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Review Article | Open Access

Decoding Neurological Mysteries: The Potential Impact of Endogenous Retroviruses on Brain Health

Jiaqi Li1,†, Liyong Liao1,†, Xixi Liu1,†, Yueyan Zhu1, Daijing Sun1, Chenchun Zhang1, Yan Jiang1( )
Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China

† JL, LL, and XL contributed equally to this work

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Abstract

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), remnants of ancient viral invasions, make up a significant part of the mammalian genomes. ERVs are typically held in check by complex epigenetic mechanisms, which serve to limit their expansion and potential adverse effects on the genome. However, ERVs can become aberrantly activated in response to stressful challenges, contributing to progression in pathological conditions, including cancer, inflammation, auto-immune disorders, and aging, through various mechanisms. Notably, ERV activation is also detected in the brain and is increasingly recognized as an important factor in neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we encapsulate the general understanding of ERVs in both physiological and pathological states and compiled evidence for ERV activation across a spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders, along with current studies exploring the underlying mechanisms. Despite the accumulating body of evidence, research in this field remains in its infancy and faces substantial challenges. Further studies are warranted to enhance our understanding of ERV activation mechanisms and their roles in neuropsychological conditions, potentially contributing to the development of innovative therapeutic interventions.

Keywords

neurodegenerative diseaseneuroinflammationendogenous RetrovirusesDNA repeatstransposonpsychiatric disorder

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Stress and Brain
Volume 4 Issue 1,
March 2024
Pages 1-30
DOI: 10.26599/SAB.2023.9060005
Cite this article:
Li J, Liao L, Liu X, et al. Decoding Neurological Mysteries: The Potential Impact of Endogenous Retroviruses on Brain Health. Stress and Brain, 2024, 4(1): 1-30. https://doi.org/10.26599/SAB.2023.9060005

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Received: 31 December 2023
Accepted: 13 March 2024
Published: 05 March 2024
© The Author(s) 2023

Creative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attributtion-NonCommercial 4.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission.
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