Graphical Abstract

Herein, we present a novel cage-cluster-based framework composed of Ti4L6 (L = embonate) tetrahedra and [Pb4(µ3-OH)4]4+ cubane-like clusters that also exhibits high stability in water, air, and other common solvents. According to the topology study, it exhibits a chiral srs-type network. Integrating titanium cages and lead-oxo clusters into a rigid cage-cluster-based framework significantly enhances its third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) property.
Bicalho, H. A.; Donnarumma, P. R.; Quezada-Novoa, V.; Titi, H. M.; Howarth, A. J. Remodelling a shp: Transmetalation in a rare-earth cluster-based metal-organic framework. Inorg. Chem. 2021, 60, 11795–11802.
Chen, Z. J.; Hanna, S. L.; Redfern, L. R.; Alezi, D.; Islamoglu, T.; Farha, O. K. Reticular chemistry in the rational synthesis of functional zirconium cluster-based MOFs. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2019, 386, 32–49.
Chen, Z. J.; Jiang, H.; Li, M.; O'Keeffe, M.; Eddaoudi, M. Reticular chemistry 3.2: Typical minimal edge-transitive derived and related nets for the design and synthesis of metal-organic frameworks. Chem. Rev. 2020, 120, 8039–8065.
Deng, G. C.; Teo, B. K.; Zheng, N. F. Assembly of chiral cluster-based metal-organic frameworks and the chirality memory effect during their disassembly. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 10214–10220.
Guo, B. B.; Liu, H. Y.; Pang, J.; Lyu, Q.; Wang, Y. T.; Fan, W. D.; Lu, X. Q.; Sun, D. F. Tunable rare-earth metal-organic frameworks for ultra-high selenite capture. J. Hazard. Mater. 2022, 436, 129094.
Huang, Z. W.; Hu, K. Q.; Mei, L.; Wang, D. G.; Wang, J. Y.; Wu, W. S.; Chai, Z. F.; Shi, W. Q. Encapsulation of polymetallic oxygen clusters in a mesoporous/microporous thorium-based porphyrin metal-organic framework for enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Inorg. Chem. 2022, 61, 3368–3373.
Liang, B.; Zhang, X.; Xie, Y.; Lin, R. B.; Krishna, R.; Cui, H.; Li, Z. Q.; Shi, Y. S.; Wu, H.; Zhou, W. et al. An ultramicroporous metal-organic framework for high sieving separation of propylene from propane. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 17795–17801.
Won, S.; Jeong, S.; Kim, D.; Seong, J.; Lim, J.; Moon, D.; Baek, S. B.; Lah, M. S. Transformation of a cluster-based metal-organic framework to a rod metal-organic framework. Chem. Mater. 2022, 34, 273–278.
Yang, D.; Babucci, M.; Casey, W. H.; Gates, B. C. The surface chemistry of metal oxide clusters: From metal-organic frameworks to minerals. ACS Cent. Sci. 2020, 6, 1523–1533.
Lin, Y. D.; Zhu, Z. K.; Ge, R.; Yu, H.; Li, Z.; Sun, C.; Sun, Y. Q.; Li, X. X.; Zheng, S. T. Proton conductive polyoxoniobate frameworks constructed from nanoscale {Nb68O200} cages. Chem. Commun. 2021, 57, 4702–4705.
Li, H. L.; Eddaoudi, M.; O'Keeffe, M.; Yaghi, O. M. Design and synthesis of an exceptionally stable and highly porous metal-organic framework. Nature 1999, 402, 276–279.
Cavka, J. H.; Jakobsen, S.; Olsbye, U.; Guillou, N.; Lamberti, C.; Bordiga, S.; Lillerud, K. P. A new zirconium inorganic building brick forming metal organic frameworks with exceptional stability. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 13850–13851.
Liu, E. E.; Gang, C.; Zeller, M.; Fabini, D. H.; Oertel, C. M. Ligand-induced variations in symmetry and structural dimensionality of lead oxide carboxylates. Cryst. Growth Des. 2017, 17, 1574–1582.
Martinez-Casado, F. J.; Ramos-Riesco, M.; Rodríguez-Cheda, J. A.; Cucinotta, F.; Matesanz, E.; Miletto, I.; Gianotti, E.; Marchese, L.; Matěj, Z. Unraveling the decomposition process of lead(II) acetate: Anhydrous polymorphs, hydrates, and byproducts and room temperature phosphorescence. Inorg. Chem. 2016, 55, 8576–8586.
Nockemann, P.; Thijs, B.; van Hecke, K.; van Meervelt, L.; Binnemans, K. Polynuclear metal complexes obtained from the task-specific ionic liquid betainium bistriflimide. Cryst. Growth Des. 2008, 8, 1353–1363.
Someşan, A. A.; Le Coz, E.; Roisnel, T.; Silvestru, C.; Sarazin, Y. Stable lead(II) boroxides. Chem. Commun. 2018, 54, 5299–5302.
Teff, D. J.; Huffman, J. C.; Caulton, K. G. Oxide formation upon thermolysis of a Pb(II)/Zr(IV) Alkoxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 4030–4035.
Wei, Z.; Yang, J. H.; Vreshch, V. D.; Zabula, A. V.; Filatov, A. S.; Dikarev, E. V. Homoleptic tetranuclear complexes of divalent tin and lead tetraolates. Inorg. Chem. 2011, 50, 7295–7300.
Zhou, J. J.; Wu, H. P.; Yu, H. W.; Hu, Z. G.; Wu, Y. C. Pb10O4(BO3)3I3: A new noncentrosymmetric oxyborate iodide synthesized by the straightforward hydrothermal method. Dalton Trans. 2019, 48, 14996–15001.
Zhou, J.; Xiao, H.; Zou, H. H.; Liu, X. A new type of three-dimensional hybrid polymeric haloplumbate based on rare high-nuclear heterometallic clusters. Inorg. Chem. 2018, 57, 12860–12868.
Zhao, Y. H.; Xu, H. B.; Shao, K. Z.; Xing, Y.; Su, Z. M.; Ma, J. F. Syntheses, characterization, and luminescent properties of three 3D lead-organic frameworks with 1D channels. Cryst. Growth Des. 2007, 7, 513–520.
He, Y. P.; Yuan, L. B.; Chen, G. H.; Lin, Q. P.; Wang, F.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, J. Water-soluble and ultrastable Ti4L6 tetrahedron with coordination assembly function. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 16845–16851.
Chen, G. H.; He, Y. P.; Wang, Z. R.; Li, Q. H.; Ma, Z. Z.; Zhang, J. Tunable third-order nonlinear optical effect via modifying Ti4(embonate)6 cage-based ionic pairs. Inorg. Chem. Front. 2022, 9, 1984–1991.
Chen, G. H.; Li, H. Z.; He, Y. P.; Zhang, S. H.; Yi, X. F.; Liang, F. P.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, J. Ti4(embonate)6 based cage-cluster construction in a stable metal-organic framework for gas sorption and separation. Cryst. Growth Des. 2020, 20, 29–32.
Chen, R. Y.; Chen, G. H.; He, Y. P.; Xu, H.; Zhang, J. Synthesis and third-order nonlinear optical properties of metal-organic zeolites built from Ti4(embonate)6 tetrahedra. Cryst. Growth Des. 2022, 22, 66–73.
He, Y. P.; Chen, G. H.; Yuan, L. B.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, J. Ti4(embonate)6 cage-ligand strategy on the construction of metal-organic frameworks with high stability and gas sorption properties. Inorg. Chem. 2020, 59, 964–967.
He, Y. P.; Yuan, L. B.; Chen, G. H.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, J. Coordination assembly of the water-soluble Ti4(embonate)6 cages with Mn2+ ions. Isr. J. Chem. 2019, 59, 233–236.
Chen, R. Y.; Chen, G. H.; He, Y. P.; Zhang, J. Coordination assembly of tetrahedral Ti4(embonate)6 cages with alkaline-earth metal ions. Chin. J. Struct. Chem. 2022, 41, 1–6.
Kan, L.; Li, G. H.; Liu, Y. L. Highly selective separation of C3H8 and C2H2 from CH4 within two water-stable Zn5 cluster-based metal-organic frameworks. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 18642–18649.
Lorzing, G. R.; Gosselin, A. J.; Trump, B. A.; York, A.; H. P.; Sturluson, A.; Rowland, C. A.; Yap, G. P. A.; Brown, C. M. et al. Understanding gas storage in cuboctahedral porous coordination cages. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 12128–12138.
Zhao, M. H.; Huang, S.; Fu, Q.; Li, W. F.; Guo, R.; Yao, Q. X.; Wang, F. L.; Cui, P.; Tung, C. H.; Sun, D. Ambient chemical fixation of CO2 using a robust Ag27 cluster-based two-dimensional metal-organic framework. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 20031–20036.
Song, T. Q.; Yuan, K.; Qiao, W. Z.; Shi, Y.; Dong, J.; Gao, H. L.; Yang, X. P.; Cui, J. Z.; Zhao, B. Water stable [Tb4] cluster-based metal-organic framework as sensitive and recyclable luminescence sensor of Quercetin. Anal. Chem. 2019, 91, 2595–2599.
Chen, G. H.; Li, D. J.; He, Y. P.; Zhang, S. H.; Liang, F. P.; Zhang, J. Self-assembly of a Ti4(embonate)6 cage toward silver. Inorg. Chem. 2020, 59, 14861–14865.
He, Y. P.; Chen, G. H.; Li, D. J.; Li, Q. H.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, J. Combining a titanium-organic cage and a hydrogen-bonded organic cage for highly effective third-order nonlinear optics. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 2920–2923.