Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous transmitter with a wide range of physiological functions. Herein, a transdermal patch with a non-aggressive drug delivery manner using high specific surface area porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) as carriers is designed. With the surface-modified PAF-1, the internal hydrophobicity allows the equally hydrophobic NO donor, i.e. isoamyl nitrite (IAN), to be encapsulated into PAF-1’s pores. The external hydrophilicity allows the PAF-1 particles to be mixed well with the water-soluble polymer matrix, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), to prepare a mixed-matrix membrane (MMM) of IAN@PAF-1-mPEG/PVA as a patch. The MMM could release the NO very fast to ~ 14.3 μM in 6 min under a simulated environment. NO could also enter the bloodstream through the mice’s skin under thermal stimulation and could increase NO concentration in the blood of mice to ~ 4.8 μM in 25 min.
Carpenter, A. W.; Schoenfisch, M. H. Nitric oxide release: Part II. Therapeutic applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 3742–3752.
Yu, S. M.; Li, G. W.; Liu, R.; Ma, D.; Xue, W. Dendritic Fe3O4@poly(dopamine)@PAMAM nanocomposite as controllable NO-releasing material: A synergistic photothermal and NO antibacterial study. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1707440.
Mann, B. E.; Motterlini, R. CO and NO in medicine. Chem Commun. 2007, 4197–4208
Fry, N. L.; Mascharak, P. K. Photoactive ruthenium nitrosyls as NO donors: How to sensitize them toward visible light. Acc. Chem. Res. 2011, 44, 289–298.
Wang, P. G.; Xian, M.; Tang, X. P.; Wu, X. J.; Wen, Z.; Cai, T. W.; Janczuk, A. J. Nitric oxide donors: Chemical activities and biological applications. Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 1091–1134.
Jen, M. C.; Serrano, M. C.; van Lith, R.; Ameer, G. A. Polymer-based nitric oxide therapies: Recent insights for biomedical applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2012, 22, 239–260.
Wu, M.; Lu, Z. H.; Wu, K. K.; Nam, C.; Zhang, L.; Guo, J. S. Recent advances in the development of nitric oxide-releasing biomaterials and their application potentials in chronic wound healing. J. Mater. Chem. B 2021, 9, 7063–7075.
Sadrearhami, Z.; Nguyen, T. K.; Namivandi-Zangeneh, R.; Jung, K.; Wong, E. H. H.; Boyer, C. Recent advances in nitric oxide delivery for antimicrobial applications using polymer-based systems. J. Mater. Chem. B 2018, 6, 2945–2959.
Suchyta, D. J.; Schoenfisch, M. H. Controlled release of nitric oxide from liposomes. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 2017, 3, 2136–2143.
Chu, C. Y.; Lyu, X. M.; Wang, Z. X.; Jin, H.; Lu, S. Y.; Xing, D.; Hu, X. L. Cocktail polyprodrug nanoparticles concurrently release cisplatin and peroxynitrite-generating nitric oxide in cisplatin-resistant cancers. Chem. Eng. J 2020, 402, 126125.
Zahid, A. A.; Ahmed, R.; Raza ur Rehman, S.; Augustine, R.; Tariq, M.; Hasan, A. Nitric oxide releasing chitosan-poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogel promotes angiogenesis in chick embryo model. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019, 136, 901–910.
Xia, M. T.; Yan, Y.; Pu, H. Y.; Du, X. N.; Liang, J. Y.; Sun, Y. N.; Zheng, J. N.; Yuan, Y. Glutathione responsive nitric oxide release for enhanced photodynamic therapy by a porphyrinic MOF nanosystem. Chem. Eng. J 2022, 442, 136295.
Soto, R. J.; Yang, L.; Schoenfisch, M. H. Functionalized mesoporous silica via an aminosilane surfactant ion exchange reaction: Controlled scaffold design and nitric oxide release. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 2220–2231.
Ben, T.; Ren, H.; Ma, S. Q.; Cao, D. P.; Lan, J. H.; Jing, X. F.; Wang, W. C.; Xu, J.; Deng, F.; Simmons, J. M. et al. Targeted synthesis of a porous aromatic framework with high stability and exceptionally high surface area. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 9457–9460.
Tian, Y. Y.; Zhu, G. S. Porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs). Chem. Rev. 2020, 120, 8934–8986.
Wadekar, S. R.; Mali, A.; Sanap, G. Recent advances in transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS): A review. Int. J. Res. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2023, 11, 492–502.
Phatale, V.; Vaiphei, K. K.; Jha, S.; Patil, D.; Agrawal, M.; Alexander, A. Overcoming skin barriers through advanced transdermal drug delivery approaches. J. Control. Release 2022, 351, 361–380.
Zhou, X. L.; Hao, Y.; Yuan, L. P.; Pradhan, S.; Shrestha, K.; Pradhan, O.; Liu, H. J.; Li, W. Nano-formulations for transdermal drug delivery: A review. Chin. Chem. Lett. 2018, 29, 1713–1724.
Ma, H. P.; Ren, H.; Zou, X. Q.; Meng, S.; Sun, F. X.; Zhu, G. S. Post-metalation of porous aromatic frameworks for highly efficient carbon capture from CO2 + N2 and CH4 + N2 mixtures. Polym. Chem. 2014, 5, 144–152.
Yuan, R. R.; Ren, H.; Yan, Z. J.; Wang, A. F.; Zhu, G. S. Robust tri(4-ethynylphenyl)amine-based porous aromatic frameworks for carbon dioxide capture. Polym. Chem. 2014, 5, 2266–2272.
Lu, W. G.; Yuan, D. Q.; Sculley, J.; Zhao, D.; Krishna, R.; Zhou, H. C. Sulfonate-grafted porous polymer networks for preferential CO2 adsorption at low pressure. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 18126–18129.
Islamoglu, T.; Kim, T.; Kahveci, Z.; El-Kadri, O. M.; El-Kaderi, H. M. Systematic postsynthetic modification of nanoporous organic frameworks for enhanced CO2 capture from flue gas and landfill gas. J. Phys. Chem. C 2016, 120, 2592–2599.
Garibay, S. J.; Weston, M. H.; Mondloch, J. E.; Colón, Y. J.; Farha, O. K.; Hupp, J. T.; Nguyen, S. T. Accessing functionalized porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) through a de novo approach. CrystEngComm 2013, 15, 1515–1519.
Hei, Z. H.; Huang, M. H.; Luo, Y. J.; Wang, Y. X. A well-defined nitro-functionalized aromatic framework (NO2-PAF-1) with high CO2 adsorption: Synthesis via the copper-mediated Ullmann homo-coupling polymerization of a nitro-containing monomer. Polym. Chem. 2016, 7, 770–774.
Uliana, A. A.; Bui, N. T.; Kamcev, J.; Taylor, M. K.; Urban, J. J.; Long, J. R. Ion-capture electrodialysis using multifunctional adsorptive membranes. Science 2021, 372, 296–299.
Sewell, C. D.; Wang, Z. W.; Harn, Y. W.; Liang, S.; Gao, L. K.; Cui, X.; Lin, Z. Q. Tailoring oxygen evolution reaction activity of metal-oxide spinel nanoparticles via judiciously regulating surface-capping polymers. J. Mater. Chem. A 2021, 9, 20375–20384.
Ji, W. Y.; Duan, F.; Su, C. L.; Sun, B. G.; Liu, L. L.; Cao, Y.; Cao, X. Z.; Luo, J. Q.; Li, Y. P.; Cao, H. B. New insights into confined diffusion mechanisms of end-capping reagent regulated interfacial polymerization. J. Membr. Sci. 2023, 681, 121754.
Wang. M. J.; Li, Q. Q.; Shi, C. Z.; Lv, J.; Xu, Y. D.; Yang, J. J.; Chua, S. L.; Jia, L. R.; Chen, H. W.; Liu, Q. et al. Oligomer nanoparticle release from polylactic acid plastics catalysed by gut enzymes triggers acute inflammation. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2023, 18, 403–411.
Han, J. F.; Lou, Q.; Ding, Z. Z.; Zheng, G. S.; Ni, Q. C.; Song, R. W.; Liu, K. K.; Zang, J. H.; Dong, L.; Shen, C. L. et al. Chemiluminescent carbon nanodots for dynamic and guided antibacteria. Light. Sci. Appl. 2023, 12, 104.
Chen, Y. H.; Tian, F. L.; Yao, J. C.; Li, L. J.; Cui, Y. H.; Yang, H. M.; Chen, Z. G.; Sun, G. X.; Shuttleworth, P. S.; Yue, H. B. Biobased polyurethane adhesives derived from vegetable oil and rosin for flexible packaging applications. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2024, 6, 6469–6481.
Guo, X. X.; Mao, T. H.; Wang, Z. F.; Cheng, P.; Chen, Y.; Ma, S. Q.; Zhang, Z. J. Fabrication of photoresponsive crystalline artificial muscles based on PEGylated covalent organic framework membranes. ACS Cent. Sci. 2020, 6, 787–794.
Zhang, L.; Wu, M. Y.; Wang, Z. M.; Guo, H. Z.; Wang, L.; Wu, M. H. Phosphorescence tuning of fluorine, oxygen-codoped carbon dots by substrate engineering. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2021, 9, 16262–16269.
Peng, J.; Wu, D. X.; Jiang, Z. W.; Lu, P. S.; Wang, Z. X.; Ma, T. H.; Yang, M.; Li, H.; Chen, L. Q.; Wu, F. Stable interface between sulfide solid electrolyte and room-temperature liquid lithium anode. ACS Nano 2023, 17, 12706–12722.
Zhang, P. P.; Zhang, C.; Wang, L.; Dong, J. C.; Gai, D. X.; Wang, W. J.; Nguyen, T. S.; Yavuz, C. T.; Zou, X. Q.; Zhu, G. S. Basic alkylamine functionalized PAF-1 hybrid membrane with high compatibility for superior CO2 separation from flue gas. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2210091.
Chen, P.; Sun, J. S.; Zhang, L.; Ma, W. Y.; Sun, F. X.; Zhu, G. S. Porous aromatic framework (PAF-1) as hyperstable platform for enantioselective organocatalysis. Sci. China Mater. 2019, 62, 194–202.
Zhang, C.; Dong, J. C.; Zhang, P. P.; Sun, L.; Yang, L.; Wang, W. J.; Zou, X. Q.; Chen, Y. N.; Shang, Q. K.; Feng, D. Y. et al. Unique fluorophilic pores engineering within porous aromatic frameworks for trace perfluorooctanoic acid removal. Natl. Sci. Rev. 2023, 10, nwad191.
Wang, Z. H.; Zhang, Y. N.; Jiang, L.; Han, Q. C.; Wang, Q. H. Y.; Jia, J. T.; Zhu, G. S. Post-modified porous aromatic frameworks for carbon dioxide capture. Chem. Synth. 2024, 4, 40.
Navale, G. R.; Singh, S.; Ghosh, K. NO donors as the wonder molecules with therapeutic potential: Recent trends and future perspectives. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2023, 481, 215052.
Shamloo, A.; Aghababaie, Z.; Afjoul, H.; Jami, M.; Bidgoli, M. R.; Vossoughi, M.; Ramazani, A.; Kamyabhesari, K. Fabrication and evaluation of chitosan/gelatin/PVA hydrogel incorporating honey for wound healing applications: An in vitro, in vivo study. Int. J. Pharm. 2021, 592, 120068.
Yang, M.; Wang, Z. Y.; Li, M. N.; Yin, Z. L.; Butt, H. A. The synthesis, mechanisms, and additives for bio-compatible polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels: A review on current advances, trends, and future outlook. J. Vinyl. Addit. Technol. 2023, 29, 939–959.
Yu, J.; Zhang, R. L.; Chen, B. H.; Liu, X. L.; Jia, Q.; Wang, X. F.; Yang, Z.; Ning, P. B.; Wang, Z. L.; Yang, Y. Injectable reactive oxygen species-responsive hydrogel dressing with sustained nitric oxide release for bacterial ablation and wound healing. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2202857.
Zhang, S.; Guan, K. L.; Zhang, Y. X.; Zhang, J. Q.; Fu, H. Y.; Wu, T.; Ouyang, D. L.; Liu, C. Q.; Wu, Q.; Chen, Z. W. A self-activated NO-releasing hydrogel depot for photothermal enhanced sterilization. Nano Res. 2023, 16, 5346–5356.
Yang, Y. T.; Li, M.; Pan, G. Y.; Chen, J. Y.; Guo, B. L. Multiple stimuli-responsive nanozyme-based cryogels with controlled NO release as self-adaptive wound dressing for infected wound healing. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2214089.
Yao, S.; Wang, Y. T.; Chi, J. J.; Yu, Y. R.; Zhao, Y, J.; Luo, Y.; Wang, Y. A. Porous MOF microneedle array patch with photothermal responsive nitric oxide delivery for wound healing. Adv. Sci. 2022, 9, 2103449.