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Review Article | Open Access

Limitations and Strategies toward High-Performance Red Phosphorus Materials for Li/Na-Ion Batteries

Jin Bai1, Zhaolin Li1, Xinran Wang2,3( ), Konrad Świerczek4, Chuan Wu2,3( ), Hailei Zhao1,5( )
School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Krakow, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Beijing Municipal Key Lab of New Energy Materials and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
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Abstract

Phosphorus, particularly the red phosphorus (RP) allotrope, has been extensively studied as an anode material in both lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and emerging sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). RP is featured with high theoretical capacity (2,596 mA h g−1), suitable low redox potential (~0.7/0.4 V for LIBs/SIBs), abundant resources, and environmental friendliness. Despite its promises, the inherent poor electrical conductivity of RP (~10−14 S cm−1) and significant volume changes during charge/discharge processes (>300%) compromise its cycling stability. In order to address these issues, various countermeasures have been proposed, focusing on the incorporation of materials that provide high conductivity and mechanical strength in composite-type anodes. In addition, the interfacial instability, oxidation, and safety concerns and the low mass ratio of active material in the electrode need to be addressed. Herein, this review summarizes the up-to-date development in RP materials, outlines the challenges, and presents corresponding countermeasures aimed to enhance the electrochemical performance. It covers aspects such as the structural design of RP, the choice of the additive materials and electrolytes, rational electrode construction, etc. The review also discusses the future prospects of RP for LIBs/SIBs and aims to provide a different perspective on the challenges that must be overcome to fully exploit the potential of RP and meet commercial application requirements.

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Energy Material Advances
Volume 5,
2024
Article number: 0086
DOI: 10.34133/energymatadv.0086
Cite this article:
Bai J, Li Z, Wang X, et al. Limitations and Strategies toward High-Performance Red Phosphorus Materials for Li/Na-Ion Batteries. Energy Material Advances, 2024, 5: 0086. https://doi.org/10.34133/energymatadv.0086

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Received: 24 January 2024
Accepted: 21 February 2024
Published: 15 March 2024
© 2024 Jin Bai et al. Exclusive licensee Beijing Institute of Technology Press. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY 4.0).
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