Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive brain disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. This leads to motor symptoms like bradykinesia and tremors, as well as non-motor issues such as cognitive decline and depression.Traditional management faces several challenges. For instance, subjective clinical diagnoses can lead to early misdiagnosis, and MRI scans often lack sensitivity to subtle pathological changes.Long-term use of levodopa can lead to motor complications, while deep brain stimulation (DBS) requires expensive postoperative programming.Current models have difficulty providing integrated care that includes medication, rehabilitation, and psychological support.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming Parkinson's disease (PD) care by analyzing diverse datasets.Machine learning algorithms combine clinical data, imaging (MRI/PET), neuroelectrophysiological data, and lifestyle information. This integration helps identify early biomarkers of Parkinson's disease (PD) and enhances diagnostic accuracy.For instance, deep-learning models detect subtle brain atrophy patterns and functional connectivity disruptions often missed by conventional methods, enabling earlier intervention.

AI customizes treatments based on the unique profiles of individual patients.Pharmacogenomic analysis forecasts how patients will respond to levodopa and their risk of dyskinesia, aiding in precise dosing.In neuromodulation, AI improves DBS targeting by mapping activity patterns in the subthalamic nucleus and optimizing stimulation parameters through closed-loop systems, which simplifies postoperative programming.Wearable sensors and AI apps allow for continuous monitoring of motor fluctuations and non-motor symptoms.AI-driven rehabilitation platforms offer customized exercise regimens. Meanwhile, natural language processing tools assess depression and cognitive decline, ensuring timely psychological support.

This special issue showcases AI solutions that translate from basic research to clinical practice, promoting collaboration across disciplines to enhance precision medicine and comprehensive management of Parkinson's disease.

Keywords: Parkinson’s disease, Artificial intelligence, Neuromodulation, Whole-course management, Precision medicine

Guest Editor: Yu Ma, Tsinghua University Yuquan Hosptial. Email：mayu@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn