 215: 307–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.03.099

Crossref Google Scholar
[79]

Dubey, S. K., Chaturvedi, V. K., Mishra, D., et al. Role of edible mushroom as a potent therapeutics for the diabetes and obesity. 3 Biotech, 2019, 9: 450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-019-1982-3

Crossref Google Scholar
[80]

Hao, Y., Sun, H., Zhang, X., et al. A novel polysaccharide from Pleurotus citrinopileatus mycelia: Structural characterization, hypoglycemic activity and mechanism. Food Bioscience, 2020, 37: 100735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100735

Crossref Google Scholar
[81]

Ru, Y., Chen, X., Wang, J., et al. Structural characterization, hypoglycemic effects and mechanism of a novel polysaccharide from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2019, 123: 775–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.085

Crossref Google Scholar
[82]

Liu, Q., Wu, J., Wang, P., et al. Neutral polysaccharides from Hohenbuehelia serotina with hypoglycemic effects in a type 2 diabetic mouse model. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2022, 13: 883653. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.883653

Crossref Google Scholar
[83]

Cao, C., Huang, Q., Zhang, B., et al. Physicochemical characterization and in vitro hypoglycemic activities of polysaccharides from Sargassum pallidum by microwave-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2018, 109: 357–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.096

Crossref Google Scholar
[84]

Feng, S., Luan, D., Ning, K., et al. Ultrafiltration isolation, hypoglycemic activity analysis and structural characterization of polysaccharides from Brasenia schreberi. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2019, 135: 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.129

Crossref Google Scholar
[85]

Chen, Z., Yin, C., Fan, X., et al. Characterization of physicochemical and biological properties of Schizophyllum commune polysaccharide extracted with different methods. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2019, 156: 1425–1434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.183

Crossref Google Scholar
[86]

Li, Y., He, Y., Zhang, H., et al. Effects of ultrasonic-enzymatic-assisted ethanol precipitation method on the physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2023, 101: 106682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106682

Crossref Google Scholar
Food & Medicine Homology
Volume 2 Issue 1,
March 2025
Article number: 9420046
DOI: 10.26599/FMH.2025.9420046
Cite this article:
Cui Y-L, Li B. Hypoglycemic effects of edible fungus polysaccharides: A mini review. Food & Medicine Homology, 2025, 2(1): 9420046. https://doi.org/10.26599/FMH.2025.9420046
Metrics & Citations  
Article History
Copyright
Rights and Permissions
Return

The effects of EFP on digestive enzymes

SourceNameMolecular weight (kDa)Monosaccharide compositionMolar ratioExperimental modelsHypoglycemic effectsReference
Note: -, Not detected. Ara (arabinose), Rib (ribose), Fuc (fucose), Man (mannose), Glc (glucose), Gal (galactose), Rha (rhamnose), GlcA (glucuronic acid), GalA (galacturonic acid), Xyl (xylose).
Lentinula edodesLEP4492.4Man, Rib, Rha, GlcA, Glc, Xyl, Ara and Fuc1.00: 0.03: 0.03: 0.21: 0.55: 0.01: 0.18: 0.08α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity1.25 and 2.91 (IC50, mg/mL)[29]
LEP8472.1Man, Rib, Rha, GlcA, Glc, Xyl, Ara and Fuc1.00: 0.03: 0.07: 0.44: 1.15: 0.02: 0.14: 0.29α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity1.64 and 3.93 (IC50, mg/mL)
Schizophyllum communeUE-SPGs11.0 and 2.1Man, Rib, Rha, GlcA, GalA and Glc1: 0.09: 0.22: 0.26: 3.12: 0.17α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity64.62% and 60.83% (10 mg/mL)[85]
ME-SPGs16.6 and 1.0Man, Rha, GlcA, GalA, Fuc and Glc1: 0.23: 0.32: 5.35: 0.17: 0.09α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity61.73% and 52.32% (10 mg/mL)
HWE-SPGs527.2 and 1.9Man, Rib, Rha, GlcA, GalA, Glc, Gal, Xyl, Ara and Fuc(1: 0.08: 0.27: 0.15: 8.08: 0.41: 0.04: 0.02: 0.05: 0.02α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity56.71% and 51.05% (10 mg/mL)
HPE-SPGs15.9 and 2.3Man, Rha, GlcA, GalA and Glc1: 0.26: 0.29: 3.05: 0.18α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity55.89% and 37.60% (10 mg/mL)
Tremella fuciformisUAP---α-amylase inhibitory activity77.78% (5 mg/mL)[86]
EAP---71.08% (5 mg/mL)
EUP---77.99% (5 mg/mL)
Cantharellus yunnanensisCY-226.90Glc and Man33.5: 56.9α-glucosidase inhibitory activity79.24% (1 mg/mL)[31]
Hypsizygus marmoreusHMP-11.92 × 103Man, Glc and Gal1.15: 5.2826: 1.16α-glucosidase inhibitory activity0.832 (IC50, mg/mL)[27]
Tricholoma matsutakeTmp72.14Ara, Man, Glc and Gal1.9: 13.6: 42.7: 28.3α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities3.75 and 0.10 (IC50, mg/mL)[32]

The hypoglycemic effects of EFP involved oxidative stress

SourceNameMolecular weight (kDa)Monosaccharide compositionMolar ratioExperimental modelsMechanismReference
Note: Ara (arabinose), Rib (ribose), Fuc (fucose), Man (mannose), Glc (glucose), Gal (galactose), Rha (rhamnose), GlcA (glucuronic acid), Xyl (xylose), HFD (high-fat diet), STZ (streptozotocin), T2DM (type 2 diabetes mellitus), CAT (Catalase), MDA (Malondialdehyde), SOD (Superoxide dismutase), GSH-Px (Glutathione peroxidase), GST (Glutathione S-transferase), ROS (Reactive oxygen), AGEs (Advanced glycation end products), MG (Methylglyoxal), AR (Aldose reductase). -, Not detected.
Inonotus obliquusIO17,572–32,637--STZ-induced diabetesIncreased the SOD, CAT and GSH-Px and reduced MDA in serum[40]
IO22,229–8,564--
IO3245–4,578--
IO455–3,234--
IO546–41,508--
Lentinus edodesLNT-16.41Rha, Fuc, Ara, GlcA, Gal, Man and Glc1.00: 6.13: 1.28: 1.79: 20.62: 4.74: 842.17HFD and STZ induced T2DMIncreased the mRNA and protein expression of the Nrf2 and HO-1 in liver tissue[64]
Grifola frondosaGFPS22.43–9.62--STZ-induced diabetesGFPS2 only enhanced the serum levels of GSH-Px and CAT[23]
GFPS30.85–4.69--GFPS3 and GFPS4 groups had strongly enhanced levels of SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT, and reduced levels of MDA and ROS
GFPS40.05–3.35--
Auricularia polytrichaAPP1.66Fuc, Glc, Xyl, Gal, Rha, Man and Uronic acid0.93: 1.00: 2.63: 0.87: 0.90: 0.79: 15.58STZ-induced diabetic miceAPP decreased the levels of ROS, AGEs, MDA, MG, AR and improved the levels of SOD, CAT and GST in liver sample[41]
AAP15.10.49: 1.00: 2.23: 0.86: 0.88: 0.91: 23.76
Catathelasma ventricosumCVP-1S15.00Glc, Gal and Fuc94.2: 3.51: 1.3; %STZ-induced diabetic miceCVP-1S increased the SOD, CAT and GSH-Px and reduced MDA in liver and kidney[42]
Cordyceps militarisAE-PS-Fuc, Rib, Ara, Xyl, Man, Gal, and Glc1.23: 0.57: 0.29: 2.12: 2.73: 4.66: 88.4; %HFD and STZ induced T2DMAE-PS increased the SOD, CAT and GSH-Px and reduced MDA in kidney hepatic homogenates and renal homogenates[44]

The hypoglycemic effects of EFP involved regulating gut microbiota

SourceNameMolecular weight (kDa)Monosaccharide compositionMolar ratio/Percentage ratio (%)Experimental modelsMechanismReference
Note: Ara (arabinose), Rib (ribose), Fuc (fucose), Man (mannose), Glc (glucose), Gal (galactose), Rha (rhamnose), GlcA (glucuronic acid), GalA (galacturonic acid), Xyl (xylose), HFD (high-fat diet), STZ (streptozotocin), T2DM (type 2 diabetes mellitus). -, Not detected.
Tremella fuciformisTP10.07 to 66.29Man, Rha, GlcA, Glc, Gal, and Xyl15.95: 0.31: 2.47: 1.20: 3.18: 1.72HFDTP reduced the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio[73]
Grifola frondosaGFP18.2-15,850Rha, Fuc, Man, Gal, GlcA, GalA and Glc5.18: 9.92: 25.49: 15.02: 9.49: 7.30: 27.59; %HFD and STZ induced T2DMGFP reduced the relative abundance of Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus and Aerococcus[38]
Ganoderma lucidumF3111.08Ara, Gal, Glc, Xyl, Man, Rib and Rha5.32: 5.47: 57.63: 0.84: 25.41: 1.95:3.38; %HFD and STZ induced T2DMF31 enriched Lactobacillus, Bacteroides and Ruminococcaceae,[74]
Cordyceps militarisAEPSa87.80Man, Gal and Glc2.2: 15.1: 1HFD and STZ induced T2DMAEPSa reshaped gut microbiota by increasing Allobaculum, Alistipes, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and norank_f_Muribaculaceae and decreasing Enterococcus and Ruminococcus_torques_group[48]
Phellinus linteusPLPE---HFD and STZ induced T2DMPLPE enhanced levels of Lachnospiraceae-NK4A136, Lachnospiraceae-UCG-006, Roseburia, Prevotella9, Blautia, Ruminiclostridium-9, Eubacterium_xylanophilum, Anaerotruncus, and Oscillibacter[72]

Structure-hypoglycemic activity relationship of EFP

SourceNameMolecular weight (kDa)Monosaccharide compositionMolar ratioExperimental modelsDose / DurationHypoglycemic effectsConformationReference
Note: Ara (arabinose), Rib (ribose), Fuc (fucose), Man (mannose), Glc (glucose), Gal (galactose), Rha (rhamnose), GlcA (glucuronic acid), GalA (galacturonic acid), Xyl (xylose). -, Not detected.
Lentinula edodesLEP0691.2Man, Rib, Rha, GluA, Glu, Xyl, Ara and Fuc1.00: 0.04: 0.03: 0.25: 0.29: 0.03: 0.26: 0.17α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity0–10.0 mg/mL for 10 min2.40 and 1.90 (IC50, mg/mL)-[29]
LEP16301.01.00: 0.03: 0.05: 0.42: 0.2: 0.02: 0.15: 0.431.22 and 1.20 (IC50, mg/mL)-
Grifola frondosaGFP-W1916.1Ara, Fuc, Xyl, Man, Glc and Gal1.95: 1: 1.49: 1.43: 20.94: 1.13,Binding rates with sodium cholate and sodium glycocholateIncubated for 60 min30.32% and 25.08%-[76]
GFP-W22.733 × 1042.32: 1: 1.30: 1.67: 58.52: 2.6537.41% and 33.68%-
EP-X125.646.35: 1: 4.88: 1.41: 3.75: 5.4547.62% and 38.70%-
Thelephora ganbajunTZP1-12.07 × 103Man, Rha, Gal, and Xyl4: 1: 83.9: 7.5α-amylase inhibitory activity0–1 µg/mL for 10 min23%None[77]
TZP2-14.89Man, Glc, Gal, and Xyl5.4: 1: 79.0: 8.148.6%Triple helix conformation
Armillaria melleaAAMP-A-Glc, Gal, Man, GlcA, and Fuc9.0: 2.0: 1.0:4 0.7: 7.5db/db mice50 mg/kg/dayReduced blood glucose, ALT and AST levels as well as increased insulin sensitivity-[34]
AAMP-N-Glc, Gal and Man49.8 :25.2 :18.2-
Pleurotus eryngiiWPS450Rha, Ara, Xyl, Man, Glc, and Gal0.35: 0.24: 0.45: 0.24: 28.78: 1.10α-glucosidase inhibitory activity0–8 mg/mL for 15 min0.4211 (IC50, mg/mL)-[28]
P-1220.95: 0.64: 0.66: 1.84: 60.69: 0.670.2971 (IC50, mg/mL)-
Cordyceps militarisEPS-I---α-glucosidase inhibitory activity0–3 mg/mL for 15 min31.56 ± 0.78% (1.25 mg/mL)None[30]
EPS-II---38.32 ± 0.69% (1.25 mg/mL)None
EPS-III1.56×103Man, Glc, and Gal1.68: 1: 1.8344.18 ± 0.45% (1.25 mg/mL)Triple helix structure