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Review | Open Access

Vesicle properties and health benefits of milk phospholipids: a review

Zhiguang Huanga,b,c, Hui Zhaoa(), Wenqiang Guana, Jianfu Liua, Charles Brennana,b,c(), Don Kulasirib, Maneesha S. Mohanb
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Christchurch 7647, New Zealand
Riddet Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Show Author Information

Abstract

Phospholipids are important ingredients in milk. They serve as bioactive components with processing functionalities, despite representing only a small proportion of total milk lipids. There has been increasing interest in vesicle properties and health effects of milk phospholipids. However, there are limited reports on industry-scale manufacturing of related commercial products. This contribution aims to elucidate the industrial processes of manufacturing milk phospholipid products including phospholipid extraction and fraction as well as summarizing determination assays of milk phospholipids. In addition to industrial production, this review elaborates on application aspects, such as the biological properties of milk phospholipids and their technical importance as delivery vesicles of liposomes and phytosomes. In addition, new insights on large-scale production of milk phospholipids and new applications such as phytosomes and antioxidant properties are discussed.

Keywords

Milk phospholipidsSolvent extractionLiposomePhytosomeHealth effectsVesicle properties

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Journal of Food Bioactives
Volume 5,
March 2019
Pages 31-42
DOI: 10.31665/JFB.2019.5176
Cite this article:
Huang Z, Zhao H, Guan W, et al. Vesicle properties and health benefits of milk phospholipids: a review. Journal of Food Bioactives, 2019, 5: 31-42. https://doi.org/10.31665/JFB.2019.5176
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Phospholipid composition of three typical dairy products

Product PL on product (g/100g) PL on DM (g/100g) PL on fat (g/100g) Protein on product (g/100g) Protein on DM (g/100g) Reference
Butter serum AMF 1.25 11.54 14.8–48.4 2.91 32.71 (Lopez et al., 2017; Smithers and Augustin, 2013)
Sweet buttermilk 0.16 2.03 4.49–33.1 3.31 32.95 (Smithers and Augustin, 2013)
Acid buttermilk whey 0.1 1.84 25.4 0.99 84.7 (Pimentel et al., 2016)

Industrial manufacturing of milk phospholipids

Patent Patent family Assignee Feed Lipid extract Defat DM Purity (%) Yield (%)
Notes: aEthanol, iso-propanol, n-heptane; bAcetone, ethyl acetate, and 2-pentanone; cButter serum powder, buttermilk; dUltrafiltration and dia-filtration; eWhey protein concentrate 80; fDimethyl ether.
US8471002B2(2013) EP1814399B1(2016), JP2008515455A(2008), KR20070114108A(2005), CN101090635B(2012), CA2583704C(2012), DK1814399T3(2016) Fonterra, NZ BSP, et al Ethanol, DMEf CO2 25, 75, 60 (Phospholac 500, 600, 700)
US8231922B2(2012) EP1901620A1(2008), JP5455365B2(2008), JP5455365B2(2014), KR101352288B1(2014), CA2611121C(2014), RU2420083C2(2011), WO2006128465A1(2006) Arla, DK BM whey MF 75, 20 (PL 75/20)
US13205071 (2011) EP20060728307(2006), RU2480474C2(2013), WO2006114790A3(2007), CA701316521A Enzymotec Ltd, Israel Milk PL 12.3% Ethanol and n-hexane Acetone, CO2 87
US9700061B2(2017) EP1880612A1(2008), JP5079805B2(2012), KR101492647B1(2015), CN101494990B(2013), CA2655238A1(2008), WO2008009636A1(2008) Corman SA, Belgium Fresh cream Deproteinize by UF/DFd 20 50
JP2018052912A(2018) JP2017092808A(2017) JP2018052912A(2018) Megmilk Snow Brand Co Ltd, Japan Milk PL Ethanol CO2 60–99
US5677472A (1997) EP0689579B1(1999), JP3504267B2(2004), CA2155950A1(1994), DE69420712D1(1999), DK0689579T3(2000) Svenska Mejerienas Riksforenings Ekonomi AB, Sweden BM, whey Ethanol, et ala Acetone et alb 70–95 52
US9567356B2(2017) EP2912044B1(2018), JP2018000944A(2018), CN104768959B(2018), CA2888483A1(2014), DK2912044T3(2018), ES2684310T3(2018), WO2014066623A1(2014) Cargill Inc, US BM, Lecithin Alcohol (C1–3, C8–22) 58.7
EP2168438A1(2010) EP20080015710(2008) Meggle Japan Co Ltd BSP, BMc High pressure ethanol CO2 70 (PE10, PS 33, PI 27) 3
WO2002034062A1(2002) PCT/BE2000/000130(2000) Nv Marc Boone BM et al 5–20 kDa UF SM doubled
JP2005336230A(2005) JP2004153154A(2004) Morinaga WPC80e CO2 22–46 1
WO2007123424A1(2007) PCT/NZ2007/000087(2007) Owen John Catchpole PL, egg yolk Ethanol CO2

HPLC assays to determine milk phospholipids

Milk sample origin Lipid extract PL fraction Stationary phase Column size (L×D mm) Particle size (µm) Mobile phase Elution Volume (mL/min) Elution time (min) Oven tempera-ture (℃) Detector Identified species in order Reference
aQuadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry; bevaporative light-scattering detector, low temperature; ccharged aerosol detector; dlysophosphatidylcholine; elactosylceramide; facetonitrile and ammonium acetate; gchloroform and methanol; hacetic acid, methanol; ihexane, iso-propanol, di-chloromethane, formic acid; jhuman being milk; khexane, diethyl ether; lmethanol, phosphoric acid, and acetonitrile (32, 0.6, 67.4 % in volume, respectively).
Bovine raw CM Silica 100×2.1 1.7 2 (ACN)f gradient 0.3 28 45 Q-TOF-MSa PS, PG, PI, PE, PC, SM, LPCd (Ali et al., 2018)
Cow, ewe, goat skim DMC Silica 500×4.5 5 4 (CM)g gradient 0.5–1.4 53 35 ELSD PE, PI, PS, PC, SM (Castro-Gómez et al., 2014)
Cow raw CM C18 100×2.1 1.7 2 (ACN) gradient 0.225 21 Q-TOF-MS PC, SM, LPC (Cheema et al., 2017)
Cow BM UF CM Silica 150×3 3 2 (CM) gradient 0.5 20 35 ELSD-LTIIb 50 ℃ 3.5Bar PE, PC, SM, PS, PI (Ferreiro et al., 2014; Ferreiro et al., 2016)
Donkey raw CM Silica 150×3 3 2 (AA, MeOH, DCM)h gradient 0.5 17 RP LC-MS PI, PE, PS, PC, SM (Contarini et al., 2017)
Cow raw CM SPE (CM) Betasil DIOL 150×4.6 5 3 (C6, IPA FA)i gradient 1.5 19 30 CADc 2.4 Bar PI, PE, PS, PC, SM, LPC (Kiełbowicz et al., 2013)
Cow raw CM SPE (C6, DEE)k Silica 250×4.6 5 2 (CM) gradient 1 40 ELSD (3.1Bar 50 ℃) PE, PI, PS, PC, SM (Zheng et al., 2014)
Cow, yak raw CM SPE Silica 8×3250×3 5 2 (ACN) gradient 1 24 50 ELSD (90 ℃) PI, PE, PS, PC, SM (Luo et al., 2018)
Cow raw CM Silica 250×4.6 5 2 (ACN) gradient 0.6 25 30 MS PS, SM, PE, PC, PI, LacCere (Liu et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2015)
Cow raw CM Silica 150×3 3 2 (CM) gradient 0.5 35 40 ELSD (85 ℃) PE, PI, PS, PC, SM (Lopez et al., 2014)
Cow raw CM C18 32×0.1200×0.1 3 2 (ACN) gradient 0.5 200 MS PI, PE, PS, PC, SM (Lu et al., 2016)
HBMj CM Hypersil APS-2, aminopropyl 150×2.1 3 2 (CM) gradient 0.25 29 25 MS PI, PE, PC, PS, SM (Ma et al., 2017)
Cow raw CM Silica 250×4.5 5 2 (CM) gradient 1–1.5 60 40 ELSD PE, PI, PS, PC, SM (Rodríguez-Alcal et al., 2015)
Cow raw CM SPE (C6, DEE) Silica 250×4.6 5 2 (CM) gradient 1 40 ELSD 50 ℃ 3.2Bar PE, PI, PS, PC, SM (Haddadian et al., 2018)
Cow raw CM TLC (C6, DEE) Silica 150×2.1 3 2 (CM) gradient 1 55 40 ELSD PE, PI, PS, PC, SM (Zou et al., 2015)
HBM CM TLC (C6, DEE) Silica 250×4.6 5 3(MeOH, ACN)l Isocratic 1 30 UV205nm PE, PC, SM (Wu et al., 2019)
Cow CM Röse Silica 150×3 3 2(DCM, MeOH) gradient 26 40 CAD 2.4Bar PA, PI, PE, PS, PC, SM (Barry et al., 2016)
Cow whey CM Silica 150×4.6 3 2(CM) gradient 0.5 27 ELSD 40 ℃ 1.8Bar PE, PI, PS, PC, SM (Torkamani et al., 2016)

Milk phytosomes and liposomes as bioactive compound carriers

Encapsulate Phospholipid Vesicle Bioavailability Reference
Celastrol (CST) Soy PC Phytosomes 4–5-fold increase (Freaga et al., 2018)
Apigenin Soy PC Phytosomes Up to 82% (Telange et al., 2017)
Berberine (BER) Soy PC Phytosomes 3-fold increase (Yu et al., 2016)
18β-glycyrrhetinic acid Soy lecithin Phytosomes Extended storage to 30–90 days (Djekic et al., 2016)
Curcumin Milk PL Liposomes: Sonication More efficient and stable than soy lecithin (Jin et al., 2016)
Lactoferrin (LF) Milk PL Liposomes: Ethanol injection Gastric stable and slow intestinal hydrolysis (Liu et al., 2013)
Tea phenolic Milk PL Liposomes: Micro-fluidization More efficient than soy lecithin (Gulseren and Corredig, 2013)
β-carotene and ascorbic acid Milk PL Liposomes Micro-fluidization Poor physical stability upon storage (Farhang, 2013)
Silybin Milk PL Reverse phase evaporation (RPE) 10-fold increase (Siegel et al., 2014)

Health effects of milk phospholipids

Functionality Dietary supplementary Model Result Reference
Cognitive PL PUFA In vivo: Healthy elderly Cognitive function was activated (Konagai et al., 2013)
Cognitive Lacprodan® PL-20 In vivo: Healthy elderly Set protocols to assess Lacprodan® PL-20 (Scholey et al., 2013)
Cognitive MFGM Ex vivo: Rats MFGM altered brain lipid (Moukarzel et al., 2018)
Cognitive Lacprodan® PL-20 Ex vivo: Neonatal piglet Spatial ability was enhanced (Liu et al., 2014)
Cognitive MFGM Ex vivo: Suckling rat pups Related genes expression was promoted (Brink and Lönnerdal, 2018)
Cognitive Milk SM In vivo: Low birth weight infants SM activated prefrontal cortex of the brain, yield better score on visual evoked potential, attention, and memory (Tanaka et al., 2013)
Cognitive Ganglioside In vivo: 6-months infants Cognitive score increased (Gurnida et al., 2012)
Cognitive MFGM In vivo: Infant and Toddler The diet led to similar cognitive score to breastfed infants but showed higher score to pure polar lipids fed infants (Timby et al., 2014)
Cognitive Milk PL In vivo: 54 healthy, non-obese adult men Cognitive performance was improved under conditions of psychosocial stress but failed to moderate cortisol response (Boyle et al., 2019)
Cognitive Milk PL coated dietary lipid Ex vivo: Healthy male mice T-maze test: Increased to 87% from 74% in short-term memory tests; while same in long-term memory (Schipper et al., 2016)
Skincare Milk PL Ex vivo: Dog with allergic skin disorders Enteric improvement and better skin conditions (Karasawa et al., 2017)
Skincare Milk PL In vivo: Healthy adults aged 20 to 39 year Skin elasticity in the region below the eye increased (Higurashi et al., 2015)
Skincare Milk PL In vivo: Atopic dermatitis patients Not effective (Keller et al., 2014)
Skincare Milk PL Ex vivo: Mice Modulated epidermal covalently bound ceramides associated with formation of lamellar structures and alleviated skin inflammation (Morifuji et al., 2015)
Anti-inflammatory MFGM rich diet Ex vivo: Mice Attenuated the inflammatory response to a systemic LPS challenge; cut gut permeability. (Snow et al., 2010)
Anti-inflammatory Milk SM diet Ex vivo: high-fat-fed mice Altered distal gut microbiota and lowered serum LPS (Norris et al., 2016)
Anti-inflammatory Milk SM diet Ex vivo: high-fat-diet-induced mice Suppressed metabolic indicator of obesity (Norris et al., 2017)
Anti-inflammatory Milk PL extract In vitro: MA-104 cells of embryonic African green monkey kidney Polar lipids displayed effects of anti-rotavirus activity by focus-forming unit (FFU) assay (Fuller et al., 2012)
Anti-inflammatory MFGM Ex vivo: Rat pups Protective and replenishing effects on neonatal intestinal epithelium caused by clostridium difficile toxin; milk PL deficiency led to defect of GI development (Bhinder et al., 2017)