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Review Article | Open Access

Achieving high-performance sodium metal anodes: From structural design to reaction kinetic improvement

Jing Xu1( ), Jianhao Yang1, Yashuang Qiu1, Yang Jin1, Tianyi Wang2( ), Bing Sun3( ), Guoxiu Wang3( )
Research Center of Grid Energy Storage and Battery Application, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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Graphical Abstract

This review systematically summarizes the research progress of sodium metal anode protection from physical structure design to reaction kinetic improvement, including interface engineering, three-dimensional (3D) current collector design, and diffusion dynamic enhancement.

Abstract

Sodium metal is one of the ideal anodes for high-performance rechargeable batteries because of its high specific capacity (~ 1166 mAh·g−1), low reduction potential (−2.71 V compared to standard hydrogen electrodes), and low cost. However, the unstable solid electrolyte interphase, uncontrolled dendrite growth, and inevitable volume expansion hinder the practical application of sodium metal anodes. At present, many strategies have been developed to achieve stable sodium metal anodes. Here, we systematically summarize the latest strategies adopted in interface engineering, current collector design, and the emerging methods to improve the reaction kinetics of sodium deposition processes. First, the strategies of constructing protective layers are reviewed, including inorganic, organic, and mixed protective layers through electrolyte additives or pretreatments. Then, the classification of metal-based, carbon-based, and composite porous frames is discussed, including their function in reducing local deposition current density and the effect of introducing sodiophilic sites. Third, the recent progress of alloys, nanoparticles, and single atoms in improving Na deposition kinetics is systematically reviewed. Finally, the future research direction and the prospect of high-performance sodium metal batteries are proposed.

Keywords

sodium metal anodesinterface engineeringcurrent collector designreaction kineticssodium deposition processes

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Nano Research
Volume 17 Issue 3,
March 2024
Pages 1288-1312
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-023-5889-2
Cite this article:
Xu J, Yang J, Qiu Y, et al. Achieving high-performance sodium metal anodes: From structural design to reaction kinetic improvement. Nano Research, 2024, 17(3): 1288-1312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-5889-2
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Received: 27 April 2023
Revised: 30 May 2023
Accepted: 02 June 2023
Published: 06 July 2023
© The Author(s) 2023

Copyright: © 2023 by the author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
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