AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
Powered by AMiner. Clicking this button will take you away from SciOpen.
Home Nano Research Article
Article Link
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Submit Manuscript
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Research Article

Highly active and durable core–shell electrocatalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Hsiwen Wu1,§, Fei Xiao1,§, Jing Wang1,2, Meng Gu2( ), Minhua Shao1,3,4( )
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
Fok Ying Tung Research Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Guangzhou 511458, China
Energy Institute and Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China

§ Hsiwen Wu and Fei Xiao contributed equally to this work.

Show Author Information

Graphical Abstract

Post-treatment of Pt@Pd core–shell catalyst via partial core removal has been demonstrated to improve the overall platinum-group-metal mass activity and durability of the catalyst.

Abstract

This work presents simple post-treatment methods to selectively and partially remove the Pd core of Pd–Pt core–shell (Pt@Pd/C) catalysts. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell with the post-treated Pt@Pd/C cathode (Pt loading: 0.10 mg∙cm−2) delivers an impressive peak power density of 1.2 W∙cm−2. The partial removal of Pd core endows an ultrahigh oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) mass activity of 0.32 A∙mgPGM−1 when normalized to the platinum group metal (PGM) mass, or equivalently 0.55 A∙mgPt−1 at 0.9 V measured in a fuel cell. The post-treatment thickens the Pt shells and mitigates the Pd dissolution during potential cycling. As a result, the post-treated core–shell catalyst demonstrates superior durability in ORR mass activity and polarization power density retention than untreated core–shell catalyst and benchmark Pt/C. In-situ inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) results highlight that the amount of dissolved Pd in post-treated core–shell catalyst is 17-times lower than that of the untreated one. Our findings highlight the importance of structural tuning of catalysts in enhancing their mass activity and durability.

Keywords

core–shell catalystplatinum monolayerproton exchange membrane fuel celloxygen reduction reactiondurability

Electronic Supplementary Material

Download File(s)
6297_ESM.pdf (939.4 KB)

References

[1]

Wagner, F. T.; Lakshmanan, B.; Mathias, M. F. Electrochemistry and the future of the automobile. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2010, 1, 2204–2219.
Crossref Google Scholar
[2]

Debe, M. K. Electrocatalyst approaches and challenges for automotive fuel cells. Nature 2012, 486, 43–51.
Crossref Google Scholar
[3]

Kongkanand, A.; Mathias, M. F. The priority and challenge of high-power performance of low-platinum proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2016, 7, 1127–1137.
Crossref Google Scholar
[4]

Li, Y.; Chen, M. Y.; Lu, B. A.; Zhang, J. N. Recent advances in exploring highly active & durable PGM-free oxygen reduction catalysts. J. Electrochem. 2023, 29, 2215002.
Crossref Google Scholar
[5]

Singh, K.; Tetteh, E. B.; Lee, H. Y.; Kang, T. H.; Yu, J. S. Tailor-made Pt catalysts with improved oxygen reduction reaction stability/durability. ACS Catal. 2019, 9, 8622–8645.
Crossref Google Scholar
[6]

Papadias, D. D.; Ahluwalia, R. K.; Kariuki, N.; Myers, D.; More, K. L.; Cullen, D. A.; Sneed, B. T.; Neyerlin, K. C.; Mukundan, R.; Borup, R. L. Durability of Pt-Co alloy polymer electrolyte fuel cell cathode catalysts under accelerated stress tests. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2018, 165, F3166–F3177.
Crossref Google Scholar
[7]
Lohse-Busch, H.; Stutenberg, K.; Duoba, M.; Iliev, S. Technology assessment of a fuel cell vehicle: 2017 Toyota Mirai. Argonne National Laboratory: Argonne, 2018.
[8]

Borup, R. L.; Kusoglu, A.; Neyerlin, K. C.; Mukundan, R.; Ahluwalia, R. K.; Cullen, D. A.; More, K. L.; Weber, A. Z.; Myers, D. J. Recent developments in catalyst-related PEM fuel cell durability. Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 2020, 21, 192–200.
Crossref Google Scholar
[9]

Shin, J.; Choi, J. H.; Cha, P. R.; Kim, S. K.; Kim, I.; Lee, S. C.; Jeong, D. S. Catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction on platinum-based core–shell nanoparticles: All-electron density functional theory. Nanoscale 2015, 7, 15830–15839.
Crossref Google Scholar
[10]

Mavrikakis, M.; Hammer, B.; Nørskov, J. K. Effect of strain on the reactivity of metal surfaces. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1998, 81, 2819–2822.
Crossref Google Scholar
[11]

Zhang, J. L.; Vukmirovic, M. B.; Xu, Y.; Mavrikakis, M.; Adzic, R. R. Controlling the catalytic activity of platinum-monolayer electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction with different substrates. Angew. Chem. 2005, 117, 2170–2173.
Crossref Google Scholar
[12]

Sasaki, K.; Naohara, H.; Cai, Y.; Choi, Y. M.; Liu, P.; Vukmirovic, M. B.; Wang, J. X.; Adzic, R. R. Core-protected platinum monolayer shell high-stability electrocatalysts for fuel-cell cathodes. Angew. Chem. 2010, 122, 8784–8789.
Crossref Google Scholar
[13]

Sasaki, K.; Wang, J. X.; Naohara, H.; Marinkovic, N.; More, K.; Inada, H.; Adzic, R. R. Recent advances in platinum monolayer electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction: Scale-up synthesis, structure, and activity of Pt shells on Pd cores. Electrochim. Acta 2010, 55, 2645–2652.
Crossref Google Scholar
[14]

Zhang, J.; Mo, Y.; Vukmirovic, M. B.; Klie, R.; Sasaki, K.; Adzic, R. R. Platinum monolayer electrocatalysts for O2 reduction: Pt monolayer on Pd (111) and on carbon-supported Pd nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 10955–10964.
Crossref Google Scholar
[15]

Branković, S. R.; Wang, J. X.; Adžić, R. R. New methods of controlled monolayer-to-multilayer deposition of Pt for designing electrocatalysts at an atomic level. J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 2001, 66, 887–898.
Crossref Google Scholar
[16]

Zhou, W. P.; Sasaki, K.; Su, D.; Zhu, Y. M.; Wang, J. X.; Adzic, R. R. Gram-scale-synthesized Pd2Co-supported Pt monolayer electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 8950–8957.
Crossref Google Scholar
[17]
Shao, M. H.; Protsailo, L. V. Platinum monolayer on hollow, porous nanoparticles with high surface areas and method of making. U.S. Patent 8,921.260 B2, December 30, 2014.
[18]
Shao, M. H.; Weidner, J. W.; Odell, J. H. Method and system for core–shell catalyst processing. U.S. Patent 10,541,425 B2, January 21, 2020.
[19]

Kongkanand, A.; Subramanian, N. P.; Yu, Y. C.; Liu, Z. Y.; Igarashi, H.; Muller, D. A. Achieving high-power PEM fuel cell performance with an ultralow-Pt-content core–shell catalyst. ACS Catal. 2016, 6, 1578–1583.
Crossref Google Scholar
[20]

Zhang, J.; Lima, F. H. B.; Shao, M. H.; Sasaki, K.; Wang, J. X.; Hanson, J.; Adzic, R. R. Platinum monolayer on nonnoble metal-noble metal core–shell nanoparticle electrocatalysts for O2 reduction. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 22701–22704.
Crossref Google Scholar
[21]

Zhou, W. P.; Yang, X. F.; Vukmirovic, M. B.; Koel, B. E.; Jiao, J.; Peng, G. W.; Mavrikakis, M.; Adzic, R. R. Improving electrocatalysts for O2 reduction by fine-tuning the Pt–support interaction: Pt monolayer on the surfaces of a Pd3Fe (111) single-crystal alloy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 12755–12762.
Crossref Google Scholar
[22]

Knupp, S. L.; Vukmirovic, M. B.; Haldar, P.; Herron, J. A.; Mavrikakis, M.; Adzic, R. R. Platinum monolayer electrocatalysts for O2 reduction: Pt monolayer on carbon-supported PdIr nanoparticles. Electrocatalysis 2010, 1, 213–223.
Crossref Google Scholar
[23]

Kuttiyiel, K. A.; Sasaki, K.; Su, D.; Vukmirovic, M. B.; Marinkovic, N. S.; Adzic, R. R. Pt monolayer on Au-stabilized PdNi core–shell nanoparticles for oxygen reduction reaction. Electrochim. Acta 2013, 110, 267–272.
Crossref Google Scholar
[24]

Kuttiyiel, K. A.; Choi, Y.; Hwang, S. M.; Park, G. G.; Yang, T. H.; Su, D.; Sasaki, K.; Liu, P.; Adzic, R. R. Enhancement of the oxygen reduction on nitride stabilized pt–M (M = Fe, Co, and Ni) core–shell nanoparticle electrocatalysts. Nano Energy 2015, 13, 442–449.
Crossref Google Scholar
[25]

Hu, J.; Kuttiyiel, K. A.; Sasaki, K.; Su, D.; Yang, T. H.; Park, G. G.; Zhang, C. X.; Chen, G. Y.; Adzic, R. R. Pt monolayer shell on nitrided alloy core—A path to highly stable oxygen reduction catalyst. Catalysts 2015, 5, 1321–1332.
Crossref Google Scholar
[26]

Zhang, Y.; Ma, C.; Zhu, Y. M.; Si, R.; Cai, Y.; Wang, J. X.; Adzic, R. R. Hollow core supported Pt monolayer catalysts for oxygen reduction. Catal. Today 2013, 202, 50–54.
Crossref Google Scholar
[27]

Bliznakov, S.; Vukmirovic, M.; Yang, L. J.; Sutter, E.; Adzic, R. R. Pt monolayer on electrodeposited Pd nanostructures-advanced cathode catalysts for PEM fuel cells. ECS Trans. 2011, 41, 1055–1066.
Crossref Google Scholar
[28]

Park, J.; Zhang, L.; Choi, S. I.; Roling, L. T.; Lu, N.; Herron, J. A.; Xie, S. F.; Wang, J. G.; Kim, M. J.; Mavrikakis, M. et al. Atomic layer-by-layer deposition of platinum on palladium octahedra for enhanced catalysts toward the oxygen reduction reaction. ACS Nano 2015, 9, 2635–2647.
Crossref Google Scholar
[29]

Park, J.; Vara, M.; Xia, Y. N. A systematic study of the catalytic durability of Pd@Pt2-3L nano-sized octahedra toward oxygen reduction. Catal. Today 2017, 280, 266–273.
Crossref Google Scholar
[30]

Zhang, J. L.; Vukmirovic, M. B.; Sasaki, K.; Nilekar, A. U.; Mavrikakis, M.; Adzic, R. R. Mixed-metal Pt monolayer electrocatalysts for enhanced oxygen reduction kinetics. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 12480–12481.
Crossref Google Scholar
[31]

Choi, S. I.; Shao, M. H.; Lu, N.; Ruditskiy, A.; Peng, H. C.; Park, J.; Guerrero, S.; Wang, J. G.; Kim, M. J.; Xia, Y. N. Synthesis and characterization of Pd@Pt-Ni core–shell octahedra with high activity toward oxygen reduction. ACS Nano 2014, 8, 10363–10371.
Crossref Google Scholar
[32]

Zhao, X.; Chen, S.; Fang, Z. C.; Ding, J.; Sang, W.; Wang, Y. C.; Zhao, J.; Peng, Z. M.; Zeng, J. Octahedral Pd@Pt1.8Ni core–shell nanocrystals with ultrathin PtNi alloy shells as active catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 2804–2807.
Crossref Google Scholar
[33]

Xie, S. F.; Choi, S. I.; Lu, N.; Roling, L. T.; Herron, J. A.; Zhang, L.; Park, J.; Wang, J. G.; Kim, M. J.; Xie, Z. X. et al. Atomic layer-by-layer deposition of Pt on Pd nanocubes for catalysts with enhanced activity and durability toward oxygen reduction. Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 3570–3576.
Crossref Google Scholar
[34]

Wang, J. X.; Inada, H.; Wu, L. J.; Zhu, Y. M.; Choi, Y.; Liu, P.; Zhou, W. P.; Adzic, R. R. Oxygen reduction on well-defined core–shell nanocatalysts: Particle size, facet, and Pt shell thickness effects. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 17298–17302.
Crossref Google Scholar
[35]

Wang, X.; Choi, S. I.; Roling, L. T.; Luo, M.; Ma, C.; Zhang, L.; Chi, M. F.; Liu, J. Y.; Xie, Z. X.; Herron, J. A. et al. Palladium–platinum core–shell icosahedra with substantially enhanced activity and durability towards oxygen reduction. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 7594.
Crossref Google Scholar
[36]

Zhang, L. L.; Zhu, S. Q.; Chang, Q. W.; Su, D.; Yue, J.; Du, Z.; Shao, M. H. Palladium–platinum core–shell electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction prepared with the assistance of citric acid. ACS Catal. 2016, 6, 3428–3432.
Crossref Google Scholar
[37]

Zhu, S. Q.; Yue, J.; Qin, X. P.; Shao, M. H. Synthesis and evaluation of core–shell electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction. ECS Trans. 2016, 75, 731–740.
Crossref Google Scholar
[38]

Khateeb, S.; Guerreo, S.; Su, D.; Darling, R. M.; Protsailo, L. V.; Shao, M. H. Fuel cell performance of palladium–platinum core–shell electrocatalysts synthesized in gram-scale batches. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2016, 163, F708–F713.
Crossref Google Scholar
[39]

Cochell, T.; Manthiram, A. Pt@Pd x Cu y /C core–shell electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells. Langmuir 2012, 28, 1579–1587.
Crossref Google Scholar
[40]

Sasaki, K.; Naohara, H.; Choi, Y.; Cai, Y.; Chen, W. F.; Liu, P.; Adzic, R. R. Highly stable Pt monolayer on PdAu nanoparticle electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. Nat. Commun. 2012, 3, 1115.
Crossref Google Scholar
[41]

Shao, M. H.; Smith, B. H.; Guerrero, S.; Protsailo, L.; Su, D.; Kaneko, K.; Odell, J. H.; Humbert, M. P.; Sasaki, K.; Marzullo, J. et al. Core–shell catalysts consisting of nanoporous cores for oxygen reduction reaction. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2013, 15, 15078–15090.
Crossref Google Scholar
[42]

Adzic, R. R. Platinum monolayer electrocatalysts: Tunable activity, stability, and self-healing properties. Electrocatalysis 2012, 3, 163–169.
Crossref Google Scholar
[43]

Pan, L. J.; Ott, S.; Dionigi, F.; Strasser, P. Current challenges related to the deployment of shape-controlled Pt alloy oxygen reduction reaction nanocatalysts into low Pt-loaded cathode layers of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 2019, 18, 61–71.
Crossref Google Scholar
[44]

Shao, M. H.; Chang, Q. W.; Dodelet, J. P.; Chenitz, R. Recent advances in electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction. Chem. Rev. 2016, 116, 3594–3657.
Crossref Google Scholar
[45]
Ball, S. Core–shell catalysts in PEMFC cathode environments. In Electrocatalysis in Fuel Cells: A Non- and Low-Platinum Approach. Shao, M. H., Ed.; Springer: London, 2013; pp 561–587.
[46]
Shao, M. H. Method to prepare full monolayer of platinum on palladium based core nanoparticles. U.S. Patent 9.246,176 B2, January 26, 2016.
[47]
Kaneko, K.; Kimura, H.; Adachi, M. Method for producing core–shell catalyst particles. U.S. Patent 10,263,259 B2, April 16, 2019.
[48]

Thambidurai, C.; Gebregziabiher, D. K.; Liang, X. H.; Zhang, Q.; H. Ivanova, V. ; Haumesser, P. H.; Stickney, J. L. E-ALD of Cu nanofilms on Ru/Ta wafers using surface limited redox replacement. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2010, 157, D466–D471.
Google Scholar
[49]

Zhu, S. Q.; Yue, J.; Qin, X. P.; Wei, Z. D.; Liang, Z. X.; Adzic, R. R.; Brankovic, S. R.; Du, Z.; Shao, M. H. The role of citric acid in perfecting platinum monolayer on palladium nanoparticles during the surface limited redox replacement reaction. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2016, 163, D3040–D3046.
Crossref Google Scholar
[50]

Shao, M. H.; Odell, J. H.; Choi, S. I.; Xia, Y. N. Electrochemical surface area measurements of platinum- and palladium-based nanoparticles. Electrochem. Commun. 2013, 31, 46–48.
Crossref Google Scholar
[51]

Sassin, M. B.; Garsany, Y.; Gould, B. D.; Swider-Lyons, K. E. Fabrication method for laboratory-scale high-performance membrane electrode assemblies for fuel cells. Anal. Chem. 2017, 89, 511–518.
Crossref Google Scholar
[52]

Kabir, S.; Myers, D. J.; Kariuki, N.; Park, J.; Wang, G. X.; Baker, A.; Macauley, N.; Mukundan, R.; More, K. L.; Neyerlin, K. C. Elucidating the dynamic nature of fuel cell electrodes as a function of conditioning: An ex situ material characterization and in situ electrochemical diagnostic study. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 45016–45030.
Crossref Google Scholar
[53]

Neyerlin, K. C.; Gu, W. B.; Jorne, J.; Gasteiger, H. A. Determination of catalyst unique parameters for the oxygen reduction reaction in a PEMFC. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2006, 153, A1955–A1963.
Crossref Google Scholar
[54]

Ott, S.; Orfanidi, A.; Schmies, H.; Anke, B.; Nong, H. N.; Hübner, J.; Gernert, U.; Gliech, M.; Lerch, M.; Strasser, P. Ionomer distribution control in porous carbon-supported catalyst layers for high-power and low Pt-loaded proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Nat. Mater. 2020, 19, 77–85.
Crossref Google Scholar
[55]

Xiao, F.; Wang, Y. A.; Xu, G. L.; Yang, F.; Zhu, S. Q.; Sun, C. J.; Cui, Y. D.; Xu, Z. W.; Zhao, Q. L.; Jang, J. et al. Fe-N-C boosts the stability of supported platinum nanoparticles for fuel cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144, 20372–20384.
Crossref Google Scholar
[56]

Topalov, A. A.; Cherevko, S.; Zeradjanin, A. R.; Meier, J. C.; Katsounaros, I.; Mayrhofer, K. J. J. Towards a comprehensive understanding of platinum dissolution in acidic media. Chem. Sci. 2014, 5, 631–638.
Crossref Google Scholar
[57]

Meier, J. C.; Galeano, C.; Katsounaros, I.; Topalov, A. A.; Kostka, A.; Schüth, F.; Mayrhofer, K. J. J. Degradation mechanisms of Pt/C fuel cell catalysts under simulated start–stop conditions. ACS Catal. 2012, 2, 832–843.
Crossref Google Scholar
[58]

Lopes, P. P.; Strmcnik, D.; Tripkovic, D.; Connell, J. G.; Stamenkovic, V.; Markovic, N. M. Relationships between atomic level surface structure and stability/activity of platinum surface atoms in aqueous environments. ACS Catal. 2016, 6, 2536–2544.
Crossref Google Scholar
[59]
Bard, A. J.; Faulkner, L. R. Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications; 2nd ed. John Wiley: New York, 2001; pp 580–632.
[60]

Xie, S. F.; Lu, N.; Xie, Z. X.; Wang, J. G.; Kim, M. J.; Xia, Y. N. Synthesis of Pd–Rh core–frame concave nanocubes and their conversion to Rh cubic nanoframes by selective etching of the Pd cores. Angew. Chem. 2012, 124, 10412–10416.
Crossref Google Scholar
[61]

Xia, X. H.; Wang, Y.; Ruditskiy, A.; Xia, Y. N. 25th anniversary article: Galvanic replacement: A simple and versatile route to hollow nanostructures with tunable and well-controlled properties. Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 6313–6333
Crossref Google Scholar
[62]

Zheng, Y. Q.; Zeng, J.; Ruditskiy, A.; Liu, M. C.; Xia, Y. N. Oxidative etching and its role in manipulating the nucleation and growth of noble-metal nanocrystals. Chem. Mater. 2014, 26, 22–33.
Crossref Google Scholar
[63]

Dursun, A.; Pugh, D. V.; Corcoran, S. G. Dealloying of Ag-Au alloys in halide-containing electrolytes: Affect on critical potential and pore size. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2003, 150, B355–B360.
Crossref Google Scholar
[64]

Xia, Y. N.; Kim, E.; Whitesides, G. M. Microcontact printing of alkanethiols on silver and its application in microfabrication. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1996, 143, 1070–1079.
Crossref Google Scholar
[65]

Xiong, Y. J.; Chen, J. Y.; Wiley, B.; Xia, Y. N.; Aloni, S.; Yin, Y. D. Understanding the role of oxidative etching in the polyol synthesis of Pd nanoparticles with uniform shape and size. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 7332–7333.
Crossref Google Scholar
[66]

Xiong, Y. J.; Chen, J. Y.; Wiley, B.; Xia, Y. N.; Yin, Y. D.; Li, Z. Y. Size-dependence of surface plasmon resonance and oxidation for Pd nanocubes synthesized via a seed etching process. Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 1237–1242.
Crossref Google Scholar
[67]

Cheng, H.; Gui, R. J.; Yu, H.; Wang, C.; Liu, S.; Liu, H. F.; Zhou, T. P.; Zhang, N.; Zheng, X. S.; Chu, W. S. et al. Subsize Pt-based intermetallic compound enables long-term cyclic mass activity for fuel-cell oxygen reduction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2021, 118, e2104026118.
Crossref Google Scholar
[68]

Guan, J. Y.; Yang, S. X.; Liu, T. T.; Yu, Y. H.; Niu, J.; Zhang, Z. P.; Wang, F. Intermetallic FePt@PtBi core–shell nanoparticles for oxygen reduction electrocatalysis. Angew. Chem. 2021, 133, 22070–22075.
Crossref Google Scholar
[69]

Liang, J. S.; Zhao, Z. L.; Li, N.; Wang, X. M.; Li, S. Z.; Liu, X.; Wang, T. Y.; Lu, G.; Wang, D. L.; Hwang, B. J. et al. Biaxial strains mediated oxygen reduction electrocatalysis on fenton reaction resistant L10-PtZn fuel cell cathode. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 2000179.
Crossref Google Scholar
[70]

Yarlagadda, V.; Carpenter, M. K.; Moylan, T. E.; Kukreja, R. S.; Koestner, R.; Gu, W. B.; Thompson, L.; Kongkanand, A. Boosting fuel cell performance with accessible carbon mesopores. ACS Energy Lett. 2018, 3, 618–621.
Crossref Google Scholar
[71]

Padgett, E.; Yarlagadda, V.; Holtz, M. E.; Ko, M.; Levin, B. D. A.; Kukreja, R. S.; Ziegelbauer, J. M.; Andrews, R. N.; Ilavsky, J.; Kongkanand, A. et al. Mitigation of PEM fuel cell catalyst degradation with porous carbon supports. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2019, 166, F198–F207.
Crossref Google Scholar
[72]

Yang, C. L.; Wang, L. N.; Yin, P.; Liu, J. Y.; Chen, M. X.; Yan, Q. Q.; Wang, Z. S.; Xu, S. L.; Chu, S. Q.; Cui, C. H. et al. Sulfur-anchoring synthesis of platinum intermetallic nanoparticle catalysts for fuel cells. Science 2021, 374, 459–464.
Crossref Google Scholar
[73]

Han, B. H.; Carlton, C. E.; Kongkanand, A.; Kukreja, R. S.; Theobald, B. R.; Gan, L.; O'Malley, R.; Strasser, P.; Wagner, F. T.; Shao-Horn, Y. Record activity and stability of dealloyed bimetallic catalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8, 258–266.
Crossref Google Scholar
[74]

Wang, R. Q.; Sui, S. Structure analysis of PEMFC cathode catalyst layer. J. Electrochem. 2021, 27, 595–604.
Crossref Google Scholar
[75]
U.S. Department of Energy The fuel cell technologies office multi-year research, development, and demonstration plan. U.S. Department of Energy, 2016.
[76]

Liang, J. S.; Li, N.; Zhao, Z. L.; Ma, L.; Wang, X. M.; Li, S. Z.; Liu, X.; Wang, T. Y.; Du, Y. P.; Lu, G. et al. Tungsten-doped L10-PtCo ultrasmall nanoparticles as a high-performance fuel cell cathode. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 15471–15477.
Crossref Google Scholar
[77]

Zhao, X. R.; Xi, C.; Zhang, R.; Song, L.; Wang, C. Y.; Spendelow, J. S.; Frenkel, A. I.; Yang, J.; Xin, H. L.; Sasaki, K. High-performance nitrogen-doped intermetallic PtNi catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction. ACS Catal. 2020, 10, 10637–10645.
Crossref Google Scholar
[78]

Cai, X.; Lin, R.; Liu, X.; Zhao, Y. C. Effect of heat treatment on the surface structure of Pd@Pt-Ni core–shell catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. J. Alloys Compd. 2021, 884, 161059.
Crossref Google Scholar
[79]

Kang, Y. Q.; Wang, J. Q.; Wei, Y. P.; Wu, Y. L.; Xia, D. S.; Gan, L. Engineering nanoporous and solid core–shell architectures of low-platinum alloy catalysts for high power density PEM fuel cells. Nano Res. 2022, 15, 6148–6155.
Crossref Google Scholar
[80]

Li, J. R.; Xi, Z.; Pan, Y. T.; Spendelow, J. S.; Duchesne, P. N.; Su, D.; Li, Q.; Yu, C.; Yin, Z. Y.; Shen, B. et al. Fe stabilization by intermetallic L10-FePt and Pt catalysis enhancement in L10-FePt/Pt nanoparticles for efficient oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 2926–2932.
Crossref Google Scholar
[81]

Chong, L. N.; Wen, J. G.; Kubal, J.; Sen, F. G.; Zou, J. X.; Greeley, J.; Chan, M.; Barkholtz, H.; Ding, W. J.; Liu, D. J. Ultralow-loading platinum-cobalt fuel cell catalysts derived from imidazolate frameworks. Science 2018, 362, 1276–1281.
Crossref Google Scholar
[82]

Dionigi, F.; Weber, C. C.; Primbs, M.; Gocyla, M.; Bonastre, A. M.; Spöri, C.; Schmies, H.; Hornberger, E.; Kühl, S.; Drnec, J. et al. Controlling near-surface Ni composition in octahedral PtNi(Mo) nanoparticles by Mo doping for a highly active oxygen reduction reaction catalyst. Nano Lett. 2019, 19, 6876–6885.
Crossref Google Scholar
[83]

Li, J. R.; Sharma, S.; Liu, X. M.; Pan, Y. T.; Spendelow, J. S.; Chi, M. F.; Jia, Y. K.; Zhang, P.; Cullen, D. A.; Xi, Z. et al. Hard-magnet L10-CoPt nanoparticles advance fuel cell catalysis. Joule 2019, 3, 124–135.
Crossref Google Scholar
[84]

Gasteiger, H. A.; Panels, J. E.; Yan, S. G. Dependence of PEM fuel cell performance on catalyst loading. J. Power Sources 2004, 127, 162–171.
Crossref Google Scholar
[85]

Kaiser, J.; Simonov, P. A.; Zaikovskii, V. I.; Hartnig, C.; Jörissen, L.; Savinova, E. R. Influence of carbon support on the performance of platinum based oxygen reduction catalysts in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. J. Appl. Electrochem. 2007, 37, 1429–1437.
Crossref Google Scholar
[86]

Wells, P. P.; Crabb, E. M.; King, C. R.; Wiltshire, R.; Billsborrow, B.; Thompsett, D.; Russell, A. E. Preparation, structure, and stability of Pt and Pd monolayer modified Pd and Pt electrocatalysts. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2009, 11, 5773–5781.
Crossref Google Scholar
[87]
Shao, M. H. Palladium-based electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction. In Electrocatalysis in Fuel Cells: A Non- and Low-Platinum Approach. Shao, M. H., Ed.; Springer: London, 2013; pp 513–531.
[88]

Zhang, A. J.; Birss, V. I.; Vanýsek, P. Impedance characterization of thin electrochemically formed palladium oxide films. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1994, 378, 63–75.
Crossref Google Scholar
[89]

Butler, J. A. V.; Drever, G. The mechanism of electrolytic processes. Part I. The anodic oxidation of some metals of the platinum group. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1936, 32, 427–435.
Crossref Google Scholar
[90]

Shao, M. H.; Yu, T.; Odell, J. H.; Jin, M. S.; Xia, Y. N. Structural dependence of oxygen reduction reaction on palladium nanocrystals. Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 6566–6568.
Crossref Google Scholar
[91]

Chausse, V.; Regull, P.; Victori, L. Formation of a higher palladium oxide in the oxygen evolution potential range. J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 1987, 238, 115–128.
Crossref Google Scholar
[92]

Zhang, A. J.; Gaur, M.; Birss, V. I. Growth of thin, hydrous oxide films at Pd electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1995, 389, 149–159.
Crossref Google Scholar
[93]

Dall'Antonia, L. H.; Tremiliosi-Filho, G.; Jerkiewicz, G. Influence of temperature on the growth of surface oxides on palladium electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2001, 502, 72–81.
Crossref Google Scholar
[94]

Grdeń, M.; Łukaszewski, M.; Jerkiewicz, G.; Czerwiński, A. Electrochemical behaviour of palladium electrode: Oxidation, electrodissolution, and ionic adsorption. Electrochim. Acta 2008, 53, 7583–7598.
Crossref Google Scholar
[95]

Birss, V. I.; Chan, M.; Phan, T.; Vanýsek, P.; Zhang, A. An electrochemical study of the composition of thin, compact Pd oxide films. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1996, 92, 4041–4047.
Crossref Google Scholar
[96]

Grdeń, M.; Piaścik, A.; Koczorowski, Z.; Czerwiński, A. Hydrogen electrosorption in Pd-Pt alloys. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2002, 532, 35–42.
Crossref Google Scholar
[97]

Johnson, D. C.; Napp, D. T.; Bruckenstein, S. A ring-disk electrode study of the current/potential behaviour of platinum in 1.0 M sulphuric and 0.1 M perchloric acids. Electrochim. Acta 1970, 15, 1493–1509.
Crossref Google Scholar
Nano Research
Volume 17 Issue 10,
October 2024
Pages 8772-8784
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-023-6297-3
Cite this article:
Wu H, Xiao F, Wang J, et al. Highly active and durable core–shell electrocatalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Nano Research, 2024, 17(10): 8772-8784. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-6297-3
Topics:
ElectrocatalystsOxygen reduction reaction Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC)
Part of a topical collection:
Tenth Nano Research Award

779

Views

2

Crossref

2

Web of Science

1

Scopus

0

CSCD

Altmetrics
Received: 02 September 2023
Revised: 28 October 2023
Accepted: 30 October 2023
Published: 06 December 2023
© Tsinghua University Press 2023
Return