AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
Powered by AMiner. Clicking this button will take you away from SciOpen.
Home Journal of Advanced Ceramics Article
PDF (1.1 MB)
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Submit Manuscript AI Chat Paper
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Research Article | Open Access

Deciphering the leakage conduction mechanism of BiFeO3–BaTiO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics

Mengping Xuea, Yucheng Tanga, Zhihang Shana, Yijin Haoa, Xiaoxiao Zhoua, Xiaoqi Gaoa, Hezhang Lib( ), Jun Peia( ), Boping Zhanga( )
The Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Show Author Information

Graphical Abstract

Abstract

BiFeO3–BaTiO3 (BF–BT) based piezoelectric ceramics are a kind of high-temperature lead-free piezoelectric ceramics with great development prospects due to their high Curie temperature (TC) and excellent electrical properties. However, large leakage current limits their performance improvement and practical applications. In this work, direct current (DC) test, alternating current (AC) impedance, and Hall tests were used to investigate conduction mechanisms of 0.75BiFeO3–0.25BaTiO3 ceramics over a wide temperature range. In the range of room temperature (RT)−150 ℃, ohmic conduction plays a predominant effect, and the main carriers are p-type holes with the activation energy (Ea) of 0.51 eV. When T > 200 ℃, the Ea value calculated from the AC impedance and Hall data is 1.03 eV with oxygen vacancies as a cause of high conductivity. The diffusion behavior of thermally activated oxygen vacancies is affected by crystal symmetry, oxygen vacancy concentration, and distribution, dominating internal conduction mechanism. Deciphering the conduction mechanisms over the three temperature ranges would pave the way for further improving the insulation and electrical properties of BiFeO3–BaTiO3 ceramics.

Keywords

BiFeO3–BaTiO3 (BF–BT)leakage behaviorconduction mechanismoxygen vacanciesHall test

References

[1]
Catalan G, Scott JF. Physics and applications of bismuth ferrite. Adv Mater 2009, 21: 2463–2485.
Crossref Google Scholar
[2]
Kumar MM, Srinivas A, Suryanarayana SV. Structure property relations in BiFeO3/BaTiO3 solid solutions. J Appl Phys 2000, 87: 855–862.
Crossref Google Scholar
[3]
Wei YX, Wang XT, Zhu JT, et al. Dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties of BiFeO3–BaTiO3 ceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 2013, 96: 3163–3168.
Crossref Google Scholar
[4]
Xun BW, Tang YC, Chen JY, et al. Enhanced resistance in Bi(Fe1−xScx)O3–0.3BaTiO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics: Facile analysis and reduction of oxygen vacancy. J Eur Ceram Soc 2019, 39: 4085–4095.
Crossref Google Scholar
[5]
Lee MH, Kim DJ, Park JS, et al. High-performance lead-free piezoceramics with high curie temperatures. Adv Mater 2015, 27: 6976–6982.
Crossref Google Scholar
[6]
Wei JX, Fu DY, Cheng JR, et al. Temperature dependence of the dielectric and piezoelectric properties of xBiFeO3–(1−x)BaTiO3 ceramics near the morphotropic phase boundary. J Mater Sci 2017, 52: 10726–10737.
Crossref Google Scholar
[7]
Shi YJ, Dong XY, Shen B, et al. Hidden piezoelectric performances of BiFeO3-based textured ceramics. Inorg Chem Front 2022, 9: 3636–3642.
Crossref Google Scholar
[8]
Tang YC, Yin Y, Song AZ, et al. Boosting the high performance of BiFeO3–BaTiO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics: One-step preparation and reaction mechanisms. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022, 14: 30991–30999.
Crossref Google Scholar
[9]
Yin Y, Tang YC, Pan WY, et al. Relaxor behaviors enhance piezoelectricity in lead-free BiFeO3–BaTiO3 ceramics incorporated with a tiny amount of Bi(Mg1/2Ti1/2)O3 near the morphotropic phase boundary. Ceram Int 2021, 47: 9486–9494.
Crossref Google Scholar
[10]
Bai H, Li J, Hong Y, et al. Enhanced ferroelectricity and magnetism of quenched (1−x)BiFeO3–xBaTiO3 ceramics. J Adv Ceram 2020, 9: 511–516.
Crossref Google Scholar
[11]
Xun BW, Song AZ, Yu JR, et al. Lead-free BiFeO3–BaTiO3 ceramics with high curie temperature: Fine compositional tuning across the phase boundary for high piezoelectric charge and strain coefficients. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021, 13: 4192–4202.
Crossref Google Scholar
[12]
Selbach SM, Einarsrud MA, Grande T. On the thermodynamic stability of BiFeO3. Chem Mater 2009, 21: 169–173.
Crossref Google Scholar
[13]
Leontsev SO, Eitel RE. Dielectric and piezoelectric properties in Mn-modified (1−x)BiFeO3–xBaTiO3 ceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 2009, 92: 2957–2961.
Crossref Google Scholar
[14]
Zheng QJ, Luo LL, Lam KH, et al. Enhanced ferroelectricity, piezoelectricity, and ferromagnetism in Nd-modified BiFeO3–BaTiO3 lead-free ceramics. J Appl Phys 2014, 116: 184101.
Crossref Google Scholar
[15]
Wu XC, Tian MJ, Guo YQ, et al. Phase transition, dielectric, ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties of La-doped BiFeO3–BaTiO3 multiferroic ceramics. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 2015, 26: 978–984.
Crossref Google Scholar
[16]
Tian MJ, Zhou L, Zou X, et al. Improved ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism of Eu-modified BiFeO3–BaTiO3 lead-free multiferroic ceramics. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 2015, 26: 8840–8847.
Crossref Google Scholar
[17]
Xun BW, Wang N, Zhang BP, et al. Enhanced piezoelectric properties of 0.7BiFeO3–0.3BaTiO3 lead-free piezoceramics with high Curie temperature by optimizing Bi self-compensation. Ceram Int 2019, 45: 24382–24391.
Crossref Google Scholar
[18]
Cheng S, Zhao L, Zhang BP, et al. Lead-free 0.7BiFeO3–0.3BaTiO3 high-temperature piezoelectric ceramics: Nano-BaTiO3 raw powder leading to a distinct reaction path and enhanced electrical properties. Ceram Int 2019, 45: 10438–10447.
Crossref Google Scholar
[19]
Peng XY, Tang YC, Zhang BP, et al. High Curie temperature BiFeO3–BaTiO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics: Ga3+ doping and enhanced insulation properties. J Appl Phys 2021, 130: 144104.
Crossref Google Scholar
[20]
Li M, Pietrowski MJ, De Souza RA, et al. A family of oxide ion conductors based on the ferroelectric perovskite Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3. Nat Mater 2014, 13: 31–35.
Crossref Google Scholar
[21]
Rojac T, Bencan A, Malic B, et al. BiFeO3 ceramics: Processing, electrical, and electromechanical properties. J Am Ceram Soc 2014, 97: 1993–2011.
Crossref Google Scholar
[22]
Paudel TR, Jaswal SS, Tsymbal EY. Intrinsic defects in multiferroic BiFeO3 and their effect on magnetism. Phys Rev B 2012, 85: 104409.
Crossref Google Scholar
[23]
Wang L, Liang RH, Zhou ZY, et al. Electrical conduction mechanisms and effect of atmosphere annealing on the electrical properties of BiFeO3–BaTiO3 ceramics. J Eur Ceram Soc 2019, 39: 4727–4734.
Crossref Google Scholar
[24]
Li Q, Cheng JR, Chen JG. Reduced dielectric loss and enhanced piezoelectric properties of Mn modified 0.71BiFeO3–0.29BaTiO3 ceramics sintered under oxygen atmosphere. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 2017, 28: 1370–1377.
Crossref Google Scholar
[25]
Wang XJ, Huan Y, Zhu YX, et al. Defect engineering of BCZT-based piezoelectric ceramics with high piezoelectric properties. J Adv Ceram 2022, 11: 184–195.
Crossref Google Scholar
[26]
Schrade M, Fjeld H, Norby T, et al. Versatile apparatus for thermoelectric characterization of oxides at high temperatures. Rev Sci Instrum 2014, 85: 103906.
Crossref Google Scholar
[27]
Schrade M, Masó N, Perejón A, et al. Defect chemistry and electrical properties of BiFeO3. J Mater Chem C 2017, 5: 10077–10086.
Crossref Google Scholar
[28]
Guo J, Chen JG, Cheng JR, et al. Enhanced aging behaviors and electric thermal stabilities in 0.75BiFeO3–0.25BaTiO3 piezoceramics by Mn modifications. J Am Ceram Soc 2021, 104: 5547–5556.
Crossref Google Scholar
[29]
Chen JG, Cheng JR. High electric-induced strain and temperature-dependent piezoelectric properties of 0.75BF–0.25BZT lead-free ceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 2016, 99: 536–542.
Crossref Google Scholar
[30]
Perejón A, Gil-González E, Sánchez-Jiménez PE, et al. Electrical properties of bismuth ferrites: Bi2Fe4O9 and Bi25FeO39. J Eur Ceram Soc 2019, 39: 330–339.
Crossref Google Scholar
[31]
Chen JG, Cheng JR. Enhanced thermal stability of lead-free high temperature 0.75BiFeO3–0.25BaTiO3 ceramics with excess Bi content. J Alloys Compd 2014, 589: 115–119.
Crossref Google Scholar
[32]
Li CBW, Li Z, Wang J, et al. Sodium lithium niobate lead-free piezoceramics for high-power applications: Fundamental, progress, and perspective. J Adv Ceram 2023, 12: 1–23.
Crossref Google Scholar
[33]
Ren XB. Large electric-field-induced strain in ferroelectric crystals by point-defect-mediated reversible domain switching. Nat Mater 2004, 3: 91–94.
Crossref Google Scholar
[34]
Uchino K, Zheng JH, Chen YH, et al. Loss mechanisms and high power piezoelectrics. J Mater Sci 2006, 41: 217–228.
Crossref Google Scholar
[35]
Masó N, West AR. Electrical properties of Ca-doped BiFeO3 ceramics: From p-type semiconduction to oxide-ion conduction. Chem Mater 2012, 24: 2127–2132.
Crossref Google Scholar
[36]
Lee MH, Kim DJ, Park JS, et al. High-performance lead-free piezoceramics with high curie temperatures. Adv Mater 2015, 27: 6976–6982.
Crossref Google Scholar
[37]
Saito Y, Takao H, Tani T, et al. Lead-free piezoceramics. Nature 2004, 432: 84–87.
Crossref Google Scholar
[38]
Qin YF, Yang J, Xiong P, et al. The effects of quenching on electrical properties, and leakage behaviors of 0.67BiFeO3–0.33BaTiO3 solid solutions. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 2018, 29: 7311–7317.
Crossref Google Scholar
[39]
Makhdoom AR, Akhtar MJ, Rafiq MA, et al. Investigation of transport behavior in Ba doped BiFeO3. Ceram Int 2012, 38: 3829–3834.
Crossref Google Scholar
[40]
Silva J, Reyes A, Esparza H, et al. BiFeO3: A review on synthesis, doping and crystal structure. Integr Ferroelectr 2011, 126: 47–59.
Crossref Google Scholar
[41]
Chiu FC. A review on conduction mechanisms in dielectric films. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2014, 2014: 1–18.
Crossref Google Scholar
[42]
Chu SJ, Zhang M, Deng HL, et al. Investigation of doping effect on electrical leakage behavior of BiFeO3 ceramics. J Alloys Compd 2016, 689: 475–480.
Crossref Google Scholar
[43]
Qi XD, Dho J, Tomov R, et al. Greatly reduced leakage current and conduction mechanism in aliovalent-ion-doped BiFeO3. Appl Phys Lett 2005, 86: 062903.
Crossref Google Scholar
[44]
Huang Y, Shu L, Zhang SW, et al. Simultaneously achieved high-energy storage density and efficiency in (K,Na)NbO3-based lead-free ferroelectric films. J Am Ceram Soc 2021, 104: 4119–4130.
Crossref Google Scholar
[45]
Wu JX, Zhuang ZQ. Dielectric and piezoelectric characteristics at dynamic and DC bias state for PBLZT relaxor ferroelectric ceramic. J Inorg Mater 2000, 15: 97–102. (in Chinese)
Google Scholar
[46]
Cai W, Gao RL, Fu CL, et al. Microstructure, enhanced electric and magnetic properties of Bi0.9La0.1FeO3 ceramics prepared by microwave sintering. J Alloys Compd 2019, 774: 61–68.
Crossref Google Scholar
[47]
Auromun K, Choudhary RNP. Structural, dielectric, and electrical characteristics of selenium-modified BiFeO3–(BaSr)TiO3 ceramics. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 2020, 31: 13415–13433.
Crossref Google Scholar
[48]
Pabst GW, Martin LW, Chu YH, et al. Leakage mechanisms in BiFeO3 thin films. Appl Phys Lett 2007, 90: 072902.
Crossref Google Scholar
[49]
Simmons JG. Poole–Frenkel effect and Schottky effect in metal–insulator–metal systems. Phys Rev 1967, 155: 657–660.
Crossref Google Scholar
[50]
Wu JG, Wang J, Xiao DQ, et al. Migration kinetics of oxygen vacancies in Mn-modified BiFeO₃ thin films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2011, 3: 2504–2511.
Crossref Google Scholar
[51]
Chiu FC. A review on conduction mechanisms in dielectric films. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2014, 2014: 1–18.
Crossref Google Scholar
[52]
Wang G, Li JL, Zhang X, et al. Ultrahigh energy storage density lead-free multilayers by controlled electrical homogeneity. Energy Environ Sci 2019, 12: 582–588.
Crossref Google Scholar
[53]
Liu QL, Liu JW, Lu DY, et al. Colossal dielectric behavior and relaxation in Nd-doped BaTiO3 at low temperature. Ceram Int 2018, 44: 7251–7258.
Crossref Google Scholar
[54]
Mahato DK, Sinha TP. Electrical conductivity and dielectric relaxation in Pr2CoZrO6 double perovskite. J Alloys Compd 2015, 634: 246–252.
Crossref Google Scholar
[55]
Yao X, Chen ZL, Cross LE. Polarization and depolarization behavior of hot pressed lead lanthanum zirconate titanate ceramics. J Appl Phys 1983, 54: 3399–3403.
Crossref Google Scholar
[56]
Waser R. Bulk conductivity and defect chemistry of acceptor-doped strontium titanate in the quenched state. J Am Ceram Soc 1991, 74: 1934–1940.
Crossref Google Scholar
[57]
Liu X, Zhai JW, Shen B. Novel bismuth ferrite-based lead-free incipient piezoceramics with high electromechanical response. J Mater Chem C 2019, 7: 5122–5130.
Crossref Google Scholar
[58]
Peña MA, Fierro JL. Chemical structures and performance of perovskite oxides. Chem Rev 2001, 101: 1981–2017.
Crossref Google Scholar
[59]
Grundmann M. The Physics of Semiconductors: An Introduction Including Nanophysics and Applications. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010.
Crossref
[60]
Matsuo H, Noguchi Y, Miyayama M. Gap-state engineering of visible-light-active ferroelectrics for photovoltaic applications. Nat Commun 2017, 8: 207.
Crossref Google Scholar
[61]
Palai R, Katiyar RS, Schmid H, et al. β phase and γ–β metal–insulator transition in multiferroic BiFeO3. Phys Rev B 2008, 77: 014110.
Google Scholar
[62]
Hsu YH, Chen PY, Tu CS, et al. Polarization-enhanced photovoltaic response and mechanisms in Ni-doped (Bi0.93Gd0.07)FeO3 ceramics for self-powered photodetector. J Eur Ceram Soc 2021, 41: 1934–1944.
Crossref Google Scholar
[63]
Zhao RD, Ma N, Song K, et al. Boosting photocurrent via heating BiFeO3 materials for enhanced self-powered UV photodetectors. Adv Funct Mater 2020, 30: 1906232.
Crossref Google Scholar
[64]
Raymond MV, Smyth DM. Defects and charge transport in perovskite ferroelectrics. J Phys Chem Solids 1996, 57: 1507–1511.
Crossref Google Scholar
[65]
Mogensen M, Lybye D, Bonanos N, et al. Factors controlling the oxide ion conductivity of fluorite and perovskite structured oxides. Solid State Ion 2004, 174: 279–286.
Crossref Google Scholar
[66]
Kilner JA, Brook RJ. A study of oxygen ion conductivity in doped non-stoichiometric oxides. Solid State Ion 1982, 6: 237–252.
Crossref Google Scholar
[67]
Saiful Islam M. Ionic transport in ABO3 perovskite oxides: A computer modelling tour. J Mater Chem 2000, 10: 1027–1038.
Crossref Google Scholar
[68]
Yamamura H, Katoh E, Ichikawa M, et al. Multiple doping effect on the electrical conductivity in the (Ce1−x−yLaxMy)O2−δ (M = Ca, Sr) system. Electrochemistry 2000, 68: 455–459.
Crossref Google Scholar
[69]
Tomura Y, Oikawa I, Takamura H. Oxygen vacancy order–disorder transition at high temperature in Bi–Sr–Fe-based perovskite-type oxides. Phys Rev Materials 2019, 3: 125802.
Crossref Google Scholar
Journal of Advanced Ceramics
Volume 12 Issue 10,
October 2023
Pages 1844-1856
DOI: 10.26599/JAC.2023.9220792
Cite this article:
Xue M, Tang Y, Shan Z, et al. Deciphering the leakage conduction mechanism of BiFeO3–BaTiO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. Journal of Advanced Ceramics, 2023, 12(10): 1844-1856. https://doi.org/10.26599/JAC.2023.9220792

2385

Views

692

Downloads

8

Crossref

6

Web of Science

6

Scopus

1

CSCD

Altmetrics
Received: 04 May 2023
Revised: 06 July 2023
Accepted: 28 July 2023
Published: 08 October 2023
© The Author(s) 2023.

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.

The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Return