AI Chat Paper
Discover the SciOpen Platform and Achieve Your Research Goals with Ease.
Search articles, authors, keywords, DOl and etc.
{{expandStatus?'Exit ':''}}Advanced Search
Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) has attracted significant attention in both the industry and academic fields since its inception, providing unprecedented advantages to fabricate complex-shaped metallic components. The printing quality and performance of L-PBF alloys are influenced by numerous variables consisting of feedstock powders, manufacturing process, and post-treatment. As the starting materials, metallic powders play a critical role in influencing the fabrication cost, printing consistency, and properties. Given their deterministic roles, the present review aims to retrospect the recent progress on metallic powders for L-PBF including characterization, preparation, and reuse. The powder characterization mainly serves for printing consistency while powder preparation and reuse are introduced to reduce the fabrication costs. Various powder characterization and preparation methods are presented in the beginning by analyzing the measurement principles, advantages, and limitations. Subsequently, the effect of powder reuse on the powder characteristics and mechanical performance of L-PBF parts is analyzed, focusing on steels, nickel-based superalloys, titanium and titanium alloys, and aluminum alloys. The evolution trends of powders and L-PBF parts vary depending on specific alloy systems, which makes the proposal of a unified reuse protocol infeasible. Finally, perspectives are presented to cater to the increased applications of L-PBF technologies for future investigations. The present state-of-the-art work can pave the way for the broad industrial applications of L-PBF by enhancing printing consistency and reducing the total costs from the perspective of powders.
DebRoy T, Wei H L, Zuback J S, Mukherjee T, Elmer J W, Milewski J O, Beese A M, Wilson-Heid A, De A and Zhang W 2018 Additive manufacturing of metallic components—process, structure and properties Prog. Mater. Sci. 92 112–224
Sui S, Chew Y, Weng F, Tan C L, Du Z L and Bi G J 2022 Study of the intrinsic mechanisms of nickel additive for grain refinement and strength enhancement of laser aided additively manufactured Ti–6Al–4V Int. J. Extrem. Manuf. 4 035102
Chen L Y, Liang S X, Liu Y and Zhang L C 2021 Additive manufacturing of metallic lattice structures: unconstrained design, accurate fabrication, fascinated performances, and challenges Mater. Sci. Eng. Rep. 146 100648
Wei C, Zhang Z Z, Cheng D X, Sun Z, Zhu M H and Li L 2020 An overview of laser-based multiple metallic material additive manufacturing: from macro- to micro-scales Int. J. Extrem. Manuf. 3 012003
Tan C L, Weng F, Sui S, Chew Y and Bi G J 2021 Progress and perspectives in laser additive manufacturing of key aeroengine materials Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 170 103804
Liu H S, Yang D F, Jiang Q, Jiang Y Y, Yang W M, Liu L and Zhang L C 2023 Additive manufacturing of metallic glasses and high-entropy alloys: significance, unsettled issues, and future directions J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 140 79–120
Svetlizky D, Das M, Zheng B L, Vyatskikh A L, Bose S, Bandyopadhyay A, Schoenung J M, Lavernia E J and Eliaz N 2021 Directed energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing: physical characteristics, defects, challenges and applications Mater. Today 49 271–95
Liu S Y and Shin Y C 2019 Additive manufacturing of Ti6Al4V alloy: a review Mater. Des. 164 107552
Zhang L C and Attar H 2016 Selective laser melting of titanium alloys and titanium matrix composites for biomedical applications: a review Adv. Eng. Mater. 18 463–75
Liu Y J, Li S J, Wang H L, Hou W T, Hao Y L, Yang R, Sercombe T B and Zhang L C 2016 Microstructure, defects and mechanical behavior of beta-type titanium porous structures manufactured by electron beam melting and selective laser melting Acta Mater. 113 56–67
Dai N W, Zhang L C, Zhang J X, Chen Q M and Wu M L 2016 Corrosion behavior of selective laser melted Ti-6Al-4 V alloy in NaCl solution Corros. Sci. 102 484–9
Mostafaei A et al 2023 Additive manufacturing of nickel-based superalloys: a state-of-the-art review on process-structure-defect-property relationship Prog. Mater. Sci. 136 101108
Zhu Z G, Hu Z H, Seet H L, Liu T T, Liao W H, Ramamurty U and Ling Nai S M 2023 Recent progress on the additive manufacturing of aluminum alloys and aluminum matrix composites: microstructure, properties, and applications Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 190 104047
Chen Y, Zhang J X, Gu X H, Dai N W, Qin P and Zhang L C 2018 Distinction of corrosion resistance of selective laser melted Al-12Si alloy on different planes J. Alloys Compd. 747 648–58
Sui S et al 2023 Additive manufacturing of magnesium and its alloys: process-formability-microstructure-performance relationship and underlying mechanism Int. J. Extrem. Manuf. 5 042009
Liang S X, Wang X Q, Zhang W C, Liu Y J, Wang W M and Zhang L C 2020 Selective laser melting manufactured porous Fe-based metallic glass matrix composite with remarkable catalytic activity and reusability Appl. Mater. Today 19 100543
Wei S S, Zhang J L, Zhang L, Zhang Y J, Song B, Wang X B, Fan J X, Liu Q and Shi Y S 2023 Laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing of NiTi shape memory alloys: a review Int. J. Extrem. Manuf. 5 032001
Blakey-Milner B, Gradl P, Snedden G, Brooks M, Pitot J, Lopez E, Leary M, Berto F and du Plessis A 2021 Metal additive manufacturing in aerospace: a review Mater. Des. 209 110008
Riener K, Albrecht N, Ziegelmeier S, Ramakrishnan R, Haferkamp L, Spierings A B and Leichtfried G J 2020 Influence of particle size distribution and morphology on the properties of the powder feedstock as well as of AlSi10Mg parts produced by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) Addit. Manuf. 34 101286
Douglas R, Lancaster R, Jones T, Barnard N and Adams J 2022 The influence of powder reuse on the properties of laser powder bed-fused stainless steel 316L: a review Adv. Eng. Mater. 24 2200596
Ding W W, Chen G, Qin M L, He Y H and Qu X H 2019 Low-cost Ti powders for additive manufacturing treated by fluidized bed Powder Technol. 350 117–22
Ding W W, Wang Z W, Chen G, Cai W, Zhang C, Tao Q Y, Qu X H and Qin M L 2021 Oxidation behavior of low-cost CP-Ti powders for additive manufacturing via fluidization Corros. Sci. 178 109080
Ding W W, Tao Q Y, Chen J N, Chen G, Qu X H and Qin M L 2023 Enhanced mechanical properties by laser powder bed fusion using cost-effective hydride-dehydride titanium powders J. Mater. Process. Technol. 313 117887
Qi J F, Liu C Y, Chen Z W, Liu Z Y, Tian J S, Feng J, Okulov I V, Eckert J and Wang P 2022 Enhancement in strength and thermal stability of selective laser melted Al–12Si by introducing titanium nanoparticles Mater. Sci. Eng. A 855 143833
Martin J H, Barnes J E, Rogers K A, Hundley J, LaPlant D L, Ghanbari S, Tsai J-T and Bahr D F 2023 Additive manufacturing of a high-performance aluminum alloy from cold mechanically derived non-spherical powder Commun. Mater. 4 39
Martin J H, Yahata B D, Hundley J M, Mayer J A, Schaedler T A and Pollock T M 2017 3D printing of high-strength aluminium alloys Nature 549 365–9
Derimow N and Hrabe N 2021 Oxidation in reused powder bed fusion additive manufacturing Ti-6Al-4V feedstock: a brief review JOM 73 3618–38
Cordova L, Bor T, de Smit M, Carmignato S, Campos M and Tinga T 2020 Effects of powder reuse on the microstructure and mechanical behaviour of Al–Mg–Sc–Zr alloy processed by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) Addit. Manuf. 36 101625
Sun P, Fang Z Z, Zhang Y and Xia Y 2017 Review of the methods for production of spherical Ti and Ti alloy powder JOM 69 1853–60
Moghimian P, Poirié T, Habibnejad-Korayem M, Zavala J A, Kroeger J, Marion F and Larouche F 2021 Metal powders in additive manufacturing: a review on reusability and recyclability of common titanium, nickel and aluminum alloys Addit. Manuf. 43 102017
Marchetti L and Hulme-Smith C 2021 Flowability of steel and tool steel powders: a comparison between testing methods Powder Technol. 384 402–13
Lee H, Jung J E, Kang D-S, Jeong H W, Yun D W, Choe J, Yoo Y S and Seo S-M 2022 Oxide dispersion strengthened IN718 owing to powder reuse in selective laser melting Mater. Sci. Eng. A 832 142369
Rojas-Díaz L M, Verano-Jiménez L E, Muñoz-García E, Esguerra-Arce J and Esguerra-Arce A 2020 Production and characterization of aluminum powder derived from mechanical saw chips and its processing through powder metallurgy Powder Technol. 360 301–11
Jahns K, Bappert R, Böhlke P and Krupp U 2020 Additive manufacturing of CuCr1Zr by development of a gas atomization and laser powder bed fusion routine Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 107 2151–61
Quinn P, O’Halloran S, Lawlor J and Raghavendra R 2019 The effect of metal EOS 316L stainless steel additive manufacturing powder recycling on part characteristics and powder reusability Adv. Mater. Process. Technol. 5 348–59
Balbaa M A, Ghasemi A, Fereiduni E, Elbestawi M A, Jadhav S D and Kruth J P 2021 Role of powder particle size on laser powder bed fusion processability of AlSi10mg alloy Addit. Manuf. 37 101630
Singh A, Kapil S and Das M 2020 A comprehensive review of the methods and mechanisms for powder feedstock handling in directed energy deposition Addit. Manuf. 35 101388
Miyanaji H, Rahman K M, Da M and Williams C B 2020 Effect of fine powder particles on quality of binder jetting parts Addit. Manuf. 36 101587
Nguyen Q B, Nai M L S, Zhu Z G, Sun C N, Wei J and Zhou W 2017 Characteristics of Inconel powders for powder-bed additive manufacturing Engineering 3 695–700
Spierings A B, Bourell D, Herres N and Levy G 2011 Influence of the particle size distribution on surface quality and mechanical properties in AM steel parts Rapid Prototyp. J. 17 195–202
Sutton A T, Kriewall C S, Leu M C and Newkirk J W 2016 Powder characterisation techniques and effects of powder characteristics on part properties in powder-bed fusion processes Virtual Phys. Prototyp. 12 3–29
Habibnejad-korayem M, Zhang J and Zou Y 2021 Effect of particle size distribution on the flowability of plasma atomized Ti-6Al-4V powders Powder Technol. 392 536–43
de Araujo A P M, Kiminami C S, Uhlenwinkel V and Gargarella P 2022 Processability of recycled quasicrystalline Al-Fe-Cr-Ti composites by selective laser melting—A statistical approach Materialia 22 101377
Otto R, Brøtan V, Carvalho P A, Reiersen M, Graff J S, Sunding M F, Berg O Å, Diplas S and Azar A S 2021 Roadmap for additive manufacturing of HAYNES® 282® superalloy by laser beam powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) technology Mater. Des. 204 109656
Slotwinski J A, Garboczi E J, Stutzman P E, Ferraris C F, Watson S S and Peltz M A 2014 Characterization of metal powders used for additive manufacturing J. Res. Natl Inst. Stand. Technol. 119 460–93
Gokcekaya O, Ishimoto T, Todo T, Wang P and Nakano T 2021 Influence of powder characteristics on densification via crystallographic texture formation: pure tungsten prepared by laser powder bed fusion Addit. Manuf. Lett. 1 100016
Strondl A, Lyckfeldt O, Brodin H and Ackelid U 2015 Characterization and control of powder properties for additive manufacturing JOM 67 549–54
Lüddecke A, Pannitz O, Zetzener H, Sehrt J T and Kwade A 2021 Powder properties and flowability measurements of tailored nanocomposites for powder bed fusion applications Mater. Des. 202 109536
Kiani P, Scipioni Bertoli U, Dupuy A D, Ma K and Schoenung J M 2020 A statistical analysis of powder flowability in metal additive manufacturing Adv. Eng. Mater. 22 2000022
Zegzulka J, Gelnar D, Jezerska L, Prokes R and Rozbroj J 2020 Characterization and flowability methods for metal powders Sci. Rep. 10 21004
Pleass C and Jothi S 2018 Influence of powder characteristics and additive manufacturing process parameters on the microstructure and mechanical behaviour of Inconel 625 fabricated by selective laser melting Addit. Manuf. 24 419–31
Schwedes J 2003 Review on testers for measuring flow properties of bulk solids Granul. Matter 5 1–43
Farzadfar S A, Murtagh M J and Venugopal N 2020 Impact of IN718 bimodal powder size distribution on the performance and productivity of laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing process Powder Technol. 375 60–80
Snow Z, Martukanitz R and Joshi S 2019 On the development of powder spreadability metrics and feedstock requirements for powder bed fusion additive manufacturing Addit. Manuf. 28 78–86
Wimler D, Kardos S, Lindemann J, Clemens H and Mayer S 2018 Aspects of powder characterization for additive manufacturing Pract. Metallogr. 55 620–36
Vock S, Klöden B, Kirchner A, Weißgärber T and Kieback B 2019 Powders for powder bed fusion: a review Prog. Addit. Manuf. 4 383–97
Spierings A B, Voegtlin M, Bauer T and Wegener K 2015 Powder flowability characterisation methodology for powder-bed-based metal additive manufacturing Prog. Addit. Manuf. 1 9–20
Muthuswamy P 2022 Influence of powder characteristics on properties of parts manufactured by metal additive manufacturing Lasers Manuf. Mater. Process 9 312–37
Zhou L, Hyer H, Thapliyal S, Mishra R S, McWilliams B, Cho K and Sohn Y 2020 Process-dependent composition, microstructure, and printability of Al-Zn-Mg and Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr alloys manufactured by laser powder bed fusion Metall. Mater. Trans. A 51 3215–27
Griesche A, Solórzano E, Beyer K and Kannengiesser T 2013 The advantage of using in-situ methods for studying hydrogen mass transport: neutron radiography vs. carrier gas hot extraction Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 38 14725–9
Azzougagh M N, Keller F X, Cabrol E, Cici M and Pourchez J 2021 Occupational exposure during metal additive manufacturing: a case study of laser powder bed fusion of aluminum alloy J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 18 223–36
Chen G, Zhao S Y, Tan P, Wang J, Xiang C S and Tang H P 2018 A comparative study of Ti-6Al-4V powders for additive manufacturing by gas atomization, plasma rotating electrode process and plasma atomization Powder Technol. 333 38–46
Mandal S, Sadeghianjahromi A and Wang C C 2022 Experimental and numerical investigations on molten metal atomization techniques—a critical review Adv. Powder Technol. 33 103809
Riabov D, Hryha E, Rashidi M, Bengtsson S and Nyborg L 2020 Effect of atomization on surface oxide composition in 316L stainless steel powders for additive manufacturing Surf. Interface Anal. 52 694–706
Zhao Y F, Cui Y J, Hasebe Y, Bian H K, Yamanaka K, Aoyagi K, Hagisawa T and Chiba A 2021 Controlling factors determining flowability of powders for additive manufacturing: a combined experimental and simulation study Powder Technol. 393 482–93
Fedina T, Sundqvist J, Powell J and Kaplan A F H 2020 A comparative study of water and gas atomized low alloy steel powders for additive manufacturing Addit. Manuf. 36 101675
Kassym K and Perveen A 2020 Atomization processes of metal powders for 3D printing Mater. Today Proc. 26 1727–33
Nie Y, Tang J J, Yang B B, Lei Q, Yu S and Li Y P 2020 Comparison in characteristic and atomization behavior of metallic powders produced by plasma rotating electrode process Adv. Powder Technol. 31 2152–60
Hou Y H, Liu B, Liu Y, Zhou Y H, Song T T, Zhou Q, Sha G and Yan M 2019 Ultra-low cost Ti powder for selective laser melting additive manufacturing and superior mechanical properties associated Opto-Electron. Adv. 2 180028
Sing S L, Huang S, Goh G D, Goh G L, Tey C F, Tan J H K and Yeong W Y 2021 Emerging metallic systems for additive manufacturing: in-situ alloying and multi-metal processing in laser powder bed fusion Prog. Mater. Sci. 119 100795
Vilaro T, Colin C and Bartout J D 2011 As-fabricated and heat-treated microstructures of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy processed by selective laser melting Metall. Mater. Trans. A 42 3190–9
Kasperovich G and Hausmann J 2015 Improvement of fatigue resistance and ductility of TiAl6V4 processed by selective laser melting J. Mater. Process. Technol. 220 202–14
Xie B, Fan Y Z and Zhao S C 2021 Characterization of Ti6Al4V powders produced by different methods for selective laser melting Mater. Res. Express 8 076510
Ming W W, Chen J, An Q L and Chen M 2019 Dynamic mechanical properties and machinability characteristics of selective laser melted and forged Ti6Al4V J. Mater. Process. Technol. 271 284–92
Bai H J, Deng H, Chen L Q, Liu X B, Qin X R, Zhang D G, Liu T and Cui X D 2021 Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of selective laser-melted Ti64 and Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe Metals 11 534
Guo K K, Liu C S, Chen S Y, Dong H H and Wang S Y 2020 High pressure EIGA preparation and 3D printing capability of Ti-6Al-4V powder Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 30 147–59
Simonelli M, Tse Y Y and Tuck C 2014 Effect of the build orientation on the mechanical properties and fracture modes of SLM Ti–6Al–4V Mater. Sci. Eng. A 616 1–11
Vrancken B, Thijs L, Kruth J P and Van Humbeeck J 2012 Heat treatment of Ti6Al4V produced by selective laser melting: microstructure and mechanical properties J. Alloys Compd. 541 177–85
Fan Z C and Feng H W 2018 Study on selective laser melting and heat treatment of Ti-6Al-4V alloy Results Phys. 10 660–4
Li W, Li S, Liu J, Zhang A, Zhou Y, Wei Q S, Yan C Z and Shi Y S 2016 Effect of heat treatment on AlSi10Mg alloy fabricated by selective laser melting: microstructure evolution, mechanical properties and fracture mechanism Mater. Sci. Eng. A 663 116–25
Lehmhus D, Rahn T, Struss A, Gromzig P, Wischeropp T and Becker H 2022 High-temperature mechanical properties of stress-relieved AlSi10Mg produced via laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing Materials 15 7386
Rosenthal I, Stern A and Frage N 2014 Microstructure and mechanical properties of AlSi10Mg parts produced by the laser beam additive manufacturing (AM) technology Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal. 3 448–53
Merino J, Ruvalcaba B, Varela J, Arrieta E, Murr L E, Wicker R B, Benedict M and Medina F 2021 Multiple, comparative heat treatment and aging schedules for controlling the microstructures and mechanical properties of laser powder bed fusion fabricated AlSi10Mg alloy J. Mater. Res. Technol. 13 669–85
Ruan G, Liu C, Qu H Q, Guo C, Li G, Li X G and Zhu Q 2022 A comparative study on laser powder bed fusion of IN718 powders produced by gas atomization and plasma rotating electrode process Mater. Sci. Eng. A 850 143589
Ni M, Chen C, Wang X J, Wang P W, Li R D, Zhang X Y and Zhou K C 2017 Anisotropic tensile behavior of in situ precipitation strengthened Inconel 718 fabricated by additive manufacturing Mater. Sci. Eng. A 701 344–51
Riabov D, Cordova L, Hryha E and Bengtsson S 2022 Effect of powder variability on laser powder bed fusion processing and properties of 316L Eur. J. Mater. 2 202–21
Hoeges S, Zwiren A and Schade C 2017 Additive manufacturing using water atomized steel powders Met. Powder Rep. 72 111–7
Shamsujjoha M, Agnew S R, Fitz-Gerald J M, Moore W R and Newman T A 2018 High strength and ductility of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel explained Metall. Mater. Trans. A 49 3011–27
Cacace S and Semeraro Q 2020 Influence of the atomization medium on the properties of stainless steel SLM parts Addit. Manuf. 36 101509
Sehhat M H, Sutton A T, Hung C-H, Newkirk J W and Leu M C 2021 Investigation of mechanical properties of parts fabricated with gas- and water-atomized 304L stainless steel powder in the laser powder bed fusion process JOM 74 1088–95
Dawes J, Bowerman R and Trepleton R 2015 Introduction to the additive manufacturing powder metallurgy supply chain Johns. Matthey Technol. Rev. 59 243–56
Lawley A 1981 Atomization of specialty alloy powders JOM 33 13–18
Lawley A 1978 Preparation of metal powders Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 8 49–71
Gerling R, Clemens H and Schimansky F P 2004 Powder metallurgical processing of intermetallic gamma titanium aluminides Adv. Eng. Mater. 6 23–38
Wu W P et al 2023 Influence of electrochemically charged hydrogen on mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V alloy additively manufactured by laser powder-bed fusion (L-PBF) process Mater. Sci. Eng. A 866 144339
Chang L T, Sun W R, Cui Y Y and Yang R 2014 Influences of hot-isostatic-pressing temperature on microstructure, tensile properties and tensile fracture mode of Inconel 718 powder compact Mater. Sci. Eng. A 599 186–95
Wei M W, Chen S Y, Sun M, Liang J, Liu C S and Wang M 2020 Atomization simulation and preparation of 24CrNiMoY alloy steel powder using VIGA technology at high gas pressure Powder Technol. 367 724–39
Mohandas N K, Giorgini A, Vanazzi M, Riemslag T, Scott S P and Popovich V 2023 Hydrogen embrittlement of Inconel 718 manufactured by laser powder bed fusion using sustainable feedstock: effect of heat treatment and microstructural anisotropy Metals 13 418
Martucci A, Aversa A, Bondioli F, Fino P and Lombardi M 2022 Synergic strategies to improve the PBF-LB\M processability of a cracking-sensitive alloy Mater. Des. 224 111396
Goudar D M, Srivastava V C and Rudrakshi G B 2017 Effect of atomization parameters on size and morphology of Al-17Si alloy powder produced by free fall atomizer Eng. J. 21 155–68
Martín A, Cepeda-Jiménez C M and Pérez-Prado M T 2019 Gas atomization of γ-TiAl alloy powder for additive manufacturing Adv. Eng. Mater. 22 1900594
Pinto F C, Souza Filho I R, Sandim M J R and Sandim H R Z 2020 Defects in parts manufactured by selective laser melting caused by δ-ferrite in reused 316L steel powder feedstock Addit. Manuf. 31 100979
Wu J L, Xia M, Guo S Q, Wang J F and Ge C C 2023 Effect of electrode induction melting gas atomization process on fine powder yields: diameter of free-fall gas atomizer J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 32 3390–400
Wei M W, Chen S Y, Liang J and Liu C S 2017 Effect of atomization pressure on the breakup of TA15 titanium alloy powder prepared by EIGA method for laser 3D printing Vacuum 143 185–94
Qing Y, Guo K K, Liu C, Qin Y Y, Zhan Y, Shuo S, Wei Y P, Yu B and Liu C 2022 Impact of atomization pressure on the particle size of nickel-based superalloy powders by numerical simulation Materials 15 3020
Le T P, Wang X G and Seita M 2022 An optical-based method to estimate the oxygen content in recycled metal powders for additive manufacturing Addit. Manuf. 59 103127
Entezarian M, Allaire F, Tsantrizos P and Drew R A L 1996 Plasma atomization: a new process for the production of fine, spherical powders JOM 48 53–55
Antony L V and Reddy R G 2003 Processes for production of high-purity metal powders JOM 55 14–18
Zhang Q B, Yu D P, Zhang P, Shen Y X, Liu J X and Xiao Y 2022 Modeling and analysis of the plasma primary atomization for controllable preparation of high-quality spherical metal powders J. Mater. Process. Technol. 309 117753
Soltani-Tehrani A, Habibnejad-Korayem M, Shao S, Haghshenas M and Shamsaei N 2022 Ti-6Al-4V powder characteristics in laser powder bed fusion: the effect on tensile and fatigue behavior Addit. Manuf. 51 102584
Cui Y J, Zhao Y F, Numata H, Bian H K, Wako K, Yamanaka K, Aoyagi K, Zhang C and Chiba A 2020 Effects of plasma rotating electrode process parameters on the particle size distribution and microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V alloy powder Powder Technol. 376 363–72
Nie Y, Tang J J, Teng J W, Ye X J, Yang B B, Huang J F, Yu S and Li Y P 2020 Particle defects and related properties of metallic powders produced by plasma rotating electrode process Adv. Powder Technol. 31 2912–20
Kaplanskii Y Y, Zaitsev A A, Sentyurina Z A, Levashov E A, Pogozhev Y S, Loginov P A and Logachev I A 2018 The structure and properties of pre-alloyed NiAl-Cr(Co,Hf) spherical powders produced by plasma rotating electrode processing for additive manufacturing J. Mater. Res. Technol. 7 461–8
Yin J O, Chen G, Zhao S Y, Ge Y, Li Z F, Yang P J, Han W Z, Wang J, Tang H P and Cao P 2017 Microstructural characterization and properties of Ti-28Ta at.% powders produced by plasma rotating electrode process J. Alloys Compd. 713 222–8
Yurtkuran E and Ünal R 2020 Numerical and experimental investigation on the effects of a nozzle attachment to plasma torches for plasma atomization Plasma Chem. Plasma Process 40 1127–44
Mostafaei A, Hilla C, Stevens E L, Nandwana P, Elliott A M and Chmielus M 2018 Comparison of characterization methods for differently atomized nickel-based alloy 625 powders Powder Technol. 333 180–92
Průša F, Vojtěch D, Michalcová A and Marek I 2014 Mechanical properties and thermal stability of Al–Fe–Ni alloys prepared by centrifugal atomisation and hot extrusion Mater. Sci. Eng. A 603 141–9
Zhang L P and Zhao Y Y 2017 Particle size distribution of tin powder produced by centrifugal atomisation using rotating cups Powder Technol. 318 62–67
Sungkhaphaitoon P, Wisutmethangoon S and Plookphol T 2017 Influence of process parameters on zinc powder produced by centrifugal atomisation Mater. Res. 20 718–24
Dhokey N B, Walunj M G and Chaudhari U C 2014 Influence of water pressure and apex angle on prediction of particle size for atomization of copper powder Adv. Powder Technol. 25 795–800
Persson F, Eliasson A and Jönsson P 2013 Prediction of particle size for water atomised metal powders: parameter study Powder Metall. 55 45–53
Yenwiset S and Yenwiset T 2011 Design and construction of water atomizer for making metal powder J. Met. Mater. Miner. 21 75–81
Xie J W, Zhao Y Y and Dunkley J J 2013 Effects of processing conditions on powder particle size and morphology in centrifugal atomisation of tin Powder Metall. 47 168–72
Li H P and Deng X C 2007 Prediction of powder particle size during centrifugal atomisation using a rotating disk Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 8 264–70
Ho K H and Zhao Y Y 2004 Modelling thermal development of liquid metal flow on rotating disc in centrifugal atomisation Mater. Sci. Eng. A 365 336–40
Zhao Y F, Cui Y J, Numata H, Bian H K, Wako K, Yamanaka K, Aoyagi K and Chiba A 2020 Centrifugal granulation behavior in metallic powder fabrication by plasma rotating electrode process Sci. Rep. 10 18446
Yim S, Bian H K, Aoyagi K, Yamanaka K and Chiba A 2023 Effect of powder morphology on flowability and spreading behavior in powder bed fusion additive manufacturing process: a particle-scale modeling study Addit. Manuf. 72 103612
Xu W, Xiao S Q, Lu X, Chen G, Liu C C and Qu X H 2019 Fabrication of commercial pure Ti by selective laser melting using hydride-dehydride titanium powders treated by ball milling J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 35 322–7
Tang H P, Qian M, Liu N, Zhang X Z, Yang G Y and Wang J 2015 Effect of powder reuse times on additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V by selective electron beam melting JOM 67 555–63
Wen M, Wen C F, Hodgson P and Li Y C 2012 Thermal oxidation behaviour of bulk titanium with nanocrystalline surface layer Corros. Sci. 59 352–9
Guleryuz H and Cimenoglu H 2004 Effect of thermal oxidation on corrosion and corrosion-wear behaviour of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy Biomaterials 25 3325–33
Guleryuz H and Cimenoglu H 2009 Oxidation of Ti–6Al–4V alloy J. Alloys Compd. 472 241–6
Issariyapat A, Kariya S, Shitara K, Umeda J and Kondoh K 2022 Solute-induced near-isotropic performance of laser powder bed fusion manufactured pure titanium Addit. Manuf. 56 102907
Attar H, Calin M, Zhang L C, Scudino S and Eckert J 2014 Manufacture by selective laser melting and mechanical behavior of commercially pure titanium Mater. Sci. Eng. A 593 170–7
Wysocki B, Maj P, Krawczyńska A, Rożniatowski K, Zdunek J, Kurzydłowski K J and Święszkowski W 2017 Microstructure and mechanical properties investigation of CP titanium processed by selective laser melting (SLM) J. Mater. Process. Technol. 241 13–23
Tao Q Y, Ding W W, Chen G, Qu X H, Han L H and Qin M L 2021 Effect of jet milling on HDH CP-Ti powders: microstructure and properties JOM 73 3102–10
Dopler M and Weiß C 2021 Energy consumption in metal powder production BHM Berg- Hüttenmänn. Monatsh. 166 2–8
Zhu Z G, Ng F L, Seet H L and Nai S M L 2022 Selective laser melting of micron-sized niobium functionalized Al7075 alloy: element evaporation and grain refinement Mater. Sci. Eng. A 834 142595
Sui S, Chew Y, Weng F, Tan C L, Du Z L and Bi G J 2021 Achieving grain refinement and ultrahigh yield strength in laser aided additive manufacturing of Ti−6Al−4V alloy by trace Ni addition Virtual Phys. Prototyp. 16 417–27
Yu W H, Sing S L, Chua C K, Kuo C N and Tian X L 2019 Particle-reinforced metal matrix nanocomposites fabricated by selective laser melting: a state of the art review Prog. Mater. Sci. 104 330–379 330
Wang J C, Liu Y J, Liang S X, Zhang Y S, Wang L Q, Sercombe T B and Zhang L C 2022 Comparison of microstructure and mechanical behavior of Ti-35Nb manufactured by laser powder bed fusion from elemental powder mixture and prealloyed powder J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 105 1–16
Wang J C, Liu Y J, Rabadia C D, Liang S X, Sercombe T B and Zhang L C 2021 Microstructural homogeneity and mechanical behavior of a selective laser melted Ti-35Nb alloy produced from an elemental powder mixture J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 61 221–33
Wang J C, Liu Y J, Qin P, Liang S X, Sercombe T B and Zhang L C 2019 Selective laser melting of Ti–35Nb composite from elemental powder mixture: microstructure, mechanical behavior and corrosion behavior Mater. Sci. Eng. A 760 214–24
Attar H, Bönisch M, Calin M, Zhang L C, Scudino S and Eckert J 2014 Selective laser melting of in situ titanium–titanium boride composites: processing, microstructure and mechanical properties Acta Mater. 76 13–22
Scudino S, Unterdörfer C, Prashanth K G, Attar H, Ellendt N, Uhlenwinkel V and Eckert J 2015 Additive manufacturing of Cu–10Sn bronze Mater. Lett. 156 202–4
Attar H, Prashanth K G, Zhang L C, Calin M, Okulov I V, Scudino S, Yang C and Eckert J 2015 Effect of powder particle shape on the properties of in situ Ti–TiB composite materials produced by selective laser melting J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 31 1001–5
Zhou W W, Tsunoda K, Nomura N and Yoshimi K 2020 Effect of hot isostatic pressing on the microstructure and fracture toughness of laser additive-manufactured MoSiBTiC multiphase alloy Mater. Des. 196 109132
Zhai W G, Zhou W, Nai S M L and Wei J 2020 Characterization of nanoparticle mixed 316 L powder for additive manufacturing J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 47 162–8
Skelton J M, Sullivan E J, Fitz-Gerald J M and Floro J A 2022 Efficacy of elemental mixing of in situ alloyed Al-33wt% Cu during laser powder bed fusion J. Mater. Process. Technol. 299 117379
Zafari A, Lui E W, Jin S B, Li M G, Molla T T, Sha G and Xia K N 2020 Hybridisation of microstructures from three classes of titanium alloys Mater. Sci. Eng. A 788 139572
Zhai W G, Zhu Z G, Zhou W, Nai S M L and Wei J 2020 Selective laser melting of dispersed TiC particles strengthened 316L stainless steel Composites B 199 108291
Zhang H M, Gu D D, Xi L X, Zhang H, Xia M J and Ma C L 2019 Anisotropic corrosion resistance of TiC reinforced Ni-based composites fabricated by selective laser melting J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 35 1128–36
Li K M, Yang J J, Yi Y L, Liu X C, Liu Y J, Zhang L C, Zhang W C, Li W, Chen D C and Zhou S F 2023 Enhanced strength-ductility synergy and mechanisms of heterostructured Ti6Al4V-Cu alloys produced by laser powder bed fusion Acta Mater. 256 119112
Vrancken B, Thijs L, Kruth J P and Van Humbeeck J 2014 Microstructure and mechanical properties of a novel β titanium metallic composite by selective laser melting Acta Mater. 68 150–8
Zhang B C, Liao H L and Coddet C 2012 Effects of processing parameters on properties of selective laser melting Mg–9%Al powder mixture Mater. Des. 34 753–8
Gu D D, Zhang H M, Dai D H, Xia M J, Hong C and Poprawe R 2019 Laser additive manufacturing of nano-TiC reinforced Ni-based nanocomposites with tailored microstructure and performance Composites B 163 585–97
Ardila L C, Garciandia F, González-Díaz J B, Álvarez P, Echeverria A, Petite M M, Deffley R and Ochoa J 2014 Effect of IN718 recycled powder reuse on properties of parts manufactured by means of selective laser melting Phys. Proc. 56 99–107
Aboulkhair N T, Simonelli M, Parry L, Ashcroft I, Tuck C and Hague R 2019 3D printing of aluminium alloys: additive manufacturing of aluminium alloys using selective laser melting Prog. Mater. Sci. 106 100578
Tan J H, Wong W L E and Dalgarno K W 2017 An overview of powder granulometry on feedstock and part performance in the selective laser melting process Addit. Manuf. 18 228–55
Santecchia E, Spigarelli S and Cabibbo M 2020 Material reuse in laser powder bed fusion: side effects of the laser—metal powder interaction Metals 10 341
Powell D, Rennie A E W, Geekie L and Burns N 2020 Understanding powder degradation in metal additive manufacturing to allow the upcycling of recycled powders J. Clean. Prod. 268 122077
Li H K, Brodie E G and Hutchinson C 2023 Predicting the chemical homogeneity in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) of mixed powders after remelting Addit. Manuf. 65 103447
Heiden M J, Deibler L A, Rodelas J M, Koepke J R, Tung D J, Saiz D J and Jared B H 2019 Evolution of 316L stainless steel feedstock due to laser powder bed fusion process Addit. Manuf. 25 84–103
Harkin R, Wu H, Nikam S, Quinn J and McFadden S 2020 Reuse of grade 23 Ti6Al4V powder during the laser-based powder bed fusion process Metals 10 1700
Paccou E, Mokhtari M, Keller C, Nguejio J, Lefebvre W, Sauvage X, Boileau S, Babillot P, Bernard P and Bauster E 2021 Investigations of powder reusing on microstructure and mechanical properties of Inconel 718 obtained by additive manufacturing Mater. Sci. Eng. A 828 142113
Soltani-Tehrani A, Isaac J P, Tippur H V, Silva D F, Shao S and Shamsaei N 2023 Ti-6Al-4V powder reuse in laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF): the effect on porosity, microstructure, and mechanical behavior Int. J. Fatigue 167 107343
Qu M L, Guo Q L, Escano L I, Nabaa A, Hojjatzadeh S M H, Young Z A and Chen L Y 2022 Controlling process instability for defect lean metal additive manufacturing Nat. Commun. 13 1079
Wang J C, Zhu R, Liu Y J and Zhang L C 2023 Understanding melt pool characteristics in laser powder bed fusion: an overview of single- and multi-track melt pools for process optimization Adv. Powder Mater. 2 100137
Keaveney S, Shmeliov A, Nicolosi V and Dowling D P 2020 Investigation of process by-products during the selective laser melting of Ti6AL4V powder Addit. Manuf. 36 101514
Young Z A, Guo Q L, Parab N D, Zhao C, Qu M L, Escano L I, Fezzaa K, Everhart W, Sun T and Chen L Y 2020 Types of spatter and their features and formation mechanisms in laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing process Addit. Manuf. 36 101438
Li Z et al 2022 A review of spatter in laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing: in situ detection, generation, effects, and countermeasures Micromachines 13 1366
Chen H and Yan W T 2020 Spattering and denudation in laser powder bed fusion process: multiphase flow modelling Acta Mater. 196 154–67
Zheng H, Li H X, Lang L H, Gong S L and Ge Y L 2018 Effects of scan speed on vapor plume behavior and spatter generation in laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing J. Manuf. Process. 36 60–67
Delacroix T, Lomello F, Schuster F, Maskrot H and Garandet J P 2022 Influence of powder recycling on 316L stainless steel feedstocks and printed parts in laser powder bed fusion Addit. Manuf. 50 102553
Soltani-Tehrani A, Pegues J and Shamsaei N 2020 Fatigue behavior of additively manufactured 17-4 PH stainless steel: the effects of part location and powder re-use Addit. Manuf. 36 101398
Raza A, Fiegl T, Hanif I, Markström A, Franke M, Körner C and Hryha E 2021 Degradation of AlSi10Mg powder during laser based powder bed fusion processing Mater. Des. 198 109358
Gruber K, Smolina I, Kasprowicz M and Kurzynowski T 2021 Evaluation of Inconel 718 metallic powder to optimize the reuse of powder and to improve the performance and sustainability of the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process Materials 14 1538
Sutton A T, Kriewall C S, Karnati S, Leu M C and Newkirk J W 2020 Characterization of AISI 304L stainless steel powder recycled in the laser powder-bed fusion process Addit. Manuf. 32 100981
Carrion P E, Soltani-Tehrani A, Phan N and Shamsaei N 2018 Powder recycling effects on the tensile and fatigue behavior of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V parts JOM 71 963–73
Lu C, Zhang R H, Xiao M Z, Wei X H, Yin Y, Qu Y B, Li H, Liu P Y, Qiu X P and Guo T M 2022 A comprehensive characterization of virgin and recycled 316L powders during laser powder bed fusion J. Mater. Res. Technol. 18 2292–309
He X, Kong D C, Zhou Y Q, Wang L, Ni X Q, Zhang L, Wu W H, Li R X, Li X G and Dong C F 2022 Powder recycling effects on porosity development and mechanical properties of Hastelloy X alloy during laser powder bed fusion process Addit. Manuf. 55 102840
Yi F, Zhou Q J, Wang C, Yan Z Y and Liu B B 2021 Effect of powder reuse on powder characteristics and properties of Inconel 718 parts produced by selective laser melting J. Mater. Res. Technol. 13 524–33
Haan J, Asseln M, Zivcec M, Eschweiler J, Radermacher R and Broeckmann C 2015 Effect of subsequent hot isostatic pressing on mechanical properties of ASTM F75 alloy produced by selective laser melting Powder Metall. 58 161–5
Chen J L, Xu J H, Segersäll M, Hryha E, Peng R L and Moverare J 2022 Cyclic deformation behavior of additive-manufactured IN738LC superalloys from virgin and reused powders Materials 15 8925
Condruz M R, Matache G and Paraschiv A 2020 Characterization of IN 625 recycled metal powder used for selective laser melting Manuf. Rev. 7 5
Cordova L, Sithole C, Macía Rodríguez E, Gibson I and Campos M 2022 Impact of powder reusability on batch repeatability of Ti6Al4V ELI for PBF-LB industrial production Powder Metall. 66 1–10
Skalon M, Meier B, Leitner T, Arneitz S, Amancio-Filho S T and Sommitsch C 2021 Reuse of Ti6Al4V powder and its impact on surface tension, melt pool behavior and mechanical properties of additively manufactured components Materials 14 1251
Del Re F, Contaldi V, Astarita A, Palumbo B, Squillace A, Corrado P and Di Petta P 2018 Statistical approach for assessing the effect of powder reuse on the final quality of AlSi10Mg parts produced by laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol 97 2231–40
Lanzutti A et al 2023 Effect of powder recycling on inclusion content and distribution in AISI 316L produced by L-PBF technique J. Mater. Res. Technol. 23 3638–50
Hilzenthaler M, Bifano L, Scherm F, Fischerauer G, Seemann A and Glatzel U 2021 Characterization of recycled AISI 904L superaustenitic steel powder and influence on selective laser melted parts Powder Technol. 391 57–68
Fiegl T, Franke M, Raza A, Hryha E and Körner C 2021 Effect of AlSi10Mg0.4 long-term reused powder in PBF-LB/M on the mechanical properties Mater. Des. 212 110176
Okazaki Y and Ishino A 2020 Microstructures and mechanical properties of laser-sintered commercially pure Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloy for dental applications Materials 13 609
Mohd Yusuf S, Choo E and Gao N 2020 Comparison between virgin and recycled 316L SS and AlSi10Mg powders used for laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing Metals 10 1625
Weiss C, Haefner C L and Munk J 2022 On the influence of AlSi10Mg powder recycling behavior in the LPBF process and consequences for mechanical properties JOM 74 1188–99
Ahmed F, Ali U, Sarker D, Marzbanrad E, Choi K, Mahmoodkhani Y and Toyserkani E 2020 Study of powder recycling and its effect on printed parts during laser powder-bed fusion of 17-4 PH stainless steel J. Mater. Process. Technol. 278 116522
Cordova L, Campos M and Tinga T 2019 Revealing the effects of powder reuse for selective laser melting by powder characterization JOM 71 1062–72
Deng P, Karadge M, Rebak R B, Gupta V K, Prorok B C and Lou X Y 2020 The origin and formation of oxygen inclusions in austenitic stainless steels manufactured by laser powder bed fusion Addit. Manuf. 35 101334
Haines M P, Peter N J, Babu S S and Jägle E A 2020 In-situ synthesis of oxides by reactive process atmospheres during L-PBF of stainless steel Addit. Manuf. 33 101178
Galicki D, List F, Babu S S, Plotkowski A, Meyer H M, Seals R and Hayes C 2019 Localized changes of stainless steel powder characteristics during selective laser melting additive manufacturing Metall. Mater. Trans. A 50 1582–605
Song M H, Lin X, Liu F G, Yang H O and Huang W D 2016 Effect of environmental oxygen content on the oxide inclusion in laser solid formed AISI 420 stainless steel Mater. Des. 90 459–67
Zhang Y N, Cao X, Wanjara P and Medraj M 2013 Oxide films in laser additive manufactured Inconel 718 Acta Mater. 61 6562–76
Pauzon C, Raza A, Hryha E and Forêt P 2021 Oxygen balance during laser powder bed fusion of Alloy 718 Mater. Des. 201 109511
Hryha E, Shvab R, Bram M, Bitzer M and Nyborg L 2016 Surface chemical state of Ti powders and its alloys: effect of storage conditions and alloy composition Appl. Surf. Sci. 388 294–303
Kusoglu I M, Gökce B and Barcikowski S 2020 Research trends in laser powder bed fusion of Al alloys within the last decade Addit. Manuf. 36 101489
Wang Y M et al 2018 Additively manufactured hierarchical stainless steels with high strength and ductility Nat. Mater. 17 63–71
Guennouni N, Maisonnette D, Grosjean C, Andrieu E, Poquillon D and Blanc C 2022 Influence of hydrogen on the stress-relaxation properties of 17-4 PH martensitic stainless steel manufactured by laser powder bed fusion Mater. Sci. Eng. A 831 142125
Sun H K, Chu X, Liu Z Y, Gisele A and Zou Y 2021 Selective laser melting of maraging steels using recycled powders: a comprehensive microstructural and mechanical investigation Metall. Mater. Trans. A 52 1714–22
Giganto S, Martínez-Pellitero S, Barreiro J and Zapico P 2022 Influence of 17-4 PH stainless steel powder recycling on properties of SLM additive manufactured parts J. Mater. Res. Technol. 16 1647–58
Sutton A T, Kriewall C S, Karnati S, Leu M C, Newkirk J W, Everhart W and Brown B 2020 Evolution of AISI 304L stainless steel part properties due to powder recycling in laser powder-bed fusion Addit. Manuf. 36 101439
Zhu Z G, Li W L, Nguyen Q B, An X H, Lu W J, Li Z M, Ng F L, Ling Nai S M and Wei J 2020 Enhanced strength–ductility synergy and transformation-induced plasticity of the selective laser melting fabricated 304L stainless steel Addit. Manuf. 35 101300
Ulutan D and Ozel T 2011 Machining induced surface integrity in titanium and nickel alloys: a review Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 51 250–80
Jia Q B and Gu D D 2014 Selective laser melting additive manufacturing of Inconel 718 superalloy parts: densification, microstructure and properties J. Alloys Compd. 585 713–21
Johnson A S, Shao S, Shamsaei N, Thompson S M and Bian L K 2016 Microstructure, fatigue behavior, and failure mechanisms of direct laser-deposited Inconel 718 JOM 69 597–603
Li S, Wei Q S, Shi Y S, Zhu Z C and Zhang D Q 2015 Microstructure characteristics of Inconel 625 superalloy manufactured by selective laser melting J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 31 946–52
Tian Y, Tomus D, Rometsch P and Wu X 2017 Influences of processing parameters on surface roughness of Hastelloy X produced by selective laser melting Addit. Manuf. 13 103–12
Bhowmik S, McWilliams B A and Knezevic M 2022 Effect of powder reuse on tensile, compressive, and creep strength of Inconel 718 fabricated via laser powder bed fusion Mater. Charact. 190 112023
Choi H, Kim S, Goto M and Kim S 2021 Effect of powder recycling on room and elevated temperature damage tolerability of Inconel 718 alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion Mater. Charact. 171 110818
Bauereiß A, Scharowsky T and Körner C 2014 Defect generation and propagation mechanism during additive manufacturing by selective beam melting J. Mater. Process. Technol. 214 2522–8
Zhang L C, Chen L Y, Zhou S F and Luo Z 2023 Powder bed fusion manufacturing of beta-type titanium alloys for biomedical implant applications: a review J. Alloys Compd. 936 168099
Schwab H, Bönisch M, Giebeler L, Gustmann T, Eckert J and Kühn U 2017 Processing of Ti-5553 with improved mechanical properties via an in-situ heat treatment combining selective laser melting and substrate plate heating Mater. Des. 130 83–89
Hafeez N, Liu S F, Lu E Y, Wang L Q, Liu R, Lu W J and Zhang L C 2019 Mechanical behavior and phase transformation of β-type Ti-35Nb-2Ta-3Zr alloy fabricated by 3D-printing J. Alloys Compd. 790 117–26
Kaur M and Singh K 2019 Review on titanium and titanium based alloys as biomaterials for orthopaedic applications Mater. Sci. Eng. C 102 844–62
Seyda V, Kaufmann N and Emmelmann C 2012 Investigation of aging processes of Ti-6Al-4 V powder material in laser melting Phys. Proc. 39 425–31
Alamos F J, Schiltz J, Kozlovsky K, Attardo R, Tomonto C, Pelletiers T and Schmid S R 2020 Effect of powder reuse on mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V produced through selective laser melting Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 91 105273
Harkin R, Wu H, Nikam S, Yin S, Lupoi R, McKay W, Walls P, Quinn J and McFadden S 2022 Powder reuse in laser-based powder bed fusion of Ti6Al4V-changes in mechanical properties during a powder top-up regime Materials 15 2238
Quintana O A, Alvarez J, McMillan R, Tong W and Tomonto C 2018 Effects of reusing Ti-6Al-4V powder in a selective laser melting additive system operated in an industrial setting JOM 70 1863–9
Meier B et al 2023 Toward a sustainable laser powder bed fusion of Ti 6Al 4 V: powder reuse and its effects on material properties during a single batch regime Sustain. Mater. Technol. 36 e00626
Sen-Britain S T, Keilbart N D, Kweon K E, Anh Pham T, Orme C A, Wood B C and Nelson A J 2021 Transformations of Ti-5Al-5V-5Cr-3Mo powder due to reuse in laser powder bed fusion: a surface analytical approach Appl. Surf. Sci. 564 150433
Emminghaus N, Bernhard R, Hermsdorf J and Kaierle S 2022 Residual oxygen content and powder recycling: effects on microstructure and mechanical properties of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V parts Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 121 3685–701
Bajt Leban M, Hren M and Kosec T 2023 The microstructure, mechanical and electrochemical properties of 3D printed alloys with reusing powders Sci. Rep. 13 3245
Oh J M et al 2011 Oxygen effects on the mechanical properties and lattice strain of Ti and Ti-6Al-4V Met. Mater. Int. 17 733–6
Hyer H, Zhou L, Mehta A, Park S, Huynh T, Song S T, Bai Y L, Cho K, McWilliams B and Sohn Y 2021 Composition-dependent solidification cracking of aluminum-silicon alloys during laser powder bed fusion Acta Mater. 208 116698
Kotadia H R, Gibbons G, Das A and Howes P D 2021 A review of laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing of aluminium alloys: microstructure and properties Addit. Manuf. 46 102155
Spierings A B, Dawson K, Heeling T, Uggowitzer P J, Schäublin R, Palm F and Wegener K 2017 Microstructural features of Sc- and Zr-modified Al-Mg alloys processed by selective laser melting Mater. Des. 115 52–63
Zhou L, Pan H, Hyer H, Park S, Bai Y L, McWilliams B, Cho K and Sohn Y 2019 Microstructure and tensile property of a novel AlZnMgScZr alloy additively manufactured by gas atomization and laser powder bed fusion Scr. Mater. 158 24–28
Zhao L, Song L B, Santos Macías J G, Zhu Y X, Huang M S, Simar A and Li Z H 2022 Review on the correlation between microstructure and mechanical performance for laser powder bed fusion AlSi10Mg Addit. Manuf. 56 102914
Maamoun A H, Elbestawi M, Dosbaeva G K and Veldhuis S C 2018 Thermal post-processing of AlSi10Mg parts produced by selective laser melting using recycled powder Addit. Manuf. 21 234–47
Měsíček J, Čegan T, Ma Q P, Halama R, Skotnicová K, Hajnyš J, Juřica J, Krpec P and Pagáč M 2022 Effect of artificial aging on the strength, hardness, and residual stress of SLM AlSi10Mg parts prepared from the recycled powder Mater. Sci. Eng. A 855 143900
Smolina I, Gruber K, Pawlak A, Ziółkowski G, Grochowska E, Schob D, Kobiela K, Roszak R, Ziegenhorn M and Kurzynowski T 2022 Influence of the AlSi7Mg0.6 aluminium alloy powder reuse on the quality and mechanical properties of LPBF samples Materials 15 5019
Barile C, Casavola C, Paramsamy Kannan V and Renna G 2022 The influence of AlSi10Mg recycled powder on corrosion-resistance behaviour of additively manufactured components: mechanical aspects and acoustic emission investigation Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng. 22 52
Mishra A K, Upadhyay R K and Kumar A 2021 Surface wear anisotropy in AlSi10Mg alloy sample fabricated by selective laser melting: effect of hatch style, scan rotation and use of fresh and recycled powder J. Tribol. 143 021701
Guzanová A, Draganovská D, Ižaríková G, Brezinová J, Rajt’úková V, Živčák J, Hudák R, Janoško E and Moro R 2021 Inhomogeneity of CoCrW powder products manufactured by SLM technology J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 35 4389–404
Wang D, Ye G Z, Dou W H, Zhang M K, Yang Y Q, Mai S and Liu Y 2020 Influence of spatter particles contamination on densification behavior and tensile properties of CoCrW manufactured by selective laser melting Opt. Laser Technol. 121 105678
Pelevin I A, Burmistrov M A, Ozherelkov D Y, Shinkaryov A S, Chernyshikhin S V, Gromov A A and Nalivaiko A Y 2021 Laser powder bed fusion of chromium bronze using recycled powder Materials 14 3644
Guo Y N, Su H J, Yang P X, Shen Z L, Zhao D, Zhao Y, Liu Y and Zhou H T 2022 New insight into tailorable eutectic high entropy alloys with remarkable strength–ductility synergy and ample shaping freedom fabricated using laser powder bed fusion Addit. Manuf. 60 103257
Bauer S, Schmuki P, von der Mark K and Park J 2013 Engineering biocompatible implant surfaces: part I: materials and surfaces Prog. Mater. Sci. 58 261–326
Vandenbroucke B and Kruth J P 2007 Selective laser melting of biocompatible metals for rapid manufacturing of medical parts Rapid Prototyp. J. 13 196–203
Aldhohrah T, Yang J, Guo J, Zhang H and Wang Y 2021 Ion release and biocompatibility of Co-Cr alloy fabricated by selective laser melting from recycled Co-Cr powder: an in vitro study J. Prosthet. Dent. 130 393–401
Barik R C, Wharton J A, Wood R J K, Tan K S and Stokes K R 2005 Erosion and erosion–corrosion performance of cast and thermally sprayed nickel–aluminium bronze Wear 259 230–42
Li X P, O’Donnell K M and Sercombe T B 2016 Selective laser melting of Al-12Si alloy: enhanced densification via powder drying Addit. Manuf. 10 10–14
Delacroix T, Lomello F, Schuster F, Maskrot H, Baslari C, Gaumet U, Flici Y and Garandet J P 2023 Influence of build characteristics and chamber oxygen concentration on powder degradation in laser powder bed fusion Powder Technol. 416 118231
Zhao D D et al 2020 Ordered nitrogen complexes overcoming strength–ductility trade-off in an additively manufactured high-entropy alloy Virtual Phys. Prototyp. 15 532–42
Zapico P, Giganto S, Barreiro J and Martínez-Pellitero S 2020 Characterisation of 17-4 PH metallic powder recycling to optimise the performance of the selective laser melting process J. Mater. Res. Technol. 9 1273–85
Mellin P, Shvab R, Strondl A, Randelius M, Brodin H, Hryha E and Nyborg L 2017 COPGLOW and XPS investigation of recycled metal powder for selective laser melting Powder Metall. 60 223–31
190
Views
0
Downloads
7
Crossref
8
Web of Science
10
Scopus
0
CSCD
Altmetrics
Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
京公网安备11010802044758号