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Review Article | Open Access

A review of salivary composition changes induced by fasting and its impact on health

Nurul Fadhilah Kamalul Aripina,b, N. Idayu Zahidb, Mohd Aizat Abdul Rahimc, Hashim Yaacobd, Parvez I. Harise, Zubaidah Haji Abd. Rahimf( ), Rauzah Hashimb,f( )
School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia
Centre for Fundamental and Frontier Sciences in Nanostructure Self-Assembly, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
UMSC Dental Specialist Clinic, UM Dentistry Tower, Universiti Malaya, Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, United Kingdom
Chancellery (Research and Innovation), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia

Peer review under responsibility of Tsinghua University Press.

Show Author Information

Abstract

Human saliva is an indispensable fluid that maintains a healthy oral cavity which otherwise can lead to oral diseases (dental caries and periodontitis). In addition, salivary metabolites and microbiome profile provide early detection of systemic diseases such as cancer and obesity. Salivary diagnostic has gained popularity due to its non-invasive sampling technique. Fasting (abstinence from food or drink or both) research for weight loss and improve health is common, but studies using fasting saliva are scarce. Some metabolites in fasting saliva have been reported with interesting results, which can be enhanced by considering different confounding factors. For example, fasting saliva contains higher salivary nitrite, which is related to nitric oxide (NO). NO is a vasodilator supporting the healthy function of endothelial cells and its deficiency is connected to many diseases. The timely supply of NO through exogenous and endogenous means is highlighted and the potential advantage of fasting salivary composition changes in relation to COVID-19 infection is speculated. This review aims to provide a general discussion on the salivary composition, properties, and functions of the whole saliva, including the health benefits of fasting.

Keywords

SalivaFastingNitrateNitriteNitric oxide

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Food Science and Human Wellness
Volume 13 Issue 1,
January 2024
Pages 50-64
DOI: 10.26599/FSHW.2022.9250004
Cite this article:
Aripin NFK, Idayu Zahid N, Rahim MAA, et al. A review of salivary composition changes induced by fasting and its impact on health. Food Science and Human Wellness, 2024, 13(1): 50-64. https://doi.org/10.26599/FSHW.2022.9250004

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Received: 22 March 2022
Revised: 07 May 2022
Accepted: 23 June 2022
Published: 01 June 2023
© 2024 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences. Publishing services by Tsinghua University Press.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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