In order to improve the assembly accuracy and efficiency of aero-engine casings, this paper proposes a digital twin testing and adjusting system for aero-engine casings based on augmented reality. Utilizing the high fidelity interactive characteristics of augmented reality device, real-time visualization guided assembly of multi-stage aero-engine casings is carried out. Furthermore, this paper establishes a mathematical model for the assembly of aero-engine multi-stage casings to achieve accurate prediction of coaxiality of multi-stage casing assembly. Combining the assembly mathematical model with visual models, this paper conducts digital twin assembly experiments based on simulated multi-stage aero-engine casings, to achieve digital twin model mapping for aero-engine casings. The experimental results show that the coaxiality prediction error of the digital twin assembly system proposed in this paper is 0.6 μm, the average latency of augmented reality visualization interaction is 11 ms, the average frame rate is 45 fps, and the assembly consumption time is reduced by 5 h, effectively improving the accuracy and efficiency of aero-engine casing assembly.