Popular functional foods and nutraceuticals with lipid lowering activity and in relation to cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, and related complications: an overview

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Charradi, K., Mahmoudi, M., Elkahoui, S., Limam, F., and Aouani, E. (2013). Grape seed and skin extract mitigates heart and liver oxidative damage induced by a high-fat diet in the rat: gender dependency. Can J Physiol. Pharmacol. 91(12): 1076–1085.

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Chen, G., Wang, H., Zhang, X., and Yang, S.T. (2014). Nutraceuticals and functional foods in the management of hyperlipidemia. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 54(9): 1180–1201.

Chen, Z.Y., Jiao, R., and Ma, K.Y. (2008). Cholesterol-lowering nutraceuticals and functional foods. J Agric. Food Chem. 56(19): 8761–8773.

Chiu, H.F., Chen, B.K., Lu, Y.Y., Han, Y.C., Shen, Y.C., Venkatakrishnan, K., Golovinskaia, O., and Wang, C.K. (2017). Hypocholesterolemic efficacy of royal jelly in healthy mild hypercholesterolemic adults. Pharm. Biol. 55(1): 497–502.

Chiu, H.F., Chen, Y.J., Lu, Y.Y., Han, Y.C., Shen, Y.C., Venkatakrishnan, K., and Wang, C.K. (2017). Regulatory efficacy of fermented plant extract on the intestinal microflora and lipid profile in mildly hypercholesterolemic individuals. J Food Drug Anal. 25(4): 819–827.

Chiu, H.F., Huang, Y.C., Lu, Y.Y., Han, Y.C., Shen, Y.C., Golovinskaia, O., Venkatakrishnan, K., and Wang, C.K. (2017). Regulatory/modulatory effect of prune essence concentrate on intestinal function and blood lipids. Pharm. Biol. 55(1): 974–979.

Chiu, H.F., Lin, T.Y., Shen, Y.C., Venkatakrishnan, K., and Wang, C.K. (2016). Improvement of green tea polyphenol with milk on skin with respect to antioxidation in healthy adults: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized crossover clinical trial. Food Funct. 7(2): 893–901.

Chiu, H.F., Shen, Y.C., Huang, T.Y., Venkatakrishnan, K., and Wang, C.K. (2016). Cardioprotective efficacy of red wine extract of onion in healthy hypercholesterolemic subjects. Phytother. Res. 30(3): 380–385.

Cho, S.J., Juillerat, M.A., and Lee, C.H. (2007). Cholesterol lowering mechanism of soybean protein hydrolysate. J Agric. Food Chem. 55(26): 10599–10604.

Chtourou, Y., Slima, A.B., Makni, M., Gdoura, R., and Fetoui, H. (2015). Naringenin protects cardiac hypercholesterolemia-induced oxidative stress and subsequent necroptosis in rats. Pharmacol. Rep. 67(6): 1090–1097.

Chung, V.C., Liu, S., and Sit, R.W. (2014). Medical Synopsis: Is red yeast rice capsule beneficial for treating dyslipidemia amongst statin-intolerant patients as compared to placebo? Adv. Integr. Med. 1(3): 151–152.

Cicero, A.F., Fogacci, F., and Colletti, A. (2017). Potential role of bioactive peptides in prevention and treatment of chronic diseases: a narrative review. Br J Pharmacol 174(11): 1378–1394.

Csont, T., Bereczki, E., Bencsik, P., Fodor, G., Görbe, A., Zvara, Á., Csonka, C., Puskás, L.G., Sántha, M., and Ferdinandy, P. (2007). Hypercholesterolemia increases myocardial oxidative and nitrosative stress thereby leading to cardiac dysfunction in apoB-100 transgenic mice. Cardiovasc. Res. 76(1): 100–109.

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Deepa, P.R., and Varalakshmi, P. (2005). Atheroprotective effect of exogenous heparin-derivative treatment on the aortic disturbances and lipoprotein oxidation in hypercholesterolemic diet fed rats. Clin. Chim. Acta. 355(1): 119–130.

Deepa, P.R., and Varalakshmi, P. (2003). Salubrious effect of low molecular weight heparin on atherogenic diet-induced cardiac, hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation and collapse of antioxidant defences. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 254(1): 111–116.

Deji, N., Kume, S., Araki, S.I., Soumura, M., Sugimoto, T., Isshiki, K., and Kashiwagi, A. (2009). Structural and functional changes in the kidneys of high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 296(1): F118-F126.

Demonty, I., Ras, R.T., van der Knaap, H.C., Duchateau, G.S., Meijer, L., Zock, P.L., Geleijnse, J.M., and Trautwein, E.A. (2008). Continuous dose-response relationship of the LDL-cholesterol–lowering effect of phytosterol intake. J Nutr. 139(2): 271–84.

Deng, R., and Chow, T.J. (2010). Hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and antiinflammatory activities of microalgae Spirulina. Cardiovasc Ther. 28(4): e33–45.

Derosa, G., Maffioli, P., and Cicero, A.F. (2012). Berberine on metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors: an analysis from preclinical evidences to clinical trials. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 12(8): 1113–1124.

Dilaveris, P., Giannopoulos, G., Riga, M., Synetos, A., and Stefanadis, C. (2007). Beneficial effects of statins on endothelial dysfunction and vascular stiffness. Curr Vasc. Pharmacol. 5(3): 227–237.

Dominguez, L.J., Galioto, A., Ferlisi, A., and Pineo, A. (2006). Ageing, lifestyle modifications, and cardiovascular disease in developing countries. J Nutr. Health Aging. 10(2): 143.

Dong, H., Zhao, Y., Zhao, L., and Lu, F. (2013). The effects of berberine on blood lipids: a systemic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Planta Medica. 79(06): 437–446.

Enas, E.A., Singh, V., Munjal, Y.P., Bhandari, S., Yadave, R.D., and Manchanda, S.C. (2008). Reducing the burden of coronary artery disease in India: challenges and opportunities. Indian Heart J. 60(2): 161–175.

Erkkilä, A.T., and Lichtenstein, A.H. (2006). Fiber and cardiovascular disease risk: how strong is the evidence? J Cardiovasc. Nurs. 21(1): 3–8.

Eslick, G.D., Howe, P.R., Smith, C., Priest, R., and Bensoussan, A. (2009). Benefits of fish oil supplementation in hyperlipidemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J Cardiol. 136(1): 4–16.

Expert Panel on Detection, E. (2001). Executive summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel Ⅲ). JAMA 285(19): 2486–90.

Ferroni, P., Basili, S., Falco, A., and Davì, G. (2004). Oxidant stress and platelet activation in hypercholesterolemia. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 6(4): 747–756.

Fogari, R., and Zoppi, A. (2004). Effect of antihypertensive agents on quality of life in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 21(6): 377–393.

Fuentes, M.C., Lajo, T., Carrión, J.M., and Cuné, J. (2013). Cholesterol-lowering efficacy of Lactobacillus plantarum CECT 7527, 7528 and 7529 in hypercholesterolaemic adults. Br. J Nutr. 109(10): 1866–1872.

Gaur, S., and Agnihotri, R. (2014). Green tea: A novel functional food for the oral health of older adults. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int. 14(2): 238–250.

Gerards, M.C., Terlou, R.J., Yu, H., Koks, C.H.W., and Gerdes, V.E.A. (2015). Traditional Chinese lipid-lowering agent red yeast rice results in significant LDL reduction but safety is uncertain–a systematic review and meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis 240(2): 415–423.

Glässer, G., Graefe, E.U., Struck, F., Veit, M., and Gebhardt, R. (2002). Comparison of antioxidative capacities and inhibitory effects on cholesterol biosynthesis of quercetin and potential metabolites. Phytomed. 9(1): 33–40.

Gnoni, G.V., Paglialonga, G., and Siculella, L. (2009). Quercetin inhibits fatty acid and triacylglycerol synthesis in rat-liver cells. Eur J Clin Invest. 39(9): 761–768.

Gordon, R.Y., Cooperman, T., Obermeyer, W., and Becker, D.J. (2010). Marked variability of monacolin levels in commercial red yeast rice products: buyer beware!. Arch. Intern. Med. 170(19): 1722–1727.

Gulati, M., Pandey, D.K., Arnsdorf, M.F., Lauderdale, D.S., Thisted, R.A., Wicklund, R.H., and Black, H.R. (2003). Exercise capacity and the risk of death in women. Circulation. 108(13): 1554–1559.

Guo, Z., Liu, X.M., Zhang, Q.X., Shen, Z., Tian, F.W., Zhang, H., Sun, Z.H., Zhang, H.P., and Chen, W. (2011). Influence of consumption of probiotics on the plasma lipid profile: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 21(11): 844–850.

Gupta, S., Kapur, S., and Verma, A. (2015). Garlic: An Effective Functional Food to Combat the Growing Antimicrobial Resistance. Pertanika J Trop. Agric. Sci. 38(2): 271–78.

Gupta, S., Singh, N., and Jaggi, A.S. (2014). Alkaloids as aldose reductase inhibitors, with special reference to berberine. J Altern. Complement. Med. 20(3): 195–205.

Guyton, J.R., and Bays, H.E. (2007). Safety considerations with niacin therapy. Am. J Cardiol. 99(6): S22-S31.

Guyton, J.R. (2010). Combination regimens with statin, niacin, and intestinally active LDL-lowering drugs: alternatives to high-dose statin therapy? Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 21(4): 372–377.

Gylling, H., Plat, J., Turley, S., Ginsberg, H.N., Ellegård, L., Jessup, W., Jones, P.J., Lütjohann, D., Maerz, W., Masana, L., and Silbernagel, G. (2014). Plant sterols and plant stanols in the management of dyslipidaemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis. 232(2): 346–360.

Musa-Veloso, K., Poon, T.H., Elliot, J.A., and Chung, C. (2011). A comparison of the LDL-cholesterol lowering efficacy of plant stanols and plant sterols over a continuous dose range: results of a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Prostaglandins. Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 85(1): 9–28.

Høie, L.H., Morgenstern, E.C., Gruenwald, J., Graubaum, H.J., Busch, R., Lüder, W., and Zunft, H.J. (2005). A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial compares the cholesterollowering effects of two different soy protein preparations in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Eur. J Nutr. 44(2): 65–71.

Hooper, L., Thompson, R.L., Harrison, R.A., Summerbell, C.D., Ness, A.R., Moore, H.J., and Riemersma, R.A. (2006). Risks and benefits of omega 3 fats for mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review. BMJ 332(7544): 752–760.

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Igwe, E.O., and Charlton, K.E. (2016). A systematic review on the health effects of plums (Prunus domestica and Prunus salicina). Phytother. Res. 30(5): 701–731.

Isidorov, V.A., Czyżewska, U., Isidorova, A.G., and Bakier, S. (2009). Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric characterization of the organic acids extracted from some preparations containing lyophilized royal jelly. J Chromatogr. B. 877(29): 3776–3780.

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Jones, M.L., Martoni, C.J., Parent, M., and Prakash, S. (2012). Cholesterol-lowering efficacy of a microencapsulated bile salt hydrolase-active Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 yoghurt formulation in hypercholesterolaemic adults. Br. J Nutr. 107(10): 1505–1513.

Jung, E.S., Park, S.H., Choi, E.K., Ryu, B.H., Park, B.H., Kim, D.S., and Chae, S.W. (2014). Reduction of blood lipid parameters by a 12-wk supplementation of aged black garlic: A randomized controlled trial. Nutr. 30(9): 1034–1039.

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