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As a category of common clinical conditions, orthopedic diseases exhibit an increasing incidence in the aging population under the background of technological advancement. Although conventional treatment methods can alleviate the symptoms and improve the quality of life of patients with orthopedic diseases, their efficacy needs to be further enhanced. Nanorobots developed based on nanotechnology have presented important application prospects in the biomedical field. They are characterized by a small size and can be employed in nanoscale operation, which can change the management of orthopedic diseases through drug delivery, disease diagnosis, and disease treatment. They also play an important role in diseases related to hard (bones and cartilages) and soft (spinal cord, peripheral nerves, blood vessels, muscles, and ligaments) tissues in the bone movement system. In this review, the application status and prospects of nanorobots in the diagnosis and treatment of orthopedic diseases are explored based on their functional role in the medical field. Scientific attempts at the treatment of orthopedic diseases based on nanorobots may be made by strengthening the targeted differentiation of cells induced by nanorobots, repairing damaged cells from a genetic perspective, developing precise targeted delivery systems for therapeutic drugs, generating stimulation signals to improve the state of damaged cells, forming damaged tissue substitutes, and coordinating driving factors for physical therapy.
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