Please follow this order to type the manuscript: Title page, Abstract, Keywords, Main text (including tables and figures), Appendix (if necessary), Acknowledgements, Declaration of competing interest, References, Graphical abstract, and Electronic supplementary material (if necessary).
Title page
The title page should include:
- A concise and informative title. Title should be succinct, objective, interesting and grammatically correct. The use of abbreviations, acronyms, and formulae in title is strongly discouraged. Only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns should be capitalized.
- The name(s) of the author(s), with symbols to line each name with that author’s institutional affiliation and an asterisk to denote the corresponding author(s). The author list should include only those who have made significant scientific contributions to the manuscript. Others who have contributed to the work should be noted in the Acknowledgements.
- The affiliations and mailing addresses of the authors. Indicate all affiliations with a lower-case superscript letter immediately after the author’s name and in front of the appropriate address. Provide the full postal address of each affiliation, including the country name.
- The e-mail address(es) of the corresponding author(s).
Changes to the author list between initial submission and revision must be accompanied by an explanatory statement in the cover letter for the revision and a completed "Change in Authorship Request" form, which will be sent by the Journal Editorial Office. These changes will be accepted at the discretion of the Editor and may lead to rejection of the manuscript. Changes of authorship or the order of authors are not accepted after acceptance of a manuscript.
Abstract and Keywords
A concise and factual abstract is needed for manuscript except Editorial to state the main purpose and research questions of the study, the methods, the main results, and the key conclusions. Abstract should be 150–250 words in length. No footnotes, references, figures, or tables may appear in the abstract.
Immediately after the abstract, please provide 4–6 keywords, which can be used for indexing purpose. Keywords are not required for Editorial.
Main text
Heading/section levels. For regular research and review articles, please use the decimal system of headings. Please divide your manuscript into clearly defined and numbered sections and subsections. Sections should be numbered 1., 2., etc. Subsections should be numbered 1.1. (then 1.1.1., 1.1.2. …), 1.2., etc. Use this numbering also for internal cross-referencing: Do not just refer to“the text”. Each section and subsection should be given a brief heading and each heading should appear on its own separate line. In subsection titles, only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns should be capitalized.
Abbreviations. Abbreviations should be defined at the point of first use and be used consistently thereafter. Abbreviations defined in the Abstract should be re-defined in the main text of the submission.
Footnotes. Essential footnotes to the text should be numbered consecutively and placed at the bottom of the page to which they refer. Footnotes to the table should be indicated by superscript lower-case letters (or asterisks) and placed immediately below the table.
Units. Please follow internationally accepted rules and conventions such as those defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). If other units are mentioned, please give their equivalent in supplementary information.
Formulae and symbols. Formulae, symbols, and all subscripts, superscripts, Greek letters, and other characters must be legible and carefully checked. Standard mathematical notation should be used. All symbols used in manuscript must be explained. If necessary, a list of symbols may be provided and placed before the Introduction section.
Equations. Numbering consecutively any equations that have to be displayed separately from the text (if referred to explicitly in the text), and referring the equation with Eq. (1), Eq. (2) … in the text. For the simple formulae which appear in the line of normal text, please use solidus (/) instead of a horizontal line for small fractional terms, e.g., x/y. Powers of e are often more conveniently denoted by “exp”. In principle, variables should be presented in italics.
Figures. All the figures, including data plots, photographs, diagrammatic sketches, flow charts, etc., should be embedded, approximately in their final sizes, in the main text near the paragraph in which they are first referenced, not on separate page(s) at the end. All figures should be numbered using Arab numerals (figure parts should be denoted by lowercase letters) and supplied with a figure caption. Please make sure that all elements found in the figure are identified in the caption. Figures should always be cited in text, such as Fig. 1, Fig. 2 … in consecutive numerical order. Color figures will remain in color in both the printed version and the online version of the journal, at no cost. The authors are encouraged to use color figures in the submitted manuscript.
Tables. All tables should be numbered using Arab numerals and supplied with a table title which explains clearly and concisely the components of the table. Tables should not duplicate results presented elsewhere in the manuscript (for example, in figures). Tables should always be cited in the text, such as Table 1, Table 2 … in consecutive numerical order.
Appendix
An appendix, if needed, is presented without numbers. If there are two or more appendices, they should be numbered consecutively. Equations in appendices should be designated differently from those in the main body of the manuscript, e.g., (A1), (A2), etc. In each appendix, equations should be numbered separately.
Acknowledgements
The content of Acknowledgments is a list of people who contributed to the work in the manuscript but are not named in the author list, and a list of funding sources that supported the research presented. The names of funding organizations should be written in full.
Declaration of competing interest
Authors are required to disclose financial or non-financial interests that are directly or indirectly related to the work submitted for publication. Please refer to “Competing Interests” below for more information on how to complete this section. Please note: If no conflict exists, the authors should state:
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESM) (if applicable)
If ESM is submitted, it will be published as received from the author in the online version only. ESM may consist of: (i) information that cannot be printed: animations, video clips, sound recordings; (ii) information that is more convenient in electronic form: sequences, spectral data, etc.; (iii) large amounts of original data, e.g., additional tables, illustrations, etc. If supplying any ESM, the text must make specific mention of the material as a citation, similar to that of figures and tables (e.g., Fig. S1 in the ESM). Besides, a paragraph should be added before the “References” section (e.g., Electronic Supplementary Material: Supplementary material (add a brief description) is available in the online version of this article at…).
- Information that cannot be printed, such as animations, video clips, sound recordings, should be supplied always as electronic files with MP4 format.
- Information that can be printed, such as text, figures, tables, should be integrated into one electronic file with PDF format.
Reference types.
All citations in the text should be done as follows:
Indicate references by number(s) in square brackets in line with the text. The actual authors can be referred to, but the reference number(s) must always be given.
Example: “..... as demonstrated[3,6]…”, “Barnaby and Jones[8] obtained a different result ....”
Reference to a journal publication:
[1] L.B. Sun, Z.Y. Zhang, G. Xin, et al., Advances in umami taste and aroma of edible mushrooms, Trends Food Sci. Technol. 96 (2020) 176-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2019.12.018.
Reference to a book:
[2] W. Strunk Jr., E.B. White, The Elements of Style, third ed., Macmillan, New York, 1979.
Reference to a chapter in an edited book:
[3] G.R. Mettam, L.B. Adams, How to prepare an electronic version of your article, in: B.S. Jones, R.Z. Smith (Eds.), Introduction to the Electronic Age, E-Publishing Inc., New York, 1999, pp. 281–304.
