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Research Article | Open Access

Zoledronate-loaded aluminum salt nanovaccines amplify cellular immune response by enhancing cross-presentation

Chunting He§Penghui He§Xue TangShuting BaiMing QinYunting ZhangZhaofei GuoGuangsheng DuXun Sun ( )
Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China

§ Chunting He and Penghui He contributed equally to this work.

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Graphical Abstract

The text reports that zoledronate (ZOL)-loaded aluminum hydroxide nanovaccines amplify CD8+ T cell responses by enhancing antigen cross-presentation, exhibiting significant anti-tumor efficacy. Besides, the system repurposed FDA-approved drugs including Alum and ZOL, which promising to be an extremely promising approach to addressing cancer treatment needs.

Abstract

Being a Th2 stimulator, classic aluminum salt-based adjuvants only stimulate weak cellular immune responses that are required for vaccination against intracellular viruses or cancerous cells. As a third-generation bisphosphonate, zoledronate (ZOL) can enhance antigen cross-presentation by inhibiting key enzymes of the mevalonate pathway. Here, we developed the subunit antigen ovalbumin (OVA) and ZOL co-loaded aluminum hydroxide nanoparticles (APN-OVA-ZOL) and investigated their capacity for inducing cellular immune responses against the antigen. Our results showed that the developed nanovaccines could successfully encapsulate OVA and ZOL, and enabled efficient lymph node delivery. Benefited by the mevalonate pathway inhibition effect of ZOL, APN-OVA-ZOL significantly promoted cross-presentation. As a result, APN-OVA-ZOL induced robust cellular immunity, including the activation of T and B cells. In a EG7-OVA tumor-bearing murine model, APN-OVA-ZOL significantly inhibited the tumor growth and prolonged mice survival. This work provided a strong empirical foundation indicating that zoledronate-loaded aluminum salt nanovaccines had a strong potency for cancer immunotherapy.

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Nano Research
Article number: 94907010
Cite this article:
He C, He P, Tang X, et al. Zoledronate-loaded aluminum salt nanovaccines amplify cellular immune response by enhancing cross-presentation. Nano Research, 2025, 18(1): 94907010. https://doi.org/10.26599/NR.2025.94907010

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Received: 18 June 2024
Revised: 22 August 2024
Accepted: 28 August 2024
Published: 25 December 2024
© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Tsinghua University Press.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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