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Open Access

Molecular mechanisms of aflatoxin neurotoxicity and potential neuroprotective agents

Chongshan Daia,b( ), Erjie Tianc, Hui Lid, Subhajit Das Guptae, Zhihui Haoa, Zhanhui Wanga, Tony Velkovf, Jianzhong Shena,b( )
National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75230, USA
Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia

Peer review under responsibility of Tsinghua University Press.

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Abstract

Aflatoxins (AFTs) represent one of the most notorious classes of deadly mycotoxins produced by certain fungi that are found on agricultural crops. Aflatoxins are highly toxic to mammals and are known to cause a series of detrimental effects, including neuro-, hepato-, nephron-, and immuno-toxicity. In this original review we summarize the mechanisms of aflatoxin-induced neurotoxicity and the clinical potential of novel neuroprotective agents. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most toxic congener among the 21 identified AFTs. Recent studies have shown that food borne exposure to AFB1 and/or its metabolites often leads to fatal neurotoxicity in animals and humans. Animal studies indicated that AFB1 exposure could induce abnormal behavioral changes, including anxiety, lethargy disorders, depression-like behavior, cognitive, learning and memory defects, and decreased feeding behavior. Mechanistically, AFB1 exposure has been associated with lipid peroxidation, ablation of non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant defense systems and decreased neurotransmitter levels. AFB1 exposure has also been shown to induce DNA damage, apoptosis, pyroptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain tissue. Several signaling pathways, including gasdermin D, toll like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4, Akt, NF-κB, ERK/MAPK, protein kinase C (PKC), and mitochondrial apoptotic pathways have been shown to participate in AFB1-induced neuronal or astrocyte cell death. Targeting these pathways by small molecules (e.g., quercetin, curcumin, and gallic acid, and dimethyl fumarate), Chinese herbal extracts (e.g., Artichoke leaf extract, Chelidonium majus ethanolic extract, pumpkin extract, and Crocus sativus L. tea), and probiotic supplements could effectively improve AFB1-induced neurobehavioral abnormalities and neurotoxicity. To date, the precise molecular mechanisms of AFB1-induced neurotoxicity and potential neuroprotective agents remain unclear. In the present review, the clinical manifestations, molecular mechanisms, and potential neuroprotective agents of AFB1-induced neurotoxicity are summarized in the broadest overview. It is most hopeful that this broad reaching review provides valuable insights and stimulates broader discussion to develop the effective neuroprotective agents against aflatoxins.

Keywords

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)NeurotoxicityMolecular mechanismsChemical preventions

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Food Science and Human Wellness
Volume 13 Issue 5,
September 2024
Pages 2445-2455
DOI: 10.26599/FSHW.2022.9250201
Cite this article:
Dai C, Tian E, Li H, et al. Molecular mechanisms of aflatoxin neurotoxicity and potential neuroprotective agents. Food Science and Human Wellness, 2024, 13(5): 2445-2455. https://doi.org/10.26599/FSHW.2022.9250201

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Received: 22 December 2022
Revised: 24 January 2023
Accepted: 04 March 2023
Published: 10 October 2024
© 2024 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences. Publishing services by Tsinghua University Press.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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