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Research Article | Open Access

Demographic changes in China's forests from 1998 to 2018

Yanli Donga, Evgenios Agathokleousa, Shirong Liub, Zhen Yua,b,c,d( )
Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink, China Meteorological Administration (ECSS-CMA), School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
Research Center for Global Changes and Ecosystem Carbon Sequestration & Mitigation, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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Abstract

Background

Tree demography is an essential indicator of various forest ecosystem services, and understanding its changes is critical for the sustainable management of forests. During the past four decades, China implemented unprecedented forest restoration projects, which altered tree demography by increasing the number of trees and introducing new species. However, it remains unclear how species composition has changed in China in response to the past forest restoration and demographical processes.

Methods

We applied Forest Stability Index (FSI) and the relative change of FSI (%FSI) to describe the population dynamics of tree species and structure in China since 1998, using field-survey data collected from over 200,000 plot-records from the 6th to 9th National Forest Inventories (NFIs).

Results

The overall populations of both natural and planted forests have grown rapidly from 1998 to 2018, while the range of changes in the relative tree density was more variable for natural forests (ranging from −8.53% to 42.46%) than for planted forests (ranging from −1.01% to 13.31%). The populations declined only in some of the tree species, including Betula platyphylla, Ulmus pumila, and Robinia pseudoacacia. In contrast, the populations of trees in the largest size-class either remained stable or expanded.

Conclusions

Tree density of China's forests (both natural and planted forests) generally expanded and the overall populations increased in most size classes, with greater increases occurred in planted forests. In contrasting to the global decline trends of large diameter trees, here we found no apparent decline for trees in the largest size-class in China, highlighting China's success in improving forest health and forest adaptations to climate change. We advocate for more studies to reveal the mechanisms of the changes in tree demography, which will help to improve forest ecosystem services such as the carbon sequestration capacity.

Keywords

Tree demographyForest stability index (FSI)Relative change of FSI (%FSI)Relative densityTree speciesTree size-class

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Forest Ecosystems
Volume 10 Issue 1,
February 2023
Article number: 100094
DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2023.100094
Cite this article:
Dong Y, Agathokleous E, Liu S, et al. Demographic changes in China's forests from 1998 to 2018. Forest Ecosystems, 2023, 10(1): 100094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fecs.2023.100094

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Received: 11 December 2022
Revised: 31 January 2023
Accepted: 31 January 2023
Published: 08 February 2023
© 2023 The Authors.

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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