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Research Article | Open Access

Ultra durable composite steam electrode with cube-shaped BaZr_0.85Y_0.15O_3−δ facet-boosted efficiency toward advanced protonic ceramic electrolysis cells

Xiaole Yu^{^†}, Lin Ge^{^†}(), Bangze Wu, Zhexiang Yu, Bingyu He, Zhanheng Jin, Zenan Zhao, Han Chen, Yifeng Zheng, Sheng Cui

College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China

^† Xiaole Yu and Lin Ge contributed equally to this work.

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Abstract

Protonic ceramic electrolysis cells (PCECs) have attracted significant interest because of their efficiency and environmental sustainability in energy conversion. However, their commercial application is hindered by the absence of effective and robust electrodes capable of operating in harsh environments, such as those characterized by high vapor or CO₂ concentrations. In this study, we developed a stable steam electrode composed of PrBaMn₂O_5+δ (PBM) and the durable proton conductor BaZr_0.85Y_0.15O_3−δ (BZY), which was enhanced with the deposition of PrO_x nano-catalysts. The composite electrode exhibited a low polarization resistance (~0.34 Ω·cm² at 600 °C), comparable to that of conventional cobalt-based electrodes. Additionally, extensive testing over hundreds of hours under severe conditions revealed exceptional durability, with no significant degradation observed. Notably, the electrode composited with cube-shaped BZY microcrystals and PBM showed a higher proton conductivity of 2.15×10⁻⁵ S·cm⁻¹ at 500 °C, representing an entire order of magnitude greater than that of the electrode composited with irregular nanosized BZY. In addition, the single cell achieved a superior electrolysis current of 2.0 A·cm⁻² at 700 °C and 1.3 V. These findings demonstrate the superiority of constructing an innovative interface between the mixed ionic‒electronic conductor (MIEC) and the proton conductor. Our work presents a promising strategy for designing durable steam electrodes for PCECs through a rational compositing approach.

Keywords

protonic ceramic electrolysis cell (PCEC)composite electrode steam electrode proton conductivity cobalt-free electrode

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Journal of Advanced Ceramics

Volume 14 Issue 3,
March 2025

Article number: 9221036

DOI: 10.26599/JAC.2025.9221036

Cite this article:

Yu X, Ge L, Wu B, et al. Ultra durable composite steam electrode with cube-shaped BaZr_0.85Y_0.15O_3−δ facet-boosted efficiency toward advanced protonic ceramic electrolysis cells. Journal of Advanced Ceramics, 2025, 14(3): 9221036. https://doi.org/10.26599/JAC.2025.9221036

Fig. 1(a) XRD patterns of PBM after reduction in H₂, C-BZY sintered at 1450 °C, and mixed with C-BZY powders (6 : 4 wt%) after calcination at 1100 °C in air for 2 h; (b) XRD patterns of Pr(NO₃)₃-infiltrated PBM–BZY powders before and after durability test in 20% H₂O–air at 600 °C for 100 h; (c) HRTEM images of in situ deposited nanoparticles PrO_x before durability test; (d) SEM images of cell cross section with PBM–BZY-2Pr electrode after 100 h stability test under 20% H₂O; (e) EDS elemental mappings of PBM–BZY-2Pr electrode after 100 h stability test under 20% H₂O.
Fig. 2(a) Schematic diagram of proton conduction test; voltage curves of (b) C-BZY–PBM, (c) N-BZY–PBM, and (d) pure PBM measured as a function of time at 400, 450, and 500 °C at low oxygen partial pressures under galvanostatic conditions; (e) proton conductivity and (f) Arrhenius plots of C-BZY–PBM, N-BZY–PBM, and pure PBM measured by Hebb–Wagner direct current method; (g) schematic diagram of efficient MIEC/proton conductor interface.
Fig. 3(a) EIS curves, (b) ASR values, (c) DRT analysis, and (d) ASR values of HF, IF, and LF of symmetric cells with PBM, PBM–BZY and PBM–BZY-xPr (x = 1–3) electrodes in air (3% H₂O) at 600 °C; (e) EIS curves and (f) DRT analysis of PBM–BZY-2Pr electrode under different water vapor concentrations.
Fig. 4(a) Total conductivity of PBM and PBM–BZY electrode materials in dry air at 250–800 °C; (b) TEC curves of PBM and PBM–BZY composite electrodes at 40–850 °C; (c) polarization resistance for the different steam electrodes of the symmetrical cells used in PCEC (Sm_0.5Sr_0.5CoO_3−δ–BZCYYb [ 60 ], Pr₂NiO_4+δ–BaZr_0.2Ce_0.6Y_0.2O_3−δ [ 61 ], Ba_0.5Gd_0.8La_0.7Co₂O_6−δ–BZY [ 23 ], PrBa_0.5Sr_0.5Co_1.5Fe_0.5O_5+δ–BZCYYb [ 62 ], Pr_1/6La_1/6Nd_1/6Ba_1/6Sr_1/6Ca_1/6CoO_3−δ [ 63 ], La_5.5W_0.45Mo_0.4Nb_0.15O_11.25−δ–Sr₂Sc_0.1Nb_0.1Co_1.5Fe_0.3O_6−δ [ 64 ], Ba_0.95La_0.05Fe_0.8Zn_0.2O_3−δ–BZCYYb–PrO_x [ 20 ]).
Fig. 5(a) Short-term stability test and (b) EIS plot of half-cell with PBM–BZY-2Pr electrode at different steam contents under a constant current density of 143 mA·cm⁻² at 600 °C; (c) 250 h stability test curves and (d) EIS plots of PBM electrode in humidified air (5% H₂O) under different constant current densities of 143, 357, and 500 mA·cm⁻² at 600 °C; (e) 100 h stability test with PBM–BZY-2Pr electrode in humidified air (20% H₂O) at a constant current density of 143 mA·cm⁻² at 600 °C and EIS data during 100 h stability test at 600 °C; (f) degradation rates of other steam electrodes in recent years (BaCoO_3−δ–La_0.6Sr_0.4Co_0.8Fe_0.2O_3−δ [ 65 ], PrBa_0.8Ca_0.2CoO_5+δ–BaCoO_3−δ [ 34 ], PrBa_0.5Sr_0.5Co_1.5Fe_0.5O_5+δ–BZCYYb [ 62 ], Ba_0.5Gd_0.8La_0.7Co₂O_6−δ–BZY [ 23 ], and Pr_1−xBa_xCoO_3−δ–La_0.6Sr_0.4Co_0.8Fe_0.2O_3−δ [ 66 ]).
Fig. 6(a) I–V plots for cells measured in PCEC mode at 600–700 °C under H₂ in fuel electrode and 5% H₂O/air in steam electrode; (b) EIS plots of cell in PCEC mode at 600–700 °C; (c) cross-section SEM image of Ni-BZCYYb|BZCYYb|PBM–BZY-2Pr single cell; (d) performance comparisons of cells in PCEC mode (Ba_0.95La_0.05Fe_0.8Zn_0.2O_3−δ–BZCYYb–PrO_x [ 20 ], BaCo_0.4Fe_0.4Zr_0.1Y_0.1O_3−δ–BZCYYb [ 67 ], Sr₂Fe_1.5Mo_0.5O_6−δ–BZY [ 68 ], Pr_0.4Sr_0.6Fe_0.9Nb_0.1O_3−δ/Fe₂O₃ [ 69 ], Ba_0.95La_0.05Fe_0.8Zn_0.2O_3−δ–BZCYYb [ 70 ], (PrBa_0.8Ca_0.2)₀.₉₅Co₂O_6−δ [ 71 ]).

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Table 1Detailed data of PBM, C-BZY–PBM, and N-BZY–PBM measured from Hebb–Wagner direct current method

Sample	I (μA)	T (°C)	U_measured (V)	L_electrode (μm)	σ_proton (S·cm⁻¹)	E_a (eV)
PBM	0.1	400	0.61	100±2	4.31×10⁻⁹	0.06
		450	0.52		5.06×10⁻⁹
		500	0.46		5.72×10⁻⁹
C-BZY–PBM	100	400	1.36	101±3	1.97×10⁻⁶	0.28
		450	0.48		5.61×10⁻⁶
		500	0.13		2.15×10⁻⁵
N-BZY–PBM	100	400	3.90	103±2	6.62×10⁻⁷	0.18
		450	2.56		1.03×10⁻⁶
		500	1.03		2.17×10⁻⁶

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