Up-Conversion Nanoparticles for Gastric Cancer Targeted Imaging and Therapy

A. Patra, et al., Upconversion in Er³⁺: ZrO₂ Nanocrystals. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2002, 106(8): 1909-1912.

A. Patra, et al., Fluorescence upconversion properties of Er³⁺-doped TiO₂ and BaTiO₃ nanocrystallites. Chemistry of Materials, 2003, 15(19): 3650-3655.

X. Wang, et al., Luminescence spectroscopy and visible upconversion properties of Er³⁺ in ZnO nanocrystals. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2004, 108(48): 18408-18413.

V. Venkatramu, et al., Synthesis and luminescence properties of Er³⁺-doped Lu₃Ga₅O₁₂ nanocrystals. Journal of Luminescence, 2008, 128(5-6): 811-813.

V. Venkatramu, et al., Synthesis, structure and luminescence of Er³⁺-doped Y₃Ga₅O₁₂ nano-garnets. J Mater Chem, 2012, 22(27): 13788-13799.

K.U. Kumar, et al., Multicolor upconversion emission and color tunability in Tm³⁺/Er³⁺/Yb³⁺ Tr-doped NaNbO₃ nanocrystals. Materials Express, 2012, 2(4): 294-302.

H. Guo, et al., Visible upconversion in rare earth ion-doped Gd₂O₃ nanocrystals. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2004, 108(50): 19205-19209.

M. Rai, et al., Infrared to visible upconversion in Ho³⁺/Yb³⁺ co-doped Y₂O₃ phosphor: effect of laser input power and external temperature. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc, 2012, 97: 825-829.

D.Y. Li, et al., White upconversion emission in Yb³⁺/Tm³⁺/Ho³⁺ doped SrMoO₄ nanocrystals by high excited state energy transfer. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2013, 550: 509-513.

Y. Wei, et al., Polyol-mediated synthesis and luminescence of lanthanide-doped NaYF₄ nanocrystal upconversion phosphors. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2008, 455(1-2): 376-384.

F. Zhang, et al., Uniform nanostructured arrays of sodium rare-earth fluorides for highly efficient multicolor upconversion luminescence. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2007, 46(42): 7976-7979.

J. Jin, et al., Polymer-coated NaYF₄: Yb⁽³⁾⁽⁺⁾, Er⁽³⁾⁽⁺⁾ upconversion nanoparticles for charge-dependent cellular imaging. ACS Nano, 2011, 5(10): 7838-7847.

D. Yang, et al., Hollow structured upconversion luminescent NaYF₍₄₎: Yb⁽³⁾⁽⁺⁾, Er⁽³⁾⁽⁺⁾ nanospheres for cell imaging and targeted anti-cancer drug delivery. Biomaterials, 2013, 34(5): 1601-1612.

J.W. Zhao, et al., A facile approach to fabrication of hexagonal-phase NaYF₄: Yb³⁺, Er³⁺ hollow nanospheres: Formation mechanism and upconversion luminescence. European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2010(12): 1813-1819.

Y.J. Liang, et al., Hydrothermal synthesis and upconversion luminescent properties of YVO₄: Yb³⁺, Er³⁺ nanoparticles. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2013, 552: 289-293.

G.S. Yi, G.M. Chow, Colloidal LaF₃: Yb,Er, LaF₃: Yb,Ho and LaF₃: Yb, Tm nanocrystals with multicolor upconversion fluorescence. J Mater Chem, 2005, 15(41): 4460-4464.

Heer, S., et al., Highly efficient multicolour upconversion emission in transparent colloids of lanthanide-doped NaYF₄ nanocrystals. Adv Mater, 2004, 16(23-24): 2102-2105.

S. Heer, et al., Blue, green, and red upconversion emission from lanthanide-doped LuPO₄ and YbPO₄ nanocrystals in a transparent colloidal solution. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2003, 42(27): 3179-3182.

G. Yi, et al., Synthesis, characterization, and biological application of size-controlled nanocrystalline NaYF₄: Yb, Er infrared-to-visible up-conversion phosphors. Nano Lett, 2004, 4(11): 2191-2196.

Y.W. Zhang, et al., Single-crystalline and monodisperse LaF₃ triangular nanoplates from a single-source precursor. J Am Chem Soc, 2005, 127(10): 3260-3261.

A. Yin, et al., Colloidal synthesis and blue based multicolor upconversion emissions of size and composition controlled monodisperse hexagonal NaYF₄: Yb, Tm nanocrystals. Nanoscale, 2010, 2(6): 953-959.

H.X. Mai, et al., High-quality sodium rare-earth fluoride nanocrystals: Controlled synthesis and optical properties. J Am Chem Soc, 2006, 128(19): 6426-6436.

H.X. Mai, et al., Highly efficient multicolor up-conversion emissions and their mechanisms of monodisperse NaYF₄: Yb, Er core and core/shell-structured nanocrystals. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2007, 111(37): 13721-13729.

Q. Liu, et al., Sub-10 nm hexagonal lanthanide-doped NaLuF₄ upconversion nanocrystals for sensitive bioimaging in vivo. J Am Chem Soc, 2011, 133(43): 17122-17125.

J.C. Boyer, et al., Synthesis of colloidal upconverting NaYF₄ nanocrystals doped with Er³⁺, Yb³⁺ and Tm³⁺, Yb³⁺ via thermal decomposition of lanthanide trifluoroacetate precursors. J Am Chem Soc, 2006, 128(23): 7444-7445.

J.C. Boyer, L.A. Cuccia and J.A. Capobianco, synthesis of colloidal upconverting NaYF₄: Er³⁺/Yb³⁺ and Tm³⁺/Yb³⁺ monodisperse nanocrystals. Nano Lett, 2007, 7(3): 847-852.

R. Naccache, et al., Controlled synthesis and water dispersibility of hexagonal phase NaGdF₄: Ho³⁺/Yb³⁺ nanoparticles. Chemistry of Materials, 2009, 21(4): 717-723.

F. Vetrone, V. Mahalingam and J.A. Capobianco, Near-infrared-to-blue upconversion in colloidal BaYF₅: Tm³⁺, Yb³⁺ nanocrystals. Chemistry of Materials, 2009, 21(9): 1847-1851.

F. Vetrone, et al., The active-core/active-shell approach: A strategy to enhance the upconversion luminescence in lanthanide-doped nanoparticles. Advanced Functional Materials, 2009, 19(18): 2924-2929.

W.J. Huang, et al., Uniform NaYF₄N: Yb, Tm hexagonal submicroplates: Controlled synthesis and enhanced UV and blue upconversion luminescence. Materials Research Bulletin, 2013, 48(2): 300-304.

Q. Liu, et al., Multifunctional rare-earth self-assembled nanosystem for tri-modal upconversion luminescence/fluorescence/positron emission tomography imaging. Biomaterials, 2011, 32(32): 8243-8253.

A.M. Pires, et al., Low-temperature upconversion spectroscopy of nanosized Y₂O₃: Er,Yb phosphor. Journal of Applied Physics, 2005, 98(6): 063529-063529-7.

M. He, et al., Dual phase-controlled synthesis of uniform lanthanide-doped NaGdF₄ upconversion nanocrystals via an OA/Ionic liquid two-phase system for in vivo Gual-modality Imaging. Advanced Functional Materials, 2011, 21(23): 4470-4477.

J. Wang, et al., One-step synthesis of highly water-soluble LaF₃: Ln³⁺ nanocrystals in methanol without using any ligands. Nanotechnology, 2007, 18(46): 465606.

Y. Wei, et al., Polyol-mediated synthesis of water-soluble LaF₃: Yb, Er upconversion fluorescent nanocrystals. Materials Letters, 2007, 61(6): 1337-1340.

D. Hu, et al., A facile method to synthesize superparamagnetic and up-conversion luminescent NaYF₄: Yb, Er/Tm@SiO₂@Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite particles and their bioapplication. J Mater Chem, 2011, 21(30): 11276-11282.

H. Lu, et al., Synthesis and characterization of multi-functional nanoparticles possessing magnetic, up-conversion fluorescence and bio-affinity properties. J Mater Chem, 2004, 14(8): 1336-1341.

J.H. Zeng, et al., Synthesis of complex rare earth fluoride nanocrystal phosphors. Nanotechnology, 2006, 17(14): 3549-3555.

J.H. Zeng, et al., Synthesis and upconversion luminescence of hexagonal-phase NaYF₄: Yb, Er³⁺ phosphors of controlled size and morphology. Adv Mater, 2005, 17(17): 2119-2123.

P. Ghosh, et al., Influence of surface coating on the upconversion emission properties of LaPO[sub 4]: Yb/Tm core-shell nanorods. Journal of Applied Physics, 2009, 105(11): 113532-113535.

C. Li, et al., Highly uniform and monodisperse β-NaYF₄: Ln³⁺ (Ln = Eu, Tb, Yb/Er, and Yb/Tm) hexagonal microprism crystals: Hydrothermal synthesis and luminescent properties. Inorg Chem, 2007, 46(16): 6329-6337.

D.K. Ma, et al., Rare-earth-ion-doped hexagonal-phase NaYF₄ nanowires: controlled synthesis and luminescent properties. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2009, 113(19): 8136-8142.

Z.L. Wang, J.H. Hao, and H.L.W. Chan, Down- and up-conversion photoluminescence, cathodoluminescence and paramagnetic properties of NaGdF₄: Yb³⁺, Er³⁺ submicron disks assembled from primary nanocrystals. J Mater Chem, 2010, 20(16): 3178-3185.

Zhao, J., et al., Controlled synthesis, formation mechanism, and great enhancement of red upconversion luminescence of NaYF₄: Yb³⁺, Er³⁺ nanocrystals/submicroplates at low doping level. J Phys Chem B, 2008, 112(49): 15666-15672.

D. Yang, et al., One-step synthesis of small-sized and water-soluble NaREF₍₄₎ upconversion nanoparticles for in vitro cell imaging and drug delivery. Chemistry, 2013, 19(8): 2685-2694.

Sikora, B., et al., Transport of NaYF₄: Er³⁺, Yb³⁺ up-converting nanoparticles into HeLa cells. Nanotechnology, 2013, 24(23): 235702.

J. Yang, et al., One-step hydrothermal synthesis of carboxyl-functionalized upconversion phosphors for bioapplications. Chemistry, 2012, 18(43): 13642-13650.

Z.L. Wang, et al., Simultaneous synthesis and functionalization of water-soluble up-conversion nanoparticles for in-vitro cell and nude mouse imaging. Nanoscale, 2011, 3(5): 2175-2181.

Y. Gao, T.Y. Cao and F.Y. Li, Water-soluble upconversion nanophosphors with cooperative ligands for in vivo lymph node imaging. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2012, 28(10): 2043-2048.

M. Wang, et al., One-step synthesis and characterization of water-soluble NaYF₄: Yb, Er/Polymer nanoparticles with efficient up-conversion fluorescence. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2009, 485(1-2): L24-L27.

Z. Wang, et al., One-pot synthesis of water-soluble and carboxyl-functionalized beta-NaYF₄: Yb, Er(Tm) upconversion nanocrystals and their application for bioimaging. J Mater Chem, 2012, 22(24): 12186-12192.

T. Cao, et al., High-quality water-soluble and surface-functionalized upconversion nanocrystals as luminescent probes for bioimaging. Biomaterials, 2011, 32(11): 2959-2968.

C. Chen, et al., Ionic liquid-based route to spherical NaYF₄ nanoclusters with the assistance of microwave radiation and their multicolor upconversion luminescence. Langmuir, 2010, 26(11): 8797-803.

X. Liu, et al., Ionothermal synthesis of hexagonal-phase NaYF₍₄₎: Yb⁽³⁺⁾, Er⁽³⁺⁾/Tm⁽³⁺⁾ upconversion nanophosphors. Chem Commun (Camb), 2009: 6628-6630.

M. He, et al., Phase- and size-controllable synthesis of hexagonal upconversion rare-earth fluoride nanocrystals through an oleic acid/ionic liquid two-phase system. Chemistry-a European Journal, 2012, 18(19): 5954-5969.

J.C. Boyer, et al., Surface modification of upconverting NaYF₄ nanoparticles with PEG−phosphate ligands for NIR (800 nm) biolabeling within the biological window. Langmuir, 2009, 26(2): 1157-1164.

M. Wang, et al., Immunolabeling and NIR-excited fluorescent imaging of HeLa cells by using NaYF₄: Yb, Er upconversion nanoparticles. ACS Nano, 2009, 3(6): 1580-1586.

M. Deng, et al., Monodisperse upconversion NaYF₄ nanocrystals: Syntheses and bioapplications. Nano Research, 2011, 4(7): 685-694.

C. Salthouse, et al., Design and demonstration of a small-animal up-conversion imager. Opt Express, 2008, 16(26): 21731-21737.

H. Kobayashi, et al., In vivo multiple color lymphatic imaging using upconverting nanocrystals. J Mater Chem, 2009, 19(36): 6481-6484.

L. Cheng, et al., Highly-sensitive multiplexed in vivo imaging using pegylated upconversion nanoparticles. Nano Research, 2010, 3(10): 722-732.

Q. Chen, et al., Functionalization of upconverted luminescent NaYF₄: Yb/Er nanocrystals by folic acid-chitosan conjugates for targeted lung cancer cell imaging. J Mater Chem, 2011, 21(21): 7661-7667.

L.L. Li, et al., Biomimetic surface engineering of lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles as versatile bioprobes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, 2012, 51(25): 6121-6125.

L.Q. Xiong, et al., Synthesis, characterization, and in vivo targeted imaging of amine-functionalized rare-earth up-converting nanophosphors. Biomaterials, 2009, 30(29): 5592-5600.

N.M. Idris, et al., Tracking transplanted cells in live animal using upconversion fluorescent nanoparticles. Biomaterials, 2009, 30(28): 5104-5113.

D. Cui, et al., Fluorescent magnetic nanoprobes for in vivo targeted imaging and hyperthermia therapy of prostate cancer. Nano Biomed. Eng, 2009, 1(1): 61-74.

T. Zako, et al., Cyclic RGD peptide-labeled upconversion nanophosphors for tumor cell-targeted imaging. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2009, 381(1): 54-58.

L.Y. Pan, et al., Phase and size controllable synthesis of NaYbF₄ nanocrystals in oleic acid/ionic liquid two-phase system for targeted fluorescent imaging of gastric cancer. Theranostics, 2013, 3(3): 210-222.

R. Kumar, et al., Combined optical and MR bioimaging using rare earth ion doped NaYF₄ nanocrystals. Advanced Functional Materials, 2009, 19(6): 853-859.

Z. Liu, et al., Long-circulating Er³⁺-doped Yb₂O₃ up-conversion nanoparticle as an in vivo X-Ray CT imaging contrast agent. Biomaterials, 2012, 33(28): 6748-6757.

Ma, J., et al., Folic acid-conjugated LaF₃: Yb,Tm@SiO₂ nanoprobes for targeting dual-modality imaging of upconversion luminescence and X-ray computed tomography. J Phys Chem B, 2012, 116(48): 14062-14070.

H. Xing, et al., Multifunctional nanoprobes for upconversion fluorescence, MR and CT trimodal imaging. Biomaterials, 2012, 33(4): 1079-1089.

S. Zeng, et al., PEG modified BaGdF₍₅₎: Yb/Er nanoprobes for multi-modal upconversion fluorescent, in vivo X-ray computed tomography and biomagnetic imaging. Biomaterials, 2012, 33(36): 9232-9238.

Q. Xiao, et al., Radiopaque fluorescence-transparent TaOx decorated upconversion nanophosphors for in vivo CT/MR/UCL trimodal imaging. Biomaterials, 2012. 33(30): 7530-7539.

H.Y. Xing, et al., A NaYbF₄: Tm³⁺ nanoprobe for CT and NIR-to-NIR fluorescent bimodal imaging. Biomaterials, 2012, 33(21): 5384-5393.

G. Zhang, et al., Dual modal in vivo imaging using upconversion luminescence and enhanced computed tomography properties. Nanoscale, 2011, 3(10): 4365-4371.

G. Gao, et al., One-pot hydrothermal synthesis of lanthanide ions doped one-dimensional upconversion submicrocrystals and their potential application in vivo CT imaging. Nanoscale, 2013, 5(1): 351-362.

J. Zhou, et al., Water-stable NaLuF₄-based upconversion nanophosphors with long-term validity for multimodal lymphatic imaging. Biomaterials, 2012, 33(26): 6201-6210.

F.Y. Liu, et al., Conjugation of NaGdF₄ upconverting nanoparticles on silica nanospheres as contrast agents for multi-modality imaging. Biomaterials, 2013, 34(21): 5218-5225.

A. Xia, et al., Gd³⁺ complex-modified NaLuF₄-based upconversion nanophosphors for trimodality imaging of NIR-to-NIR upconversion luminescence, X-Ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance. Biomaterials, 2012, 33(21): 5394-5405.

F. Liu, et al., Facile preparation of doxorubicin-loaded upconversion@polydopamine nanoplatforms for simultaneous in vivo multimodality imaging and chemophotothermal synergistic therapy. Adv Healthc Mater, 2015, 4(4): 559-568.

C. Xie, et al., Preparation of a novel amino functionalized fluorescein-doped silica nanoparticle for pH probe. Nano Biomed. Eng, 2009, 1(1): 27-31.

D. Liu, et al., The Three-dimensional images and intracellular calcium analysis of weigela floridacv and lonicera japonica thunb pollen. Nano Biomed. Eng, 2009, 1(1): 57-60.

H. Yang, et al. Detection of nanobubbles at the interface of TiO₂ coated mica in water. Nano Biomed. Eng, 2009, 1(1): 75-79.

C. He, et al., Physical-chemical properties and in vitro biocompatibility assessment of spider silk, collagen and polyurethane nanofiber scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering. Nano Biomed. Eng, 2009, 1(1): 80-88.

C. Wang, et al., Towards whole-body imaging at the single cell level using ultra-sensitive stem cell labeling with oligo-arginine modified upconversion nanoparticles. Biomaterials, 2012, 33(19): 4872-4881.

R. Deng, et al., Intracellular glutathione detection using MnO₂-nanosheet-modified upconversion nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc, 2011, 133(50): 20168-20171.

C. Wang, et al., Drug delivery with upconversion nanoparticles for multi-functional targeted cancer cell imaging and therapy. Biomaterials, 2011, 32(4): 1110-1120.

J.N. Liu., et al., Simultaneous nuclear imaging and intranuclear drug delivery by nuclear-targeted multifunctional upconversion nanoprobes. Biomaterials, 2012, 33(29): 7282-7290.

G. Tian, et al., Mn²⁺ dopant-controlled synthesis of NaYF₄: Yb/Er upconversion nanoparticles for in vivo imaging and drug delivery. Adv Mater, 2012, 24(9): 1226-1231.

H. Guo, et al., Upconversion nanoparticles modified with aminosilanes as carriers of DNA vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2012, 95(5): 1253-1263.

F. Zhang, et al., Mesoporous multifunctional upconversion luminescent and magnetic “nanorattle” materials for targeted chemotherapy. Nano Lett, 2012, 12(1): 61-67.

P.Y. Qiu, et al., An anion-induced hydrothermal oriented-explosive strategy for the synthesis of porous upconversion nanocrystals. Theranostics, 2015, 5(5): 456-468.

J. Shan, et al., NIR-to-visible upconversion nanoparticles for fluorescent labeling and targeted delivery of siRNA. Nanotechnology, 2009, 20(15): 155101.

Y. Yang, et al., NIR light controlled photorelease of siRNA and its targeted intracellular delivery based on upconversion nanoparticles. Nanoscale, 2013, 5(1): 231-238.

Y. E . Koo, et al ., Photonic explorers based on multifunctional nanoplatforms for biosensing and photodynamic therapy. Appl Opt, 2007, 46(10): 1924-1930.

Y.E. Lee, and R. Kopelman, Polymeric nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy. Methods Mol Biol, 2011, 726: 151-178.

G.R. Reddy, et al., Vascular targeted nanoparticles for imaging and treatment of brain tumors. Clin Cancer Res, 2006, 12(22): 6677-6686.

Gupta, et al., Multifunctional nanoplatforms for fluorescence imaging and photodynamic therapy developed by post-loading photosensitizer and fluorophore to polyacrylamide nanoparticles. Nanomedicine, 2012, 8(6): 941-950.

S. Wang, et al., Novel methods to incorporate photosensitizers into nanocarriers for cancer treatment by photodynamic therapy. Lasers Surg Med, 2011, 43(7): 686-695.

X. Huang, et al., Cancer cell imaging and photothermal therapy in the near -infrared region by using gold nanorods. J Am Chem Soc, 2006, 128(6): 2115-2120.

B. Dong, et al., Multifunctional NaYF₄: Yb³⁺, Er³⁺@Ag core/shell nanocomposites: integration of upconversion imaging and photothermal therapy. J Mater Chem, 2011, 21(17): 6193-6200.

L. Cheng, et al., Facile preparation of multifunctional upconversion nanoprobes for multimodal imaging and dual-targeted photothermal therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, 2011, 50(32): 7385-7390.

L. Cheng, et al., Multifunctional nanoparticles for upconversion luminescence/MR multimodal imaging and magnetically targeted photothermal therapy. Biomaterials, 2012, 33(7): 2215-2222.

G.B. Shan, R. Weissleder and S.A. Hilderbrand, Upconverting organic dye doped core-shell nano-composites for dual-modality NIR imaging and photo-thermal therapy. Theranostics, 2013, 3(4): 267-274.

Q. Chen, et al., Protein modified upconversion nanoparticles for imaging-guided combined photothermal and photodynamic therapy. Biomaterials, 2014, 35(9): 2915-2923.

W. Fan, et al., A smart upconversion-based mesoporous silica nanotheranostic system for synergetic chemo-/radio-/photodynamic therapy and simultaneous MR/UCL imaging. Biomaterials, 2014, 35(32): 8992-9002.