Chemical Detection of the Toxicity of Nanoparticles of Metals and Metal Oxides

Suad Ahmed Rashdan

doi:10.5101/nbe.v13i4.p401-413

| Sign up

PDF (5.2 MB)

Cite

EndNote(RIS) BibTeX

Collect

Submit Manuscript

Show Outline

Figures (18)

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

Tables (1)

Table 1

Review | Open Access

Chemical Detection of the Toxicity of Nanoparticles of Metals and Metal Oxides

Suad Ahmed Rashdan()

Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakheer, P.O. Box 32038, Kingdom of Bahrain

Show Author Information

Abstract

The wide applications of nanoparticles increased the demand for their risk assessment, a number of studies on the diverse effects of nanoparticles on various systems have been published. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms of cellular uptake of nanoparticles (NPs) and the advanced toxicological studies of the nanoparticles of metals and metal oxides on various systems (in-vitro and in-vivo).

Keywords

Metal oxide NPs Toxicity assays and their mechanisms Detoxification mechanism

References

[1]

T.G. Iversen, T. Skotland, K. Sandvig, Endocytosis and intracellular transport of nanoparticles: Present knowledge and need for future studies. Nano today, 2011, 6: 176-185.

Number	Reference	NPs	Tested organism	Toxicity assays
1	18	FeO NPs coated with + and - surfactants	SKOV-3 and RAW264.7 cells	Apoptosis: determined by Annexin V/PI dual staining. After 24-h incubation, SEI-10 induced dose-dependent apoptosis in both SKOV-3 cells and RAW264.7 macrophages. The total population of early apoptosis and late apoptosis in SKOV-3 cells treated with PBS control, 2.5 µg/mL SEI-10, and 5 µg/mL SEI-10 were 4.01%, 11.52%, and 25.49%, respectively. In contrast, only mild apoptosis was observed in cells treated with SMG-10 and SMG-30 at extremely high concentration of about 100 µg/mL. ROS production: measured using DCF-DA fluorescent probe. SMG-10 and SMG-30 did not induce significant ROS formation in both cells after 18-h exposure at the concentration up to 100 μg/mL, whereas SEI-10 significantly increased the production of ROS at the concentrations ranging from 5 to 20 μg/mL.
2	20	MgO NPs	Ralstonia solanacearum	ROS: measured by using Dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). A significant increase in the DCF fluorescence intensity after treatment with 250 µg/mL MgO NPs was observed. DNA damage: measured by electrophoresis analysis of genomic DNA in R. solanacearum cells treated with different concentrations of MgO NPs for 4 h. The results showed that as the concentration of the MgO NPs increased, a significant decrease in the intensity of the genomic DNA band was observed.
3	21	Ni NPs	Tsticular tissue in male rats	CAT: reduced significantly at medium and high doses GSH: reduced significantly at any dose of Ni NPs SOD: reduced at high dose of Ni NPs. ROS: increased in a dose-dependent manner.
4	22	ZnO NPs	human ovarian cancer cells (SKOV3)	ROS: measured using dichlorodihydro fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining test. Treating ZnO with cells for 12 h lead to an increase in ROS generation. DNA damage: studied using γ-H2AX staining. Results showed that the γ-H2AX signals were increased significantly in treated samples compared with controls and that the signals were dispersed throughout the whole nucleus after treatment with 10, 20, and 30 μg/mL, whereas the signals were stronger after treatment with 30 μg/m thus treatment with ZnO NPs resulted in a dose-dependent. Apoptosis: detected by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) method. ZnO NPs induced high level of apoptosis in tested cells.
5	25	Ag, TiO₂, SiO₂, cobalt ferrite coated withpoly acrylic acid (PAA).	Neuronal cells	ROS: Silver and TiO₂ NPs induced a concentration-dependent increase in ROS while cobalt ferrite PAA and SiO₂ NPs induced a decrease in ROS. Cobalt ferrite PAA NPs induced a 40 % decrease in ROS at the highest concentrations, while ROS remained at approximately 70 % of control independently of SiO₂ NP concentration.
6	26	CuO	algae tropical Chlorella	ROS: determined by using a fluorescence probe 2, 7-dichlorohydrofluoroscein diacetate (H₂DCFDA). ROS generation at 24 h was higher than that at 96 h in cells exposed to CuO NPs. LPO: determined using the cell permeable indicator 4, 4-difluoro-5-(4-phenyl-1, 3- butadienyl)-4-bora-3a, 4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-undecanoic acid (C11-BODIPY). LPO level increased after exposure to CuO NPs. The 24 and 96 h exposure to CuO NP did not significantly affect the degree of lipid peroxidation.
7	31	Citrate, silicate, polyvinylpyrolidone (PVP)and branched polyethylenimine (bPEI) coated Ag NPs	mussels	LPO: measured by using Thiobarbituric acid reactant methodology (TBARS). There were no changes in LPO levels in the gills, but there was a decrease in LPO in the digestive gland of mussels exposed to Si-coated nAg. DNA strands break: detected using alkaline comet assay, all coated Ag NPs showed increase in the DNA breakage. GST: increased in the digestive gland of mussels exposed to bPEI-coated nAg and decreased in the digestive gland of mussels exposed to citrate-coated nAg compared to controls.
8	32	Ag NPs and Ag NPs coated with different ligands	Alga Raphidocelis subcapitata	GST: increased enzyme activity at high concentration of 0.8 mg/L of Ag NPs. CAT: increased enzyme activity at high concentration of 0.8 mg/L of Ag NPs.
9	33	Cu and CuO NPs	Amazon fish, dwarf cichlid and cardinal tetra	LPO: quantified in an assay based on the Fe⁺² to Fe⁺³ oxidation by hydroperoxides in acid medium, in the presence of ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange, at 560 nm. CuO NPs increased LPO level in both fish. GST: determined using 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as the substrate. The exposure of dwarf cichlid to Cu and CuO NPs stimulated whole body GST activity after 96 h. There were no effects on the GST activity in P. axelrodi exposed to Cu and CuO NPs. SOD: quantified based on the inhibition of cytochrome c reduction rate by the superoxide radical at 550 nm and 25 ℃. The results showed that in dwarf cichlid, CuO NPs induced whole body SOD activity after 96h exposure whereas, Cu and CuO NPs induced SOD in cardinal tetra after 24 and 48 h of exposure. CAT: increased when exposed to nCuO. There were no effects on the CAT activity in P. axelrodi exposed to Cu and nCuO.
10	34	ZnO NPs	gill and liver of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)	LPO: estimated by measuring the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and quantified as MDA equivalents. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) amount in gills was more as compared to the liver, whereas mean LPO in gills was 5.833±0.208 nmol/mg and 2.6767±0.0351 nmol/mg in liver. CAT: increased with the increasing concentration of ZnO-NPs in gills and decreased in liver. The mean CAT level was 12.6670±0.1530 U/mg in gills and 2.2667±0.1528 U/mg in liver. SOD: The method used to measure SOD was based on the ability of superoxide dismutase to inhibit the autooxidation of pyrogallol. SOD level was maximum in liver as compared to the gills. The mean SOD in liver was 15.533±0.153 U/mg, and it was 14.153±0.0603 U/mg in gills. GSH: GSH level was more in gills at higher concentration where mean GSH level in gills was 5.267±0.208 U/ mg and 1.1331±0.1528 U/mg in liver. DNA damage: Alkaline comet assay was used to measure DNA damage. The damage was increased with the increasing concentration of ZnO-NPs exposure and maximum % tail DNA was observed as 16.488 ± 1.215 at high concentration of 1.5 mg/L of ZnO-NPs.
11	37	TiO₂ NPs	Wheat leaves and roots	CAT: Decreased up to 88.9%. GSH: GSH decreased in 50 and 150 mg/L exposed roots (44 and 81%, respectively) and in leaves treated with 50 mg/L. In roots, GSSG increased with exposure (50 mg/L) whereas the GSH values decreased more than 80% under 50 and 150 mg/L. In leaves, GSH increased under the lowest concentration whereas decreased at 50 mg/L and GSSG decreased. GR: GR increased under 150 mg/L in both roots and leaves. SOD: In leaves increased up to 56.5 and 50.7% at 5 and 150 mg/L, respectively
12	45	Ag NPs	Cochlear Cells	DNA strands break: DNA damage depends on the NP size and on the cell types. HEI-OC1 cells showed the most important DNA lesions compared to the HaCaT cells. DNA damage increased with time and inversely increased with Ag NPs size. ROS production: An increase in ROS production in both types of cells, the most important being recorded after 2 h incubation and the most potent ROS producers were again the 5 nm NPs.
13	46	Spinel ferrites and Fe₂O₃ NPs	mice (BAL, lung and liver cells)	DNA damage: measured using comet assay. Increased DNA strand break levels were observed for Fe₂O₃ rods in BAL cells at day 3 for the two highest doses; and for the Fe₂O₃ particle at highest dose. No increases in DNA strand break levels were observed for lung or liver tissue.
14	47	Gold, silver and platinum NPs (5 and 50 nm)	human bronchial epithelial cells	DNA damage: Alkaline comet assay was used to detect DNA damage. Ag and Au NPs of size of 5 and 50 nm induced DNA strand break while Pt NPs only 50 nm NPs caused a slight increase in DNA damage.
15	65	Ag NPs (10–50 μg/mL)	Drosophila melanogaster (insect)	ROS: induced an increase in ROS species in fly tissues leading to apoptosis and DNA damage.
16	66	Ag NPs (mean size of 43 nm)	New Zealand White (NZW) and Jabali rabbits	ROS: Low dose (0.5 mg or 1.0 mg Ag NPs / Kg body weight) did not induce the oxidative stress in rabbits under heat stress conditions, while higher dose (5 mg Ag NPs / kg body weight) induced hepatic damage and oxidative stress. GSH-Px: decreased due to the increase use of GHS in reducing the effect of free radical after exposure of Ag NPs.