Home Food Science and Human Wellness Article
PDF (2.3 MB)
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Submit Manuscript
Show Outline
Figures (7)

Tables (2)
Table 1
Table 2
Open Access

Prospects of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) polysaccharides: preparation, structural characterization, and bioactivities diversity

Shuyuan Shia, Ruiyun Wua, Zixin Hanb, Yu Sunb, Pinglan Lia, Fazheng Rena,c, Nan Shangb,c()
Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Healthy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China

Peer review under responsibility of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.

Show Author Information

Highlights

• The preparation methods of sea buckthorn polysaccharides were summarized.

• The structural diversity of sea buckthorn polysaccharides were described.

• The bioactivities and mechanisms of sea buckthorn polysaccharides were reviewed.

• The structure-activity relationship of sea buckthorn polysaccharides were discussed.

• The challenges faced and future research prospects were presented.

Graphical Abstract

View original image Download original image

Abstract

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is a natural homologous substance of medicine and food. Polysaccharide, as one of its primary active components, has very superior biological activity and can be used as a dietary supplement for functional foods, with good commercial prospects. Although initial progress has been made in the study of sea buckthorn polysaccharides, related studies have been fragmented and lacked systematic and generalization. This manuscript presents a critical analysis and systematic summary of the extraction and purification methods, structural characterization and physicochemical properties, biological activity and potential mechanisms, and structure-activity relationships of sea buckthorn polysaccharides. Accumulating evidence has indicated that sea buckthorn polysaccharides, which were widely prepared by water extraction and column chromatography purifications, exhibited exhibit superior biological activities in vitro and in vivo, including antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, hepatorenal protective, antibacterial, antiviral, and prebiotic activities. After analysis, it was concluded that there is a correlation between the relevant activities of sea buckthorn polysaccharides and that the structure of sea buckthorn polysaccharides has a great influence on their biological activity. We reviewed the challenges and limitations of sea buckthorn polysaccharides, summarized the critical aspects, and provided suggestions for potential breakthroughs in the research and application of sea buckthorn polysaccharide.

Keywords

Sea buckthornPolysaccharidesPreparationStructural characterizationBioactivities

References

[1]
D.C. Hao, X.J. Gu, P.G. Xiao, Chemotaxonomy: a phylogeny-based approach, in: D.C. Hao, X.J. Gu, P.G. Xiao (Eds.), Medicinal Plants, Woodhead Publishing, 2015, pp. 1-48.
Crossref
[2]

B.B. Ran, W.D. Li, Research progress on chemical constituents and their differences between sea buckthorn berries and leaves, Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 44 (2019) 1767-1773. https://doi.org/10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20190222.002.

Crossref Google Scholar
[3]

X. Ma, W. Yang, H. Kallio, et al., Health promoting properties and sensory characteristics of phytochemicals in berries and leaves of sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides), Crit. Rev. Food Sci. 62 (2022) 3798-3816. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1869921.

Crossref Google Scholar
[4]

C.J. Ruan, K. Rumpunen, H. Nybom, Advances in improvement of quality and resistance in a multipurpose crop: sea buckthorn, Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 33 (2013) 126-144. https://doi.org/10.3109/07388551.2012.676024.

Crossref Google Scholar
[5]
M.F. Jubayer, M.A.R. Mazumder, G.A. Nayik, et al., Hippophae rhamnoides L.: sea buckthorn, in: A. Sharma, G.A. Nayik (Eds.), Immunity Boosting Medicinal Plants of the Western Himalayas, Springer Nature Singapore, Singapore, 2023, pp. 463-491.
Crossref
[6]

K. Wang, Z. Xu, X. Liao, Bioactive compounds, health benefits and functional food products of sea buckthorn: a review, Crit. Rev. Food. Sci. Nutr. 62 (2022) 6761-6782. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.1905605.

Crossref Google Scholar
[7]

X.F. Guo, B. Yang, W. Cai, et al., Effect of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) on blood lipid profiles: a systematic review and meta-analysis from 11 independent randomized controlled trials, Trends Food Sci. Technol. 61 (2017) 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2016.11.007.

Crossref Google Scholar
[8]

B. Yang, H. Kallio, Composition and physiological effects of sea buckthorn (Hippophaë) lipids, Trends Food Sci. Technol. 13 (2002) 160-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2244(02)00136-X.

Crossref Google Scholar
[9]

S. Ning, J. Zang, B. Zhang, et al., Botanical drugs in traditional Chinese medicine with wound healing properties, Front. Pharmacol. 13 (2022) 885484. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.885484.

Crossref Google Scholar
[10]

K. Dong, W.M.A.D. Binosha Fernando, R. Durham, et al., Nutritional value, health-promoting benefits and food application of sea buckthorn, Food Rev. Int. 39 (2023) 2122-2137. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2021.1943429.

Crossref Google Scholar
[11]

J. Liu, D. Xu, S. Chen, et al., Superfruits in China: bioactive phytochemicals and their potential health benefits: a review, Food Sci. Nutr. 9 (2021) 6892-6902. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2614.

Crossref Google Scholar
[12]

C. He, G. Gao, J. Zhang, et al., Proteome profiling reveals insights into cold-tolerant growth in sea buckthorn, Proteome Sci. 14 (2016) 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12953-016-0103-z.

Crossref Google Scholar
[13]

C.Y. He, G.Y. Zhang, J.G. Zhang, et al., Physiological, biochemical, and proteome profiling reveals key pathways underlying the drought stress responses of Hippophae rhamnoides, Proteomics 16 (2016) 2688-2697. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.201600160.

Crossref Google Scholar
[14]

D. Najgebauer-Lejko, K. Liszka, M. Tabaszewska, et al., Probiotic yoghurts with sea buckthorn, elderberry, and sloe fruit purees, Molecules 26 (2021) 2345. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082345.

Crossref Google Scholar
[15]

O.V. Nistor, C.A. Bolea, D.G. Andronoiu, et al., Attempts for developing novel sugar-based and sugar-free sea buckthorn marmalades, Molecules 26 (2021) 3073. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113073.

Crossref Google Scholar
[16]

L.V. Tereshchuk, K.V. Starovoitova, P.A. Vyushinsky, et al., The use of sea buckthorn processing products in the creation of a functional biologically active food emulsion, Foods 11 (2022) 2226. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11152226.

Crossref Google Scholar
[17]

A.M. Gâtlan, G. Gutt, Sea buckthorn in plant based diets. an analytical approach of sea buckthorn fruits composition: nutritional value, applications, and health benefits, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18 (2021) 8986. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178986.

Crossref Google Scholar
[18]

B. Skalski, B. Kontek, B. Lis, et al., Biological properties of Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson twig and leaf extracts, BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 19 (2019) 148. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-019-2564-y.

Crossref Google Scholar
[19]

S.M. Sabir, H. Maqsood, I. Hayat, et al., Elemental and nutritional analysis of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. turkestanica) berries of Pakistani origin, J. Med. Food. 8 (2005) 518-522. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2005.8.518.

Crossref Google Scholar
[20]

G. Suryakumar, A. Gupta, Medicinal and therapeutic potential of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), J. Ethnopharmacol. 138 (2011) 268-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.09.024.

Crossref Google Scholar
[21]

Y. Liu, G. Huang, Extraction and derivatisation of active polysaccharides, J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem. 34 (2019) 1690-1696. https://doi.org/10.1080/14756366.2019.1660654.

Crossref Google Scholar
[22]

M.M. Ahmad, S.A.S. Chatha, Y. Iqbal, et al., Recent trends in extraction, purification, and antioxidant activity evaluation of plant leaf-extract polysaccharides, Biofuel. Bioprod. Biorefin. 16 (2022) 1820-1848. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2405.

Crossref Google Scholar
[23]

W.H. Ni, T.T. Gao, H.L. Wang, et al., Anti-fatigue activity of polysaccharides from the fruits of four Tibetan plateau indigenous medicinal plants, J. Ethnopharmacol. 150 (2013) 529-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.055.

Crossref Google Scholar
[24]

Z.Y. Ma, Q.Y. Sun, L.L. Chang, et al., A natural anti-obesity reagent derived from sea buckthorn polysaccharides: structure characterization and anti-obesity evaluation in vivo, Food Chem. 375 (2022) 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131884.

Crossref Google Scholar
[25]

H.L. Wang, T.T. Gao, Y.Z. Du, et al., Anticancer and immunostimulating activities of a novel homogalacturonan from Hippophae rhamnoides L. berry, Carbohydr. Polym. 131 (2015) 288-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.06.021.

Crossref Google Scholar
[26]

F.X. Guo, Y. Zeng, J.P. Li, et al., Effects of Hippophae rhamnoides L. subsp. chinensis Rousi polysaccharide on α-glucosidase enzyme activity and level of blood glucose, Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 48 (2013) 604-608.

Google Scholar
[27]

C. Wei, X. Bao, J. Wang, et al., Isolation, purification and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from the fruit of Hippophae rhamnoides, Food Sci. 42 (2021) 227-232. https://doi.org/10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20191015-133.

Crossref Google Scholar
[28]

M.A. Amutha Gnana Arasi, M. Gopal Rao, J. Bagyalakshmi, Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of polysaccharide from Psidium guajava L. fruits, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 91 (2016) 227-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.05.039.

Crossref Google Scholar
[29]

X. Chen, J. Yang, M. Shen, et al., Structure, function and advance application of microwave-treated polysaccharide: a review, Trends Food Sci. Technol. 123 (2022) 198-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2022.03.016.

Crossref Google Scholar
[30]

R. Cui, F. Zhu, Ultrasound modified polysaccharides: a review of structure, physicochemical properties, biological activities and food applications, Trends Food Sci. Technol. 107 (2021) 491-508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.11.018.

Crossref Google Scholar
[31]

Q. Li, Z. Dou, Q. Duan, et al., A comparison study on structure-function relationship of polysaccharides obtained from sea buckthorn berries using different methods: antioxidant and bile acid-binding capacity, Food Sci. Hum. Wellness 13 (2024) 494-505. https://doi.org/10.26599/FSHW.2022.9250043.

Crossref Google Scholar
[32]

E.W. Wei, R. Yang, H.P. Zhao, et al., Microwave-assisted extraction releases the antioxidant polysaccharides from seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) berries, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 123 (2019) 280-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.074.

Crossref Google Scholar
[33]

Y. Zhu, M. Wu, X. Li, et al., Flash extraction, characterization, and immunoenhancement activity of polysaccharide from Hippophae rhamnoides Linn, Chem. Biodivers. 20 (2023) e202200776. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202200776.

Crossref Google Scholar
[34]

Y.L. Zhu, K.S. Liu, M. Yuen, et al., Extraction and characterization of a pectin from sea buckthorn peel, front. Nutr. 9 (2022) 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.969465.

Crossref Google Scholar
[35]

E.B. Farzaliyev, V.N. Golubev, G.K. Hafizov, Structure and properties of pectin substances of wild sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) growing in Azerbaijan, BIO Web of Conferences 42 (2022) 1028. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20224201028.

Crossref Google Scholar
[36]

H. Liu, W. Zhang, S.C. Dong, et al., Protective effects of sea buckthorn polysaccharide extracts against LPS/D-GalN-induced acute liver failure in mice via suppressing TLR4-NF-κB signaling, J. Ethnopharmacol. 176 (2015) 69-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.10.029.

Crossref Google Scholar
[37]

Y. Xu, T. Jin, Z. Yu, et al., Extraction and purification of the polysaccharides in Hippohaere rhamnoides L, J. Northeast Agricultural University (English Edition) 14 (2007) 153-156.

Google Scholar
[38]

G. Wang, Z. Cao, G. Du, et al., Optimization of extraction process for polysaccharide from Hippophae fhamnoides L, Medicinal Plant 1 (2010) 91-93.

Google Scholar
[39]

C.P. Zhu, X.C. Zhai, L.Q. Li, et al., Response surface optimization of ultrasound-assisted polysaccharides extraction from pomegranate peel, Food Chem. 177 (2015) 139-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.022.

Crossref Google Scholar
[40]

Y. Tang, X. He, G. Liu, et al., Effects of different extraction methods on the structural, antioxidant and hypoglycemic properties of red pitaya stem polysaccharide, Food Chem. 405 (2023) 134804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134804.

Crossref Google Scholar
[41]

H. Yang, S.H. Yang, X.Q. Chen, et al., Dynamic changes in flavonoid, phenolic, and polysaccharide contents in leaves and fruits of sea buckthorn during the growing season in southeastern Tibet plateau, Sci. Hortic. 307 (2023) 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2022.111497.

Crossref Google Scholar
[42]

S. Basak, U.S. Annapure, The potential of subcritical water as a “green” method for the extraction and modification of pectin: a critical review, Food Res. Int. 161 (2022) 111849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111849.

Crossref Google Scholar
[43]

M. Kumar, M. Hasan, A. Sharma, et al., Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thomson polysaccharides: a review on extraction, characterization, and bioactivities, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 229 (2022) 463-475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.181.

Crossref Google Scholar
[44]

L. Shi, Bioactivities, isolation and purification methods of polysaccharides from natural products: a review, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 92 (2016) 37-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.06.100.

Crossref Google Scholar
[45]

Y. Chen, F. Yao, K. Ming, et al., Polysaccharides from traditional Chinese medicines: extraction, purification, modification, and biological activity, Molecules 21 (2016) 1705. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21121705.

Crossref Google Scholar
[46]

G. Huang, F. Chen, W. Yang, et al., Preparation, deproteinization and comparison of bioactive polysaccharides, Trends Food Sci. Technol. 109 (2021) 564-568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.038.

Crossref Google Scholar
[47]

S.J. Zhang, T.T. Hu, Y.Y. Chen, et al., Analysis of the polysaccharide fractions isolated from pea (Pisum sativum L.) at different levels of purification, J. Food Biochem. 44 (2020) e13248. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13248.

Crossref Google Scholar
[48]

J. Kuduk-Jaworska, J. Szpunar, K. Gasiorowski, et al., Immunomodulating polysaccharide fractions of Menyanthes trifoliata L, Z. Naturforsch C. 59 (2004) 485-493. https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2004-7-806.

Crossref Google Scholar
[49]

T. Feng, M. Zhang, Q. Sun, et al., Extraction of functional extracts from berries and their high quality processing: a comprehensive review, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 63 (2023) 7108-7125. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2040418.

Crossref Google Scholar
[50]

Y. Ren, Y. Bai, Z. Zhang, et al., The preparation and structure analysis methods of natural polysaccharides of plants and fungi: a review of recent development, Molecules. 24 (2019) 3122.

Crossref Google Scholar
[51]

Y. Zheng, J. Yan, C. Cao, et al., Application of chromatography in purification and structural analysis of natural polysaccharides: a review, J. Sep. Sci. 46 (2023) e2300368. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.202300368.

Crossref Google Scholar
[52]

M. DuBois, K.A. Gilles, J.K. Hamilton, et al., Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances, Anal. Chem. 28 (1956) 350-356. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60111a017.

Crossref Google Scholar
[53]

J.J. Sedmak, S.E. Grossberg, A rapid, sensitive, and versatile assay for protein using Coomassie brilliant blue G250, Anal. Biochem. 79 (1977) 544-552. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(77)90428-6.

Crossref Google Scholar
[54]

H.L.Li, S.M.Peng, L. Li, et al., Studies on four conventional methods for protein determination, Chinese Pharm. J. 29 (2008) 277-278, 282.

Google Scholar
[55]

X. Wang, J.R. Liu, X.H. Zhang, et al., Seabuckthorn berry polysaccharide extracts protect against acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity in mice via activating the Nrf-2/HO-1-SOD-2 signaling pathway, Phytomedicine 38 (2018) 90-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2017.11.007.

Crossref Google Scholar
[56]

Y.Y. Li, J.Y. Chen, L.L. Cao, et al., Characterization of a novel polysaccharide isolated from Phyllanthus emblica L. and analysis of its antioxidant activities, J Food Sci. Tech. Mys. 55 (2018) 2758-2764. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-018-3199-6.

Crossref Google Scholar
[57]

G. Chen, Q. Yuan, M. Saeeduddin, et al., Recent advances in tea polysaccharides: extraction, purification, physicochemical characterization and bioactivities, Carbohydr. Polym. 153 (2016) 663-678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.08.022.

Crossref Google Scholar
[58]

W. Zhang, X.H. Zhang, K. Zou, et al., Seabuckthorn berry polysaccharide protects against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice via anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities, Food Funct. 8 (2017) 3130-3138. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7fo00399d.

Crossref Google Scholar
[59]

X. Wu, W. Jiang, J. Lu, et al., Analysis of the monosaccharide composition of water-soluble polysaccharides from Sargassum fusiforme by high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry, Food Chem. 145 (2014) 976-983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.019.

Crossref Google Scholar
[60]

D.T. Wu, H. Guo, S. Lin, et al., Review of the structural characterization, quality evaluation, and industrial application of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides, Trends Food Sci. Technol. 79 (2018) 171-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.07.016.

Crossref Google Scholar
[61]

H.Y. Yao, J.Q. Wang, J.Y. Yin, et al., A review of NMR analysis in polysaccharide structure and conformation: progress, challenge and perspective, Food Res. Int. 143 (2021) 110290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110290.

Crossref Google Scholar
[62]

H.X. Wang, J. Zhao, D.M. Li, et al., Structural investigation of a uronic acid-containing polysaccharide from abalone by graded acid hydrolysis followed by PMP-HPLC-MSn and NMR analysis, Carbohydr Res. 402 (2015) 95-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2014.10.010.

Crossref Google Scholar
[63]

C. Shen, T. Wang, F. Guo, et al., Structural characterization and intestinal protection activity of polysaccharides from sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) berries, Carbohydr. Polym. 274 (2021) 13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118648.

Crossref Google Scholar
[64]

X. Yang, S. Wei, X. Lu, et al., A neutral polysaccharide with a triple helix structure from ginger: characterization and immunomodulatory activity, Food Chem. 350 (2021) 129261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129261.

Crossref Google Scholar
[65]

H. Zhao, J. Liu, Y. Wang, et al., Polysaccharides from sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) berries ameliorate cognitive dysfunction in AD mice induced by a combination of D-gal and AlCl3 by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation reaction, J Sci. Food Agr. 103 (2023) 6005-6016. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.12673.

Crossref Google Scholar
[66]

Y. Liu, L. Ran, Y. Wang, et al., Basic characterization, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharides from sea buckthorn leaves, Fitoterapia 169 (2023) 105592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105592.

Crossref Google Scholar
[67]

C.J. Zhang, J.Y. Guo, H. Cheng, et al., Spatial structure and anti-fatigue of polysaccharide from Inonotus obliquus, Int. J Biol. Macromol. 151 (2020) 855-860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.147.

Crossref Google Scholar
[68]

Z. Wang, F. Zhao, P. Wei, et al., Phytochemistry, health benefits, and food applications of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.): a comprehensive review, Front. Nutr. 9 (2022) 1036295. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1036295.

Crossref Google Scholar
[69]

G. Huang, X. Mei, J. Hu, The antioxidant activities of natural polysaccharides, Curr. Drug Targets. 18 (2017) 1296-1300. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389450118666170123145357.

Crossref Google Scholar
[70]

A. Xu, W. Lai, P. Chen, et al., A comprehensive review on polysaccharide conjugates derived from tea leaves: composition, structure, function and application, Trends Food Sci. Technol. 114 (2021) 83-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.05.020.

Crossref Google Scholar
[71]

Y. Xin, S. Zhao, Y. Wang, et al., Study on the active substances and antioxidant activity of different solvent extracts of seabuckthorn leaves, Food R&D 42 (2021) 44-49. https://doi.org/10.12161/j.issn.1005-6521.2021.17.008.

Crossref Google Scholar
[72]

Y. Jiao, H. Song, Y. Zhang, et al., Comparison of antioxidant activity and active substance of three kinds wild berry wine, Food and Fermentation Industries 41 (2015) 60-65.

Google Scholar
[73]

F. Motta, M.E. Gershwin, C. Selmi, Mushrooms and immunity, J. Autoimmun. 117 (2021) 102576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102576.

Crossref Google Scholar
[74]

G. Feng, S. Laijin, S. Chen, et al., In vitro and in vivo immunoregulatory activity of sulfated fucan from the sea cucumber A. leucoprocta, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 187 (2021) 931-938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.008.

Crossref Google Scholar
[75]

H.L. Wang, H.T. Bi, T.T. Gao, et al., A homogalacturonan from Hippophae rhamnoides L. Berries enhance immunomodulatory activity through TLR4/MyD88 pathway mediated activation of macrophages, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 107 (2018) 1039-1045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.083.

Crossref Google Scholar
[76]

Y. Lan, Z. Ma, L. Chang, et al., Sea buckthorn polysaccharide ameliorates high-fat diet induced mice neuroinflammation and synaptic dysfunction via regulating gut dysbiosis, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 236 (2023) 123797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123797.

Crossref Google Scholar
[77]

L. Zhao, M.Y. Li, K.C. Sun, et al., Hippophae rhamnoides polysaccharides protect IPEC-J2 cells from LPS-induced inflammation, apoptosis and barrier dysfunction in vitro via inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 155 (2020) 1202-1215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.088.

Crossref Google Scholar
[78]

L. Zhao, T. Geng, K. Sun, et al., Proteomic analysis reveals the molecular mechanism of Hippophae rhamnoides polysaccharide intervention in LPS-induced inflammation of IPEC-J2 cells in piglets, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 164 (2020) 3294-3304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.235.

Crossref Google Scholar
[79]

M. Li, L. Chen, Y. Zhao, et al., Research on the mechanism of HRP relieving IPEC-J2 cells immunological stress based on transcriptome sequencing analysis, Front. Nutr. 9 (2022) 944390. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.944390.

Crossref Google Scholar
[80]

S. Buccheri, B.L. Da, Hepatorenal syndrome: definitions, diagnosis, and management, Clin. Liver Dis. 26 (2022) 181-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cld.2022.01.002.

Crossref Google Scholar
[81]

S. Tian, X. Jiang, Y. Tang, et al., Laminaria japonica fucoidan ameliorates cyclophosphamide-induced liver and kidney injury possibly by regulating Nrf2/HO-1 and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways, J. Sci. Food Agric. 102 (2022) 2604-2612. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.11602.

Crossref Google Scholar
[82]

C.F. Cen, J.P. Hu, Y.P. Fu, et al., Protective Effect of Hippophae rhamnoides polysaccharide against kidney injury in rats with severe acute pancreatitis, Curr. Top Nutraceut. Res. 19 (2021) 303-307. https://doi.org/10.37290/ctnr2641-452X.19:303-307.

Crossref Google Scholar
[83]

X. Wang, W. Zhang, H. Liu, et al., Protective effects of sea buckthorn polysaccharide extracts on LPS/D-GalN-induced liver injury in mice and modulation on TLR4, SOCS3 expression, Chin. J. Microbiol. Immunol. 31 (2015) 1457-1460.

Google Scholar
[84]

F. Liu, S. Zhao, W. Zhang, et al., Inhibitory effects of seabuckthorn polysaccharide on oxidative stress in mice with actue liver injury and modulatory effect on BCL-2/Bax and PPAR-γ expression, Chin. J. Microbiol. Immunol. 32 (2016) 358-361.

Google Scholar
[85]

F.T. Liu, T. Wang, X.X. Li, et al., Involvement of NF-κB in the reversal of CYP3A down-regulation induced by sea buckthorn in BCG-induced rats, PLoS One 15 (2020) 19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238810.

Crossref Google Scholar
[86]

J. Liu, L. Kong, M. Shao, et al., Seabuckthorn polysaccharide combined with astragalus polysaccharide ameliorate alcoholic fatty liver by regulating intestinal flora, Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne) 13 (2022) 1018557. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.1018557.

Crossref Google Scholar
[87]

Y. Zhou, X. Chen, T. Chen, et al., A review of the antibacterial activity and mechanisms of plant polysaccharides, Trends Food Sci. Technol. 123 (2022) 264-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2022.03.020.

Crossref Google Scholar
[88]

X. Qi, Y. Zhang, Z. Li, et al., The preparation of antibacterial and moisturizing emulsion based on natural acanthosis polysaccharides, Chemical World 61 (2020) 336-343.

Google Scholar
[89]

K. Dhama, K. Karthik, R. Khandia, et al., Medicinal and therapeutic potential of herbs and plant metabolites/extracts countering viral pathogens-current knowledge and future prospects, Curr. Drug Metab. 19 (2018) 236-263. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389200219666180129145252.

Crossref Google Scholar
[90]

C.C. Huan, Y. Xu, W. Zhang, et al., Hippophae rhamnoides polysaccharides dampen pseudorabies virus infection through downregulating adsorption, entry and oxidative stress, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 207 (2022) 454-463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.041.

Crossref Google Scholar
[91]

O. Kurskaya, E. Prokopyeva, H.T. Bi, et al., Anti-influenza activity of medicinal material extracts from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Viruses-Basel 14 (2022) 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14020360.

Crossref Google Scholar
[92]

R. Liu, H. Wang, Z. Zhang, et al., Progress in understanding interaction of polysaccharides with intestinal flora, Food Science 43 (2022) 363-373.

Google Scholar
[93]

Y. Lan, C. Wang, C. Zhang, et al., Dietary sea buckthorn polysaccharide reduced lipid accumulation, alleviated inflammation and oxidative stress, and normalized imbalance of intestinal microbiota that was induced by high-fat diet in zebrafish Danio rerio, Fish Physiol. Biochem. 48 (2022) 19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-022-01105-0.

Crossref Google Scholar
[94]

T.S.B. Schmidt, J. Raes, P. Bork, The human gut microbiome: from association to modulation, Cell 172 (2018) 1198-1215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.044.

Crossref Google Scholar
[95]

Y. Lan, Q.Y. Sun, Z.Y. Ma, et al., Seabuckthorn polysaccharide ameliorates high-fat diet-induced obesity by gut microbiota-SCFAs-liver axis, Food Funct. 13 (2022) 2925-2937. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1fo03147c.

Crossref Google Scholar
[96]

N. Li, C. Wang, M.I. Georgiev, et al., Advances in dietary polysaccharides as anticancer agents: structure-activity relationship, Trends Food Sci. Technol. 111 (2021) 360-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.03.008.

Crossref Google Scholar
[97]

H. Yuan, X. Zhu, W. Wang, et al., Hypoglycemic and anti-inflammatory effects of seabuckthorn seed protein in diabetic ICR mice, Food Funct. 7 (2016) 1610-1615. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5fo01600b.

Crossref Google Scholar
[98]

B. Wang, L. Yan, S. Guo, et al., Structural elucidation, modification, and structure-activity relationship of polysaccharides in Chinese herbs: a review, Front Nutr. 9 (2022) 908175. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.908175.

Crossref Google Scholar
[99]

J. Zhang, D. Liu, C. Wen, et al., New light on Grifola frondosa polysaccharides as biological response modifiers, Trends Food Sci. Technol. 119 (2022) 565-578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.11.017.

Crossref Google Scholar
[100]

A. Zong, H. Cao, F. Wang, Anticancer polysaccharides from natural resources: a review of recent research, Carbohydr. Polym. 90 (2012) 1395-1410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.07.026.

Crossref Google Scholar
[101]

S. Hu, S. Chen, H. Zhu, et al., Low molecular weight, 4-O-sulfation, and sulfation at meta-fucose positively promote the activities of sea cucumber fucoidans on improving insulin resistance in HFD-fed mice, Marine Drugs. 20 (2021) 37.

Crossref Google Scholar
[102]

J. Cui, C. Zhao, L. Feng, et al., Pectins from fruits: relationships between extraction methods, structural characteristics, and functional properties, Trends Food Sci. Technol. 110 (2021) 39-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.077.

Crossref Google Scholar
[103]

X. Jiao, F. Li, J. Zhao, et al., The preparation and potential bioactivities of modified pectins: a review, Foods. 12 (2023) 1016. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods1205101

Crossref Google Scholar
[104]

M. Li, J. Wen, X. Huang, et al., Interaction between polysaccharides and toll-like receptor 4: primary structural role, immune balance perspective, and 3D interaction model hypothesis, Food Chem. 374 (2022) 131586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131586.

Crossref Google Scholar
[105]

J. Qu, P. Huang, L. Zhang, et al., Hepatoprotective effect of plant polysaccharides from natural resources: a review of the mechanisms and structure-activity relationship, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 161 (2020) 24-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.196.

Crossref Google Scholar
[106]

W. Ni, X. Zhang, H. Bi, et al., Preparation of a glucan from the roots of Rubus crataegifolius Bge. and its immunological activity, Carbohydr. Res. 344 (2009) 2512-2518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2009.08.042.

Crossref Google Scholar
[107]

I.A. Schepetkin, M.T. Quinn, Botanical polysaccharides: macrophage immunomodulation and therapeutic potential, Int. Immunopharmacol. 6 (2006) 317-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2005.10.005.

Crossref Google Scholar
[108]

H. Wang, T. Gao, Y. Du, et al., Anticancer and immunostimulating activities of a novel homogalacturonan from Hippophae rhamnoides L. berry, Carbohydr. Polym. 131 (2015) 288-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.06.021.

Crossref Google Scholar
[109]

M. Yang, D. Zhou, H. Xiao, et al., Marine-derived uronic acid-containing polysaccharides: structures, sources, production, and nutritional functions, Trends Food Sci. Technol. 122 (2022) 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2022.02.013.

Crossref Google Scholar
[110]

B.A. Katsnelson, L.I. Privalova, M.P. Sutunkova, et al., Some inferences from in vivo experiments with metal and metal oxide nanoparticles: the pulmonary phagocytosis response, subchronic systemic toxicity and genotoxicity, regulatory proposals, searching for bioprotectors (a self-overview), Int. J. Nanomedicine 10 (2015) 3013-3029. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.S80843.

Crossref Google Scholar
[111]

D. Qin, S. Han, M. Liu, et al., Polysaccharides from Phellinus linteus: a systematic review of their extractions, purifications, structures and functions, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 230 (2023) 123163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123163.

Crossref Google Scholar
[112]

R. Chen, J. Xu, W. Wu, et al., Structure-immunomodulatory activity relationships of dietary polysaccharides, Current Research in Food Science 5 (2022) 1330-1341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2022.08.016.

Crossref Google Scholar
[113]

W. Tang, Y. Zhang, Y. Wang, et al., Preparation and alcohol detoxication activities of the sulfated Hippophae rhamnoides L. leaf polysaccharide, Food R&D. 40 (2019) 47-51.

Google Scholar
[114]

X. Jia, L. Ma, P. Li, et al., Prospects of Poria cocos polysaccharides: isolation process, structural features and bioactivities, Trends Food Sci. Technol. 54 (2016) 52-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2016.05.021.

Crossref Google Scholar
[115]

R. Zhong, X. Wan, D. Wang, et al., Polysaccharides from marine Enteromorpha: structure and function, Trends Food Sci. Technol. 99 (2020) 11-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.02.030.

Crossref Google Scholar
[116]

Y.F. Zou, Y.Y. Zhang, B.S. Paulsen, et al., Prospects of Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides: structural features and bioactivities diversity, Trends Food Sci. Technol. 103 (2020) 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.06.012.

Crossref Google Scholar
[117]

Y. Zhu, M. Wu, X. Li, et al., Flash extraction, characterization, and immunoenhancement activity of polysaccharide from Hippophae rhamnoides Linn, Chem. Biodivers. 20 (2023) e202200776. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202200776.

Crossref Google Scholar
Food Science and Human Wellness
Volume 14 Issue 1,
January 2025
Article number: 9250001
DOI: 10.26599/FSHW.2024.9250001
Cite this article:
Shi S, Wu R, Han Z, et al. Prospects of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) polysaccharides: preparation, structural characterization, and bioactivities diversity. Food Science and Human Wellness, 2025, 14(1): 9250001. https://doi.org/10.26599/FSHW.2024.9250001
Metrics & Citations  
Article History
Copyright
Rights and Permissions
Return

Extraction methods, conditions, and total yield of sea buckthorn polysaccharides.

Region Part Extraction methods Condition Purification methods Yield (%) References
Liquid-to-material ratio (mL/g) Temperature (℃) Time (min) Power/Enzyme
Note: N/A: not applicable. The same below.
Heilongjiang Fruits HWE 20 70 120 N/A N/A 5.01 [37]
Tibet Fruits HWE 20 90 360 N/A DEAE-cellulose anion-exchange column, dialysis with Mw cut-off 3500 Da and Sepharose CL-6B gel filtration column 5.50 [23]
Qinghai Fruits HWE 20 90 360 N/A DEAE-cellulose anion-exchange column, Sephadex G-75 gel filtration column and DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow ion-exchange column 4.78 [25]
Shanxi Fruits HWE 20 80 240 N/A Dialysis with Mw cut-off 3500 Da, Q Sepharose Fast Flow anion-exchange column and Sephacryl S-200 column 6.1 [63]
Shanxi Fruits HWE 25 90 180 N/A Dialysis with Mw cut-off 1000 Da, DEAE-cellulose 52 anion-exchange column, dialysis with Mw cut-off 3500 Da and Sephadex G-75 gel filtration column N/A [24]
Shanxi Fruits HWE 20 90 240 N/A dialysis with Mw cut-off 3500 Da 4.74 [31]
Jilin Fruits HWE 60 90 240 N/A Dialysis; DEAE-cellulose 52 anion-exchange column 12.06 [66]
Shanxi Fruits PHWE 20 115 60 N/A Dialysis with Mw cut-off 3500 Da 4.54 [31]
Heilongjiang Fruits UAE 20 25 55 480 W N/A 48.63 [37]
Xinjiang Fruits UAE 20 70 60 N/A DEAE-cellulose 52 anion-exchange column N/A [27]
Tibet Fruits/Leaves UAE 30 30 30 600 W N/A N/A [27]
Shanxi Fruits UAE 20 8 60 500 W Dialysis with Mw cut-off 3500 Da 6.05 [31]
Qinghai Leaves UAE 8 70 60 N/A N/A 6.42 [26]
Heilongjiang Fruits EAE 20 45 20 2% papain and pH 5.5 N/A 44.28 [37]
Jilin Fruits MAE 10 85 6 600 W DEAE-cellulose anion-exchange column and dialysis 0.264 [32]
Azerbaijan Fruits ACE 5 65 20 Cavitation index: 0.6 N/A N/A [35]
Shanxi Fruits ACE 20 60 180 0.1 mol/L HCl Dialysis with Mw cut-off 3500 Da 3.75 [31]
Qinghai Peels ACE 10 80 60 pH 2 N/A 8 [34]
Shanxi Fruits ALE 20 60 180 0.1 mol/L NaOH Dialysis with Mw cut-off 3500 Da 6.59 [31]
Jilin Fruits FE 38 90 0.25 Rotation rate: 5000 r/min Dialysis; DEAE-32-cellulose column Sephadex G-150 column 15.28 [117]
Heilongjiang Fruits UAE-EAE 20 UAE: 25 EAE: 45 UAE: 55 EAE: 20 2% papain and 480 W DEAE-cellulose anion-exchange column and Sepharose CL-4B gel filtration column 54.68 [37]
Xinjiang Fruits UAE-MAE 30 N/A 3 450 W N/A 22.50 [38]
Inner Mongolia Fruits UAE-EAE 25 UA: 80 EA: 65 UAE: 40 EAE: 360 0.4% papain Dialysis with Mw cut-off 8000 Da, Sephadex G-150 column and Sephadex G-100 column 8.00 [36]

Physiochemical, structural features and analytical techniques of sea buckthorn polysaccharides.

Region Part Name Mw (Da) Monosaccharide composition Structural features Physicochemical properties Analytical techniques References
Ara Fuc Gal Glc Man Rha Rib Xyl GalA GlcA
Tibet Fruits HRWP 194200 3.50 N/A 9.7 20.10 4.20 1.30 N/A 1.10 59.40 0.70 N/A The endotoxin level ≤ 0.5 EU/mL UV, limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assays, 3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one (PMP) labeling and HPLC [23]
Inner Mongolia Fruits HRP N/A 1.02 N/A 1.00 4.24 2.02 9.22 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A No acute toxicity (oral administration by 10−1000 mg/kg) UV, FT-IR, PMP labeling and HPLC [36]
Qinghai Fruits HRWP-N 1000−50000 5.00 N/A 15.03 38.73 6.24 0.77 N/A 0.81 3.42 N/A N/A The endotoxin level ≤ 0.005 EU/mg N/A [25]
Qinghai Fruits HRWP-A 4992 0.83 N/A 1.22 0.49 N/A N/A N/A N/A 97.46 N/A It has repeated units of (1→4)-β-D-galactopyranosyluronic residues The endotoxin level ≤ 0.005 EU/mg. A natural high-methoxyl HG-type pectin (DE: 85.16%). HPGPC, HPLC, FT-IR, NMR (1H, 13C) [25]
Shanxi Fruits HRP-W 281.52, 28.04 34.24 N/A 5.33 5.83 1.34 0.94 N/A 3.28 47.9 1.14 Triple helix structure Semi-crystalline substances. A mixture of rough fragments and irregular filaments with some small pores HPGPC, PMP labeling and HPLC, particle size, FT-IR, Congo red, XRD, SEM, thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA), and rheometer [31]
Shanxi Fruits HRP-H 117.55 25.53 N/A 5.34 8.05 1.47 1 N/A 6.31 53.19 1.11 N/A Semi-crystalline substances. A mixture of rough fragments and irregular filaments with some small pores HPGPC, PMP labeling and HPLC, particle size, FT-IR, Congo red, XRD, SEM, TG/DTA, and rheometer [31]
Shanxi Fruits HRP-U 244.63, 28.04 34.21 N/A 3.27 5.86 1.19 0.6 N/A 1.08 52.56 1.24 N/A Semi-crystalline substances. A long filamentous network with loose structure. Good thermal stability HPGPC, PMP labeling and HPLC, particle size, FT-IR, Congo red, XRD, SEM, TG/DTA, rheometer [31]
Shanxi Fruits HRP-C 289.77, 17.26, 7.67 22.3 N/A 5.17 1.6 0.94 0.88 N/A 3.17 63.05 2.89 N/A Semi-crystalline substances. A large sheet-like structure. A pronounced sticky character HPGPC, PMP labeling and HPLC, particle size, FT-IR, Congo red, XRD, SEM, TG/DTA, rheometer [31]
Shanxi Fruits HRP-A 116.27, 6.41 38.07 N/A 11.01 3.1 0.29 5.32 N/A 5.3 29.24 7.67 N/A Semi-crystalline substances. A relatively small, smooth and uniform fragment HPGPC, PMP labeling and HPLC, particle size, FT-IR, Congo red, XRD, SEM, TG/DTA, rheometer [31]
Jilin Fruits HRP-1 380590 45.18 N/A 10.55 15.18 4.55 5.46 1.00 2.36 97.64 1.27 N/A N/A UV, FT-IR, PMP labeling and HPLC, SEM, particle size, Zeta potential, and Congo red [33]
Jilin Fruits HRP-2 288240 31.80 N/A 13.00 15.00 5.80 10.20 1.00 2.60 26.00 2.20 N/A N/A UV, FT-IR, PMP labeling and HPLC, SEM, particle size, Zeta potential, and Congo red [33]
Jilin Fruits SBLP-S-1 338659 25.60 N/A 18.90 26.97 5.28 6.37 N/A 5.45 2.97 3.725 N/A N/A UV, FT-IR, PMP labeling and HPLC, HPSEC, Congo red [66]
Jilin Fruits SBLP-S-2 401305 12.6 N/A 14.49 44.09 5.70 10.99 N/A 2.44 1.42 1.64 N/A N/A UV, FT-IR, PMP labeling and HPLC, HPSEC, Congo red [66]
Jilin Fruits SBLP-S-3 599849 3.97 N/A 5.36 43.99 5.76 14.01 N/A 2.79 2.40 3.28 N/A N/A UV, FT-IR, PMP labeling and HPLC, HPSEC, Congo red [66]
Jilin Fruits SBLP-S-4 393904 9.45 N/A 23.27 25.27 5.17 16.80 N/A 3.60 8.99 N/A N/A N/A UV, FT-IR, PMP labeling and HPLC, HPSEC, Congo red [66]
Jilin Fruits SBLP-S-5 626895 3.95 N/A 5.89 29.8 6.04 15.24 N/A 2.88 3.77 3.07 N/A N/A UV, FT-IR, PMP labeling and HPLC, HPSEC, Congo red [66]
Jilin Fruits SBLP-S-6 176862 4.46 N/A 6.72 46.70 6.80 17.25 N/A 3.16 3.37 3.41 N/A N/A UV, FT-IR, PMP labeling and HPLC, HPSEC, Congo red [66]
N/A Fruits SP 275420 1.02 N/A 1.00 4.24 2.02 9.22 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A PMP labeling and HPLC [58]
Jilin Fruits PSB 33601 N/A N/A 13.52 1.62 6.89 1.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A HPSEC, GC, UV, FT-IR, SEM [32]
Shanxi Fruits SP0.1-1 26200 11.20 N/A 1.90 2.30 1.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A The backbone consisting of →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Manp-(1→ residues. The side chains consisted of 1, 5-linked-α-L-Araf. Single α-Araf was linked to O-3 position of the 1, 5-linked-α-L-Araf. The Ara residues were linked to the main chain through 1, 4-linked-β-D-Galp residues to O-6 position of the →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ (Fig. 3B) N/A HPGPC, PMP labeling and HPLC, Methylation, NMR (1H, 13C, 1H-1H COSY, HSQC, NOESY) [63]
Xinjiang Fruits SBP-Ⅰ N/A 1.18 N/A 1.45 32.17 2.20 N/A N/A 1.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A FT-IR, GC [27]
Xinjiang Fruits SBP-Ⅱ N/A N/A N/A 0.20 1.02 0.28 N/A N/A 1.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A FT-IR, GC [27]
Xinjiang Fruits SBP-Ⅲ N/A N/A N/A 0.28 2.15 N/A N/A N/A 1.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A FT-IR, GC [27]
Azerbaijan Fruits sea buckthorn pectin 42000 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A It consists of a mixture of linear high-molecular polymers α-D-galacturonane and other polysaccharides, whose macromolecules include galacturonic acid residues and neutral sugars A low-esterified pectin. A high antidote potential in relation to heavy metals and radionuclides FT-IR, NMR (1H, 13C) [35]
Shanxi Fruits SBP-1-A 9944 44.60 N/A 19.70 28.20 N/A 2.10 N/A N/A 5.30 N/A It has a backbone composed of →3, 4)-β-L-Rhap-(1→ 4)-α-D-GalAp-(1→4)-α-D-GalAp-(1→ with side chains comprised of α-L-Araf, β-D-Galp, β-D-Glcp and α-D-Glcp (Fig. 3A) N/A HPGPC, IC, FT-IR, Methylation, GC-MS, NMR (1H, 13C, DEPT-135, 1H-1H COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY) [24]
Qinghai Peels SBHMP N/A 15.35 1.07 5.73 2.31 3.18 4.50 N/A 0.73 66.49 0.64 N/A A typical high methoxyl pectin (DE: 57.75%). A sheet and layered stacked structure with a smooth and dense surface. It can form a jelly-like gel with an acid and high sucrose condition, exhibiting a shear thinning behavior PMP labeling and HPLC, FT-IR, SEM, DSC, rheometer [34]