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Tribology has played an essential role in the advancement of technology and the development of economies all over the globe. As such, a significant part of the Korean industry has benefitted from design solutions and remedies that stem from tribological considerations. Republic of Korea has grown tremendously in the traditional application fields of tribology, such as automotive, manufacturing, heavy industry, shipbuilding, and electronics, over the last few decades. Apart from these traditional fields, tribology has been contributing significantly to emerging industries related to energy, environment, and biotechnology in the Republic of Korea. In this paper, the status and prospects of tribology in the Republic of Korea are presented. The history and activities of the Korean Tribology Society (KTS) are described along with a review of the research works of selected Korean tribologists. Considering the great relevance of friction, wear, and lubrication issues in future sustainability, efforts in tribology will continue to expand in parallel with technology and economic development in the Republic of Korea and around the globe.
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Noh S, Oh W, Park K, Rhim Y. Analysis of dynamic characteristics of a piston for a linear compressor considering changes in groove geometry. Tribol Lubr 31(5): 221–228 (2015)
Koo H, Cho Y, Park J, Park H. Vibration analysis for failure diagnosis of cylinder liner of large ship engine. Tribol Lubr 30(1): 21–28 (2014)
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Kwon G, Jang Y, Chae Y. Evaluation of sliding friction properties of laser surface texturing dimple pattern with DLC coating under GaInSn liquid metal lubricant. Tribol Lubr 37(3): 106–111 (2021)
Park T J, Kang J G. THD lubrication analysis of a surface-textured parallel thrust bearing with rectangular grooves: Part 1—Effect of film-temperature boundary condition. Tribol Lubr 38(6): 267–273 (2022)
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Kim J H, Choi S G, Segu D Z, Jung Y S, Kim S S. Improvement of tribological characteristics of multiscale laser-textured surface in terms of lubrication regime. Tribol Lubr 30(1): 59–63 (2014)
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Kim J I, Jang Y J, Kim J, Kim J. Effects of silicon doping on low-friction and high-hardness diamond-like carbon coating via filtered cathodic vacuum arc deposition. Sci Rep 11: 3529 (2021)
Kim J I, Kim J K, Jang Y J. Stress relaxation through thermal gradient structure of tetrahedral amorphous carbon thin film deposited on Ge–Se–Sb-based chalcogenide glass. Diam Relat Mater 100: 107547 (2019)
Ryu H, Kim J, Kim J, Kim D H, Kang Y J, Jang Y J, Jeong J H. Enhancement of a heat transfer performance on the Al6061 surface using microstructures and fluorine-doped diamond-like carbon (F-DLC) coating. Int J Heat Mass Tran 148: 119108 (2020)
Liu Y W, Jang Y H, Barber J R. Finite element implementation of an eigenfunction solution for the contact pressure variation due to wear. Wear 309(1–2): 134–138 (2014)
Ji M K, Jun T S. Review on the wear behavior of the hot stamping process with respect to friction testing methods. Tribol Lubr 36(6): 350–358 (2020)
Kim H K, Lee Y H. Influence of contact shape and supporting condition on tube fretting wear. Wear 255(7–12): 1183–1197 (2003)
Kim H K, Kim S J, Yoon K H, Kang H S, Song K N. Fretting wear of laterally supported tube. Wear 250(1–12): 535–543 (2001)
Lee Y H, Kim I H, Kim H K, Kim H G. Role of ZrO2 oxide layer on the fretting wear resistance of a nuclear fuel rod. Tribol Int 145: 106146 (2020)
Kang S, Ha S, Kim K, Lee Y, Jang Y J, Kim J, et al. Dry wear behavior of identical tetrahedral amorphous carbon nanofilms on sintered composites and metal substrate with varying load bearing capacities. J Mater Res Technol 26: 6027–6040 (2023)
Lee K, Chen Y, Dai W, Naugle D, Liang H. Design of quasicrystal alloys with favorable tribological performance in view of microstructure and mechanical properties. Mater Des 193: 108735 (2020)
Lim M S, Jang Y J, Kim J K, Kim J H, Kim S S. A study on friction and wear properties of tetrahedral amorphous carbon coatings on various counterpart materials. Tribol Lubr 34(6): 241–246 (2018)
Bae S M, Khadem M, Seo K J, Kim D E. Evaluation of tribological characteristics of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coated plastic gear. Tribol Lubr 35(1): 1–8 (2019)
Kim D Y, Shin J K, Jang Y J, Kim J. Conductive and mechanical properties study of Ti-doped DLC (ta-C:Ti) film on semiconductor probe through Taguchi bobust design. Tribol Lubr 38(6): 274–280 (2022)
Penkov O V, Devizenko A Y, Khadem M, Zubarev E N, Kondratenko V V, Kim D E. Toward zero micro/macroscale wear using periodic nanolayered coatings. ACS Appl Mater Inter 7(32): 18136–18144 (2015)
Liu Y, Shin D G, Xu S, Kim C L, Kim D E. Understanding of the lubrication mechanism of reduced graphene oxide coating via dual in situ monitoring of the chemical and topographic structural evolution. Carbon 173: 941–952 (2021)
Kim H J, Kim D E, Kim C L. Real time analysis of friction/wear characteristics of metal coatings with a tribo-tester installed in an SEM. Tribol Lubr 34(6): 318–324 (2018)
Kim M G, Seo K J, Nam J, Kim D E. Study on tribological characteristics of machine component in boundary lubrication. Tribol Lubr 35(6): 356–361 (2019)
Kim S T, Kim S M, Park T H, Lee J, Lee Y. Study on wear characteristics of lubricants with nanodiamond additives. Tribol Lubr 30(5): 291–294 (2014)
Yun C S, Oh D S, Kim H J. Study on influence of carbon nanotubes and alumina additives to lubrication and wear characteristics. Tribol Lubr 33(5): 220–227 (2017)
Lim T, Kim Y, Na B K. Wear, oxidation and shear characteristics of mixed lubricating oil (mineral/vegetable oil) with ZnDTP. Tribol Lubr 34(4): 160–167 (2018)
Hong S H. Literature review of machine condition monitoring with oil sensors-types of sensors and their functions. Tribol Lubr 36(6): 297–306 (2020)
Jung H Y, Kim H J. Study on lubrication characteristics of vegetable oil based on blending condition. Tribol Lubr 36(6): 342–349 (2020)
Choi J, Yang K, Lee Y K, Lee S, An K, Kim S S, Kim J. Adsorption-induced transient friction of hydrogels on hydrophilic countersurfaces. Phys Fluids 35(12): 123110 (2023)
Kim J, Dunn A C. Generalized rate-and-state model linking rheology and soft matter tribology. Extreme Mech Lett 41: 101013 (2020)
Kim W, Lim S H, Hong H, Jeong K I, On S Y, Park S Y, You J I, Kim S S. Optimum boundaries for maximum load-carrying capacity in water-lubricated composite journal bearings incorporating turbulences and inertial effects based on elastohydrodynamic analysis. J Comput Des Eng 9(6): 2506–2523 (2022)
Kim C L, Kim D E, Kim H J. Tribological properties of carbon nanotube thin films by using electrodynamic spraying method. Tribol Lubr 34(6): 313–317 (2018)
Kim H J, Kim C L. Effect of nanomesh structure variation on the friction and wear characteristics of carbon nanotube coatings. Tribol Lubr 36(6): 315–319 (2020)
Kim H J, Kim D E. Water lubrication of stainless steel using reduced graphene oxide coating. Sci Rep 5: 17034 (2015)
Kim H J, Chung K H. Review on molecular simulation of graphene from a tribological perspective. Tribol Lubr 36(2): 55–63 (2020)
Tran-Khac B C, Chung K H. Frictional properties of two-dimensional materials against spherical and flat AFM tips. Tribol Lubr 35(4): 199–205 (2019)
Park J Y, Ogletree D F, Salmeron M, Ribeiro R A, Canfield P C, Jenks C J, Thiel P A. High frictional anisotropy of periodic and aperiodic directions on a quasicrystal surface. Science 309(5739): 1354–1356 (2005)
Park J Y, Ogletree D F, Thiel P A, Salmeron M. Electronic control of friction in silicon pn junctions. Science 313(5784): 186–186 (2006)
Choi J S, Kim J S, Byun I S, Lee D H, Lee M J, Park B H, Lee C G, Yoon D, Cheong H, Lee K H, et al. Friction anisotropy-driven domain imaging on exfoliated monolayer graphene. Science 333(6042): 607–610 (2011)
Park S, Choi M, Kim S, Kim S. Frictional anisotropy of CVD bilayer graphene correlated with surface corrugated structures. Tribol Lubr 38(6): 235–240 (2022)
Il Jake Choi J, Ono L. K, Cho H, Kim K J, Kang H B, Qi Y, et al. Pathways of water-induced lead-halide perovskite surface degradation: Insights from in situ atomic-scale analysis. ACS Nano 17(24): 25679–25688 (2023)
Liu Y, Han J H, Xu S, Jung Y. C, Kim D E. Dual in situ observation of tribochemical and morphological evolution of single-layer WS2 and multilayer WS2/C coatings. Friction 12: 1580–1598 (2024)
Lee D, Jeong H, Lee H, Kim Y H, Park J Y. Phase-dependent friction on exfoliated transition metal dichalcogenides atomic layers. Small 19(47): 2302713 (2023)
Hwang Y H, Myung B S, Kim H J. Study on frictional behavior of carbon nanotube thin films with respect to surface condition. Friction 6(4): 432–442 (2018)
Seo K J, Kim H J, Kim D E. Feasibility of wear reduction for soft nanostructured thin film through enhanced elastic recoverability and contact stress relief. Friction 11(7): 1292–1306 (2023)
Kim H J, Chung K H. Atomistic investigation of the effect of contact condition on frictional properties of nanowire. Appl Surf Sci 534: 147629 (2020)
Kang K H, Penkov O V, Kim H J, Kim D E. Effectiveness of bubble structure in contact damage reduction of Au film. Tribol Int 55: 40–45 (2012)
Tran Khac B C, DelRio F W, Chung K H. Interfacial strength and surface damage characteristics of atomically thin h-BN, MoS2, and graphene. ACS Appl Mater Inter 10(10): 9164–9177 (2018)
Tran-Khac B C, Kim H J, DelRio F W, Chung K H. Operational and environmental conditions regulate the frictional behavior of two-dimensional materials. Appl Surf Sci 483: 34–44 (2019)
Kim K H, Jeong S, Kim H J. Numerical and experimental analyses of the crack propagation in nanocomposite thin-films by using dynamic particle difference methods. Polymer 240: 124527 (2022)
Nguyen Q D, Oh E S, Chung K H. Nanomechanical properties of polymer binders for Li-ion batteries probed with colloidal probe atomic force microscopy. Polym Test 76: 245–253 (2019)
Nguyen Q D, Chung K H. Frictional properties of polymer binders for Li-ion batteries. Appl Phys Lett 116(6): 061604 (2020)
Baek H Y, Pyun J M, Lee D Y, Park T J. Improving the endurance life of deep groove ball bearings for automotive transmission. Tribol Lubr 31(6): 281–286 (2015)
Suh J, Hwang C. Thermal deformation induced preload change in the tilting pad journal bearing. Tribol Lubr 32(1): 1–8 (2016)
Lee D, Kim B, Park M, Lim H. Development of turbo expanders with hydrostatic bearings for hydrogen liquefaction plants. Tribol Lubr 37(3): 91–98 (2021)
Lee C M, Kim G H, Park S J, Hwang G J, Park S S. Effect of the pocket depth on the hammering behavior of an air bearing stage. Tribol Lubr 37(4): 129–135 (2021)
Lee S. Bearing performance evaluation based on rigid body dynamic analysis considering rotation and loads over time. Tribol Lubr 39(2): 35–42 (2023)
Hwang S, Kim D. Y, Kim T H. Effect of surface roughness on the performance of a gas foil thrust bearing. Tribol Lubr 39(2): 81–85 (2023)
Lee D, Suh J. Elastic deformation induced preload change in tilting pad journal bearing. Tribol Lubr 39(3): 102–110 (2023)
Kim S, Jang Y H. Critical wedging coefficient in planar frictional system. Int J Solids Struct 253: 111405 (2022)
Kim S, Jang Y H. Critical wedging coefficient in frictional elastic system considering separation state. Tribol Lubr 36(6): 324–331 (2020)
Kim S, Jang Y H. Determination of critical wedging coefficient for full-contact frictional systems using positive spanning. Int J Mech Sci 177: 105576 (2020)
Kim S, Jang Y H, Barber J R. Wedging of frictional elastic systems. Facta Univ, Ser Mech Eng 17(2): 141–148 (2019)
Lee H, Jang Y H. Effect of the volume of a functionally graded material layer on frictionally excited thermoelastic instability. Tribol Int 49: 103–109 (2012)
Ahn S H, Jang Y H. Frictionally excited thermo-elastoplastic instability. Tribol Int 43(4): 779–784 (2010)
Lee S W, Jang Y H. Frictionally excited thermoelastic instability in a thin layer of functionally graded material sliding between two half-planes. Wear 267(9–10): 1715–1722 (2009)
Jang Y H, Ahn S H. Frictionally-excited thermoelastic instability in functionally graded material. Wear 262(9−10): 1102–1112 (2007)
Lee S W, Jang Y H. Effect of functionally graded material on frictionally excited thermoelastic instability. Wear 266(1−2): 139–146 (2009)
Lee Y, Jang Y H. Stability of thermoelastic sliding problem with contact pressure-dependent thermal contact resistance. Int J Solids Struct 254: 111857 (2022)
Lee Y, Liu Y, Barber J, Jang Y H. Thermal boundary conditions in sliding contact problem. Tribol Int 103: 69–72 (2016)
Lee Y, Liu Y W, Barber J R, Jang Y H. Thermal considerations during transient asperity contact. Tribol Int 94: 87–91 (2016)
Lee H E, Han S H, Song S A, Kim S S. Novel fabrication process for carbon fiber composite bipolar plates using sol gel and the double percolation effect for PEMFC. Compos Struct 134: 44–51 (2015)
Lee H G, Kim S S, Lee D G. Effect of compacted wear debris on the tribological behavior of carbon/epoxy composites. Compos Struct 74(2): 136–144 (2006)
Kim T H, Andres L S. Effects of a mechanical preload on the dynamic force response of gas foil bearings: Measurements and model predictions. Tribol Trans 52(4): 569–580 (2009)
Sim K, Koo B, Sung Lee J, Ho Kim T. Effects of mechanical preloads on the rotordynamic performance of a rotor supported on three-pad gas foil journal bearings. J Eng Gas Turbines Power 136(12): 122503 (2014)
Hwang S H, Mehdi S M, Kim T H. Static performance measurements and model predictions of gas foil thrust bearing with curved incline geometry. Lubricants 11(11): 480 (2023)
Mehdi S M, Jeong S Y, Kim T H. Influence of recess dimensions and jacking oil flow rate on the performance of tilting pad journal bearings with jacking oil mechanism. Tribol Trans 65(3): 405–420 (2022)
Sim K, Kim T H. Thermohydrodynamic analysis of bump-type gas foil bearings using bump thermal contact and inlet flow mixing models. Tribol Int 48: 137–148 (2012)
Mehdi S M, Jang K E, Kim T H. Effects of pivot design on performance of tilting pad journal bearings. Tribol Int 119: 175–189 (2018)
Park M S, Lee J S, Kim T H. Effects of the Slopes of the rotational axis and bearing preloads on the natural frequencies and onset speed of the instability of a rotor supported on gas foil bearings. Tribol Lubr 30(3): 131–138 (2014)
Kim T H, Lee T. W, Park M S, Park J, Kim J, Jeong J. Experimental study on the load carrying performance and driving torque of gas foil thrust bearings. Tribol Lubr 31(4): 141–147 (2015)
Hwang S H, Moon C G, Kim T. H, Lee J, Cho K S, Ha K K, et al. Rotordynamic performance measurements and predictions of a FCEV air compressor supported on gas foil bearings. Tribol Lubr 35(1): 44–51 (2019)
Mun J H, Kim T. Performance predictions of gas foil thrust bearings with turbulent flow. Tribol Lubr 35(5): 300–309 (2019)
Sung Ho H, Dae Yeon K, Tae Ho K. Effects of cooling flow rate on gas foil thrust bearing performance. Tribol Lubr 39(2): 76–80 (2023)
Oh D S, Kang K H, Kim H J, Kim J K, Won M S, Kim D E. Tribological characteristics of micro-ball bearing with V-shaped grooves coated with ultra-thin protective layers. Tribol Int 119: 481–490 (2018)
Hong S H, Kim K W. A new type groove for hydraulic spool valve. Tribol Int 103: 629–640 (2016)
Kwak H D, Jeon S M, Kim J H. Performance test of inter-propellant seal. Tribol Lubr 26(6): 322–328 (2010)
Kang S, Shin S, Hwang H, Kim S. Predictive model for bearing torque in bolt fastening. CIRP Ann 71(1): 489–492 (2022)
Jang Y J, Jang J W, Kim J I, Kim W S, Kim M H, Kim J. Tensile testing as alternative evaluation method for enhanced adhesion of diamond-like carbon coatings with different titanium buffer layers. J Mater Res Technol 29: 1579–1589 (2024)
Grewal H, Piao S, Cho I J, Jhang K Y, Yoon E S. Nanotribological and wetting performance of hierarchical patterns. Soft Matter 12(3): 859–866 (2016)
Son Y, Jenny Lee H, Kim J, Shin H, Choi N, Justin Lee C, Yoon E S, Yoon E, Wise K D, Geun Kim T, et al. In vivo optical modulation of neural signals using monolithically integrated two-dimensional neural probe arrays. Sci Rep 5(3): 15466 (2015)
Pendyala P, Grewal HS, Kim HN, Cho IJ, Yoon ES. Individual role of the physicochemical characteristics of nanopatterns on tribological surfaces. ACS Appl Mater Inter 8(44): 30590–30600 (2016)
Kim T W. A study on the anisotropic flow characteristics of droplets on rice leaf surface. Tribol Lubr 33(6): 251–255 (2017)
Park Y W, Kim T W. Fabrication of a microriblet shark skin-like surface using a WEDM process. Tribol Lubr 32(6): 201–206 (2016)
Kim T W. Simulation for contact angle of droplet on riblet surface. Tribol Lubr 33(5): 202–206 (2017)
Kim C, Yoon M A, Jang B, Kim J H, Lee H J, Kim K S. Ultimate control of rate-dependent adhesion for reversible transfer process via a thin elastomeric layer. ACS Appl Mater Inter 9(14): 12886–12892 (2017)
Yoon M A, Kim C, Jung H J, Kim J H, Kim K S. Water contact angles of graphene transferred by wet and dry transfer methods. Tribol Lubr 34(2): 60–66 (2018)
Han S, Yoon M A, Kim C, Kim J H, Kim K S. A study on selective transfer and reflow process of micro-led using micro stamp. Tribol Lubr 38(3): 93–100 (2022)
Kim C, Yoon M A, Jang B, Kim H D, Kim J H, Hoang A T, Ahn J H, Jung H J, Lee H J, Kim K S. Damage-free transfer mechanics of 2-dimensional materials: Competition between adhesion instability and tensile strain. NPG Asia Mater 13(1): 44 (2021)
Seo J H, Na B C, Kim J Y, Park S U, Lee Y M, Kim H C, Lee B H, Lim D S. A study on the tribological behavior of valve train system by low friction coating. Adv Mater Res 47: 1470–1473 (2008)
Min Y J, Kang K H, Kim D E. Development of polyimide films reinforced with boron nitride and boron nitride nanosheets for transparent flexible device applications. Nano Res 11(5): 2366–2378 (2018)
Kim J K, Varenberg M. Biomimetic wall-shaped adhesive microstructure for shear-induced attachment: The effects of pulling angle and preliminary displacement. J R Soc Interface 14(137): 20170832 (2017)
Kim J K, Varenberg M. Amplification factor in shear-activated adhesives: effect of elasticity. Soft Matter 17(40): 9087–9093 (2021)
Kim J K, Varenberg M. Drawing-based manufacturing of shear-activated reversible adhesives. ACS Appl Mater Inter 12(17): 20075–20083 (2020)
Kim J K, Krishna‐Subbaiah N, Wu Y, Ko J, Shiva A, Sitti M. Enhanced flexible mold lifetime for roll‐to‐roll scaled‐up manufacturing of adhesive complex microstructures. Adv Mater 35(2): 2207257 (2023)
Lee Y W, Kim J K, Bozuyuk U, Dogan N O, Khan M T A, Shiva A, Wild A M, Sitti M. Multifunctional 3D‐printed pollen grain‐inspired hydrogel microrobots for on‐demand anchoring and cargo delivery. Adv Mater 35(10): 2209812 (2023)
Li C X, Park H, Lee C H. Influence of grease consistency on the wear of gear surfaces. Tribol Lubr 38(3): 115–119 (2022)
Lian C L, Lee K H, Lee C H, Li Y F, Zhang P. Experimental study on rolling friction coefficient controllability of magnetorheological elastomer. J Tribol 143(12): 124501 (2021)
Hong S H. Numerical analysis for appropriate positioning of ferrous wear debris sensors with permanent magnet in gearbox systems. Sensors 24(3): 810 (2024)
Im B, Lee S K, Kang G, Moon J, Byun D, Cho D H. Electrohydrodynamic jet printed silver-grid electrode for transparent raindrop energy-based triboelectric nanogenerator. Nano Energy 95: 107049 (2022)
Park S, Kang H, Byun D, Cho D H. Synthesis and evaluation of superhydrophobic ODA/PDMS dip coating on pet for liquid‒solid contact electrification. Tribol Lubr 37(2): 71–76 (2021)
Park S, Byun D, Cho D H. Evaluation of h-BN nanoflakes/polyimide composites for a triboelectric nanogenerator. Tribol Lubr 37(4): 125–128 (2021)
Kang S, Lee K, Kang M, Jang Y H, Kim C. Weld-penetration-depth estimation using deep learning models and multisensor signals in Al/Cu laser overlap welding. Opt Laser Technol 161: 109179 (2023)
Kang S, Kang M, Jang Y H, Kim C. Deep learning-based penetration depth prediction in Al/Cu laser welding using spectrometer signal and CCD image. J Laser Appl 34(4): 042035 (2022)
Moon S, Paek J H, Jang Y H, Kang K. Mixing behavior of Ti–Al interface during the ultrasonic welding process and its welding strength: Molecular dynamics study. Heliyon 10(3): e25116 (2024)
Ryu H J, Kim D G, Kang S, Jeong J H, Kim S. Mechanical abrasion by bilayered pad microasperity in chemical mechanical polishing. CIRP Ann 70(1): 273–276 (2021)
Park S, Lee H. Basic study on the improvement of material removal efficiency of sapphire CMP using electrolytic ionization and ultraviolet light. Tribol Lubr 37(6): 208–212 (2021)
Byeonghun P, Hyunseop L. Nonuniformity of conditioning density according to CMP conditioning system design variables using artificial neural network. Tribol Lubr 38(4): 152–161 (2022)
Park J, Kang S, Kim M E, Kim N J, Kim J, Kim S, Kim K M. Advanced Cu/polymer hybrid bonding system for fine-pitch 3D stacking devices. Adv Mater Technol 8(20): 2202134 (2023)
Lee Y, Jang Y H. Loosening behavior of internal and external connection dental implants under cyclic loads considering prefastening force. Tribol Lubr 37(4): 136–143 (2021)
Kim C L, Jung C W, Oh Y J, Kim D E. A highly flexible transparent conductive electrode based on nanomaterials. NPG Asia Mater 9(10): e438 (2017)
Heo S, Jeong S, Kim K H, Kim H J. Mechanically resilient integrated electronics realized using interconnected 2D gold-nanosheet elastomeric electrodes. NPG Asia Mater 14: 37 (2022)
Jeong S, Heo S, Kang M, Kim H J. Mechanical durability enhancement of gold-nanosheet stretchable electrodes for wearable human bio-signal detection. Mater Des 196: 109178 (2020)
Kim D G, Je H, Hart A J, Kim S. Additive manufacturing of flexible 3D surface electrodes for electrostatic adhesion control and smart robotic gripping. Friction 11(11): 1974–1986 (2023)
Yun S, Um Y, Park H W, Kim S. Static friction of magneto-rheological elastomer pads in wall-climbing robots. CIRP Ann 73(1): 441–444 (2024)
Yoo S, Hoon Jang Y. Multiscale electrical contact resistance between gas diffusion layer and bipolar plate in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J Fuel Cell Sci Technol 9(3): 031003 (2012)
Jang I, Joo H G, Jang Y H. Effects of carbon nanotubes on electrical contact resistance of a conductive Velcro system under low frequency vibration. Tribol Int 104: 45–56 (2016)
Lee S, Kim T, Lee S, Hong S H. Novel method for measuring a wear scar using deep learning. Tribol Int 190: 109043 (2023)
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