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The history, beneficial ingredients, mechanism, processing, and products of Panax ginseng for medicinal and edible value

Zhu-Bin Zhang1Chen-Yu Yu1Hua-Ying Wang1Xiao-Bin Jia1Wei Wu1,2Shi-Ting Pang1,2Wei Li1,2Sana Zahoor3,4Waliullah Khan4Yan-Cheng Liu4Bing Yang1()Liang Feng1,2()
Affiliated Jiangning Chinese Medicine Hospital, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
Nanjing Jiangning District Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 211199, China
Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
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Highlights

(1) Providing an overview of the compositions and related functions of Panax ginseng from the perspective of medicinal food homology.

(2) Focusing on the material basis of pharmacological and nutritional functions.

(3) Highlighting Gintonin, a substance with medicinal and edible properties, which is different from the saponins and polysaccharides that have been mainly focused on in previous studies.

(4) Emphasizing that the above substances originate from production, including processing and biotransformation, as well as their mechanisms.

Graphical Abstract

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Panax ginseng has been used as a superior herb in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for at least 2,000 years. This review focuses on the functional material basis and products of Panax ginseng as a “dual-use substance for medicine and food”, and the pharmacological effects of its components on cancer, skin wound, thrombosis, inflammation, neurological disorders, etc.

Abstract

Panax ginseng has been used as a superior herb in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for at least 2,000 years. With its outstanding effects of nourishing, tranquilizing, and benefiting the mind, it has been traditionally used as an herbal remedy for a variety of ailments, such as physical weakness, thirst, or insomnia with palpitations. At the same time, it has also been used as a tonic ingredient in the daily diet of the Chinese, and various kinds of supplements made from it have been used to prolong longevity. This review focuses on the application history, current research progress (2004−2023), functional material basis and product development of P. ginseng as a “dual-use substance for medicine and food”, and the pharmacological effects of its components on cancer, skin wound, thrombosis, inflammation, neurological disorders, etc. It also emphasizes the impact of processing technology on the nutritional and pharmacological effects of P. ginseng and reports the trends and challenges of its future research and development.

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Cite this article:
Zhang Z-B, Yu C-Y, Wang H-Y, et al. The history, beneficial ingredients, mechanism, processing, and products of Panax ginseng for medicinal and edible value. Food & Medicine Homology, 2025, https://doi.org/10.26599/FMH.2025.9420059
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